Report volume like alsamixer. Maybe.

I have no idea how they calculate dB.

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+*.pyc
+*.so
+MANIFEST
+doc/gh-pages/
+doc/html/
+doc/doctrees/
+gh-pages/
+build/
+dist/

CHANGES

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+Version 0.8.2:
+- fix #3 (we cannot get the revision from git for pip installs)
+
+Version 0.8.1:
+- document changes (this file)
+
+Version 0.8:
+- 'PCM()' has new 'device' and 'cardindex' keyword arguments.
+
+  The keyword 'device' allows to select virtual devices, 'cardindex' can be
+  used to select hardware cards by index (as with 'mixers()' and 'Mixer()').
+
+  The 'card' keyword argument is still supported, but deprecated.
+
+  The reason for this change is that the 'card' keyword argument guessed
+  a device name from the card name, but this only works sometimes, and breaks
+  opening virtual devices.
+
+- new function 'pcms()' to list available PCM devices.
+
+- mixers() and Mixer() take an additional 'device' keyword argument.
+  This allows to list or open virtual devices.
+
+- The default behaviour of Mixer() without any arguments has changed.
+  Now Mixer() will try to open the 'default' Mixer instead of the Mixer
+  that is associated with card 0.
+
+- fix a memory leak under Python 3.x
+
+- some more memory leaks in error conditions fixed.
+
+Version 0.7:
+- fixed several memory leaks (patch 3372909), contributed by Erik Kulyk)
+
+
+Version 0.6:
+- mostly reverted patch 2594366: alsapcm_setup did not do complete error
+checking for good reasons; some ALSA functions in alsapcm_setup may fail without
+rendering the device unusable
+
+
+Version 0.5:
+- applied patch 2777035: Fixed setrec method in alsaaudio.c
+  This included a mixertest with more features
+- fixed/applied patch 2594366: alsapcm_setup does not do any error checking
+
+
+Version 0.4:
+- API changes: mixers() and Mixer() now take a card index instead of a
+  card name as optional parameter.
+- Support for Python 3.0
+- Documentation converted to reStructuredText; use Sphinx instead of LaTeX.
+- added cards()
+- added PCM.close()
+- added Mixer.close()
+- added mixer.getenum()
+
+
+Version 0.3:
+- wrapped blocking calls with Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS/Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+- added pause
+
+
+Version 0.2:
+- Many bugfixes related to playback in particular
+- Module documentation in the doc subdirectory
+
+
+Version 0.1:
+- Initial version

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+PyAlsaAudio is released under the same conditions as Python itself.
+The original wording of this license can be found below.
+
+
+PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.4
+------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using Python 2.4 software in source or binary form and its
+associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF
+hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
+license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
+prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 2.4
+alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's
+License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
+2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved"
+are retained in Python 2.4 alone or in any derivative version prepared
+by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python 2.4 or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python 2.4.
+
+4. PSF is making Python 2.4 available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 2.4 WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+2.4 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 2.4,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python 2.4, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+

MANIFEST.in

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+include *.py
+include CHANGES
+include TODO
+include LICENSE
+recursive-include doc *.html *.gif *.png *.css *.py *.rst *.js *.json  Makefile

NOTES.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Publishing the documentation
+
+ - Install Sphinx; `sudo pip install sphinx`
+ - Clone gh-pages branch: `cd doc; git clone -b gh-pages git@github.com:larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio.git gh-pages`
+ - `cd doc; make publish`
+
+# Release procedure
+
+ - Update version number in setup.py
+ - Create tag and push it, i.e. `git tag x.y.z; git push origin x.y.z`
+ - `python setup.py sdist upload -r pypi` 

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# PyAlsaAudio
+
+For documentation, see http://larsimmisch.github.io/pyalsaaudio/
+
+> Author: Casper Wilstrup (cwi@aves.dk)  
+> Maintainer: Lars Immisch (lars@ibp.de)
+
+This package contains wrappers for accessing the
+[ALSA](http://www.alsa-project.org/) API from Python. It
+is currently fairly complete for PCM devices, and has some support for mixers.
+
+If you find bugs in the wrappers please open an issue in the issue tracker.
+Please don't send bug reports regarding ALSA specifically. There are several
+bugs in the ALSA API, and those should be reported to the ALSA team - not
+me.
+
+This software is licensed under the PSF license - the same one used
+by the majority of the python distribution. Basically you can use it
+for anything you wish (even commercial purposes). There is no warranty
+whatsoever.
+
+
+# Installation
+
+## PyPI
+
+To install pyalsaaudio via `pip` (or `easy_install`):
+
+```
+  $ pip install pyalsaaudio
+```
+
+## Manual installation
+
+*Note:* the wrappers need a kernel with ALSA support, and the
+ALSA library and headers. The installation of these varies from distribution
+to distribution.
+
+On Debian or Ubuntu, make sure to install `libasound2-dev`. On Arch,
+install `alsa-lib`. When in doubt, search your distribution for a
+package that contains `libasound.so` and `asoundlib.h`.
+
+First, get the sources and change to the source directory:
+```
+  $ git clone https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio.git
+  $ cd pyalsaaudio
+```
+  
+Then, build:
+```
+  $ python setup.py build
+```
+  
+And install:
+```
+  $ sudo python setup.py install
+```
+
+# Using the API
+The API documentation is included in the doc subdirectory of the source
+distribution; it is also online on [http://larsimmisch.github.io/pyalsaaudio/](http://larsimmisch.github.io/pyalsaaudio/).
+
+There are some example programs included with the source:
+
+* [playwav.py](https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/blob/master/playwav.py) plays back a wav file
+* [playbacktest.py](https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/blob/master/playbacktest.py) plays back raw sound data read from stdin
+* [recordtest.py](https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/blob/master/recordtest.py) captures sound from the microphone and writes
+it raw to stdout.
+* [mixertest.py](https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/blob/master/mixertest.py) can be used to manipulate the mixers.

TODO

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Better example code (aplay,arecord,amixer workalike for example)
+- Implement MIDI/sequencer support.
+

_sources/index.txt

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-alsaaudio documentation
-=======================
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   pyalsaaudio
-   terminology
-   libalsaaudio
-
-
-Github pages
-=================
-
-* `Project page <https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/>`_
-* `Download from pypi <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyalsaaudio>`_
-* `Bug tracker <https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues>`_
-
-
-Indices and tables
-==================
-
-* :ref:`genindex`
-* :ref:`modindex`
-* :ref:`search`
-

_sources/libalsaaudio.rst.txt

@@ -1,864 +0,0 @@
-****************
-:mod:`alsaaudio`
-****************
-
-.. module:: alsaaudio
-   :platform: Linux
-
-.. moduleauthor:: Casper Wilstrup <cwi@aves.dk>
-.. moduleauthor:: Lars Immisch <lars@ibp.de>
-
-The :mod:`alsaaudio` module defines functions and classes for using ALSA.
-
-.. function:: pcms(pcmtype: int = PCM_PLAYBACK) ->list[str]
-
-   List available PCM devices by name.
-
-   Arguments are:
-
-   * *pcmtype* - can be either :const:`PCM_CAPTURE` or :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
-     (default).
-
-   **Note:**
-
-   For :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`, the list of device names should be equivalent
-   to the list of device names that ``aplay -L`` displays on the commandline::
-
-      $ aplay -L
-
-   For :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, the list of device names should be equivalent
-   to the list of device names that  ``arecord -L`` displays on the
-   commandline::
-
-      $ arecord -L
-
-   *New in 0.8*
-
-.. function:: cards() -> list[str]
-
-   List the available ALSA cards by name. This function is only moderately
-   useful. If you want to see a list of available PCM devices, use :func:`pcms`
-   instead.
-
-..
-   Omitted by intention due to being superseded by cards():
-
-   .. function:: card_indexes()
-   .. function:: card_name()
-
-.. function:: mixers(cardindex: int = -1, device: str = 'default') -> list[str]
-
-   List the available mixers. The arguments are:
-
-   * *cardindex* - the card index. If this argument is given, the device name
-     is constructed as: 'hw:*cardindex*' and
-     the `device` keyword argument is ignored. ``0`` is the first hardware sound
-     card.
-
-     **Note:** This should not be used, as it bypasses most of ALSA's configuration.
-
-   * *device* - the name of the device on which the mixer resides. The default
-     is ``'default'``.
-
-   **Note:** For a list of available controls, you can also use ``amixer`` on
-   the commandline::
-
-      $ amixer
-
-   To elaborate the example, calling :func:`mixers` with the argument
-   ``cardindex=0`` should give the same list of Mixer controls as::
-
-      $ amixer -c 0
-
-   And calling :func:`mixers` with the argument ``device='foo'`` should give
-   the same list of Mixer controls as::
-
-      $ amixer -D foo
-
-   *Changed in 0.8*:
-
-   - The keyword argument `device` is new and can be used to
-     select virtual devices. As a result, the default behaviour has subtly
-     changed. Since 0.8, this functions returns the mixers for the default
-     device, not the mixers for the first card.
-
-.. function:: asoundlib_version() -> str
-
-   Return a Python string containing the ALSA version found.
-
-
-.. _pcm-objects:
-
-PCM Objects
------------
-
-PCM objects in :mod:`alsaaudio` can play or capture (record) PCM
-sound through speakers or a microphone. The PCM constructor takes the
-following arguments:
-
-.. class:: PCM(type: int = PCM_PLAYBACK, mode: int = PCM_NORMAL, rate: int = 44100, channels: int = 2,
-               format: int = PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE, periodsize: int = 32, periods: int = 4,
-               device: str = 'default', cardindex: int = -1) -> PCM
-
-   This class is used to represent a PCM device (either for playback or
-   recording). The constructor's arguments are:
-
-   * *type* - can be either :const:`PCM_CAPTURE` or :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
-     (default).
-   * *mode* - can be either :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK`, or :const:`PCM_NORMAL`
-     (default).
-   * *rate* - the sampling rate in Hz. Typical values are ``8000`` (mainly used for telephony), ``16000``, ``44100`` (default), ``48000`` and ``96000``.
-   * *channels* - the number of channels. The default value is 2 (stereo).
-   * *format* - the data format. This controls how the PCM device interprets data for playback, and how data is encoded in captures.
-     The default value is :const:`PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE`.
-
-   =========================  ===============
-        Format                Description
-   =========================  ===============
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S8``          Signed 8 bit samples for each channel
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U8``          Unsigned 8 bit samples for each channel
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE``      Signed 16 bit samples for each channel Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE``      Signed 16 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE``      Unsigned 16 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE``      Unsigned 16 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_LE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_BE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_LE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_BE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE``      Signed 32 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE``      Signed 32 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE``      Unsigned 32 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U32_BE``      Unsigned 32 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE``    32 bit samples encoded as float (Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_BE``    32 bit samples encoded as float (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_LE``  64 bit samples encoded as float (Little Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_BE``  64 bit samples encoded as float (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_MU_LAW``      A logarithmic encoding (used by Sun .au files and telephony)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_A_LAW``       Another logarithmic encoding
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_IMA_ADPCM``   A 4:1 compressed format defined by the Interactive Multimedia Association.
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_MPEG``        MPEG encoded audio?
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_GSM``         9600 bits/s constant rate encoding for speech
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE``     Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_3BE``     Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_3LE``     Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_3BE``     Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
-   =========================  ===============
-
-   * *periodsize* - the period size in frames.
-     Make sure you understand :ref:`the meaning of periods <term-period>`.
-     The default value is 32, which is below the actual minimum of most devices,
-     and will therefore likely be larger in practice.
-   * *periods* - the number of periods in the buffer. The default value is 4.
-   * *device* - the name of the PCM device that should be used (for example
-     a value from the output of :func:`pcms`). The default value is
-     ``'default'``.
-   * *cardindex* - the card index. If this argument is given, the device name
-     is constructed as 'hw:*cardindex*' and
-     the `device` keyword argument is ignored.
-     ``0`` is the first hardware sound card.
-
-     **Note:** This should not be used, as it bypasses most of ALSA's configuration.
-
-   The defaults mentioned above are values passed by :mod:alsaaudio
-   to ALSA, not anything internal to ALSA.
-
-   **Note:** For default and non-default values alike, there is no
-   guarantee that a PCM device supports the requested configuration,
-   and ALSA may pick realizable values which it believes to be closest
-   to the request. Therefore, after creating a PCM object, it is
-   necessary to verify whether its realized configuration is acceptable.
-   The :func:info method can be used to query it.
-
-   *Changed in 0.10:*
-
-   - Added the optional named parameter `periods`.
-
-   *Changed in 0.9:*
-
-   - Added the optional named parameters `rate`, `channels`, `format` and `periodsize`.
-
-   *Changed in 0.8:*
-
-   - The `card` keyword argument is still supported,
-     but deprecated. Please use `device` instead.
-
-   - The keyword argument `cardindex` was added.
-
-   The `card` keyword is deprecated because it guesses the real ALSA
-   name of the card. This was always fragile and broke some legitimate usecases.
-
-PCM objects have the following methods:
-
-.. method:: PCM.info() -> dict
-
-   Returns a dictionary containing the configuration of a PCM device.
-
-   A small subset of properties reflects fixed parameters given by the
-   user, stored within alsaaudio. To distinguish them from properties
-   retrieved from ALSA when the call is made, they have their name
-   prefixed with **" (call value) "**.
-
-   Descriptions of properties which can be directly set during PCM object
-   instantiation carry the prefix "PCM():", followed by the respective
-   constructor parameter. Note that due to device limitations, the values
-   may deviate from those originally requested.
-
-   Yet another set of properties cannot be set, and derives directly from
-   the hardware, possibly depending on other properties. Those properties'
-   descriptions are prefixed with "hw:" below.
-
-   ===========================  ====================================  ==================================================================
-        Key                      Description (Reference)               Type
-   ===========================  ====================================  ==================================================================
-   name                         PCM():device                          string
-   card_no                      *index of card*                       integer  (negative indicates device not associable with a card)
-   device_no                    *index of PCM device*                 integer
-   subdevice_no                 *index of PCM subdevice*              integer
-   state                        *name of PCM state*                   string
-   access_type                  *name of PCM access type*             string
-   (call value) type            PCM():type                            integer
-   (call value) type_name       PCM():type                            string
-   (call value) mode            PCM():mode                            integer
-   (call value) mode_name       PCM():mode                            string
-   format                       PCM():format                          integer
-   format_name                  PCM():format                          string
-   format_description           PCM():format                          string
-   subformat_name               *name of PCM subformat*               string
-   subformat_description        *description of subformat*            string
-   channels                     PCM():channels                        integer
-   rate                         PCM():rate                            integer (Hz)
-   period_time                  *period duration*                     integer (:math:`\mu s`)
-   period_size                  PCM():period_size                     integer (frames)
-   buffer_time                  *buffer time*                         integer (:math:`\mu s`) (negative indicates error)
-   buffer_size                  *buffer size*                         integer (frames) (negative indicates error)
-   get_periods                  *approx. periods in buffer*           integer (negative indicates error)
-   rate_numden                  *numerator, denominator*              tuple (integer (Hz), integer (Hz))
-   significant_bits             *significant bits in sample* [#tss]_  integer (negative indicates error)
-   nominal_bits                 *nominal bits in sample* [#tss]_      integer (negative indicates error)
-   physical_bits                *sample width in bits* [#tss]_        integer (negative indicates error)
-   is_batch                     *hw: double buffering*                boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   is_block_transfer            *hw: block transfer*                  boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   is_double                    *hw: double buffering*                boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   is_half_duplex               *hw: half-duplex*                     boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   is_joint_duplex              *hw: joint-duplex*                    boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   can_overrange                *hw: overrange detection*             boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   can_mmap_sample_resolution   *hw: sample-resol. mmap*              boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   can_pause                    *hw: pause*                           boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   can_resume                   *hw: resume*                          boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   can_sync_start               *hw: synchronized start*              boolean (True: hardware supported)
-   ===========================  ====================================  ==================================================================
-.. [#tss] More information in the :ref:`terminology section for sample size <term-sample-size>`
-
-..
-
-   The italicized descriptions give a summary of the "full" description
-   as can be found in the
-   `ALSA documentation <https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc>`_.
-
-   *New in 0.9.1*
-
-.. method:: PCM.dumpinfo()
-
-   Dumps the PCM object's configured parameters to stdout.
-
-.. method:: PCM.pcmtype() -> int
-
-   Returns the type of PCM object. Either :const:`PCM_CAPTURE` or
-   :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.pcmmode() -> int
-
-   Return the mode of the PCM object. One of :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK`,
-   :const:`PCM_ASYNC`, or :const:`PCM_NORMAL`
-
-.. method:: PCM.cardname() -> string
-
-   Return the name of the sound card used by this PCM object.
-
-..
-   Omitted by intention due to not really fitting the c'tor-based setup concept:
-
-   .. method:: PCM.getchannels()
-
-   Returns list of the device's supported channel counts.
-
-   .. method:: PCM.getratebounds()
-
-   Returns the card's minimum and maximum supported sample rates as
-   a tuple of integers.
-
-   .. method:: PCM.getrates()
-
-   Returns the sample rates supported by the device.
-   The returned value can be of one of the following, depending on
-   the card's properties:
-   * Card supports only a single rate: returns the rate
-   * Card supports a continuous range of rates: returns a tuple of
-     the range's lower and upper bounds (inclusive)
-   * Card supports a collection of well-known rates: returns a list of
-     the supported rates
-
-   .. method:: PCM.getformats()
-
-   Returns a dictionary of supported format codes (integers) keyed by
-   their standard ALSA names (strings).
-
-.. method:: PCM.setchannels(nchannels: int) -> int
-
-   .. deprecated:: 0.9 Use the `channels` named argument to :func:`PCM`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.setrate(rate: int) -> int
-
-   .. deprecated:: 0.9 Use the `rate` named argument to :func:`PCM`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.setformat(format: int) -> int
-
-   .. deprecated:: 0.9 Use the `format` named argument to :func:`PCM`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.setperiodsize(period: int) -> int
-
-   .. deprecated:: 0.9 Use the `periodsize` named argument to :func:`PCM`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.state() -> int
-
-   Returs the current state of the stream, which can be one of
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_OPEN` (this should not actually happen),
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_SETUP` (after :func:`drop` or :func:`drain`),
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_PREPARED` (after construction),
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_RUNNING`,
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_XRUN`,
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_DRAINING`,
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_PAUSED`,
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED`, and
-   :const:`PCM_STATE_DISCONNECTED`.
-
-   *New in 0.10*
-
-.. method:: PCM.avail() -> int
-
-   For :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` PCM objects, returns the number of writable
-   (that is, free) frames in the buffer.
-
-   For :const:`PCM_CAPTURE` PCM objects, returns the number of readable
-   (that is, filled) frames in the buffer.
-
-   An attempt to read/write more frames than indicated will block (in
-   :const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode) or fail and return zero (in
-   :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK` mode).
-
-   *New in 0.11*
-
-.. method:: PCM.read() -> tuple[int, bytes]
-
-   In :const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode, this function blocks until a full period is
-   available, and then returns a tuple (length,data) where *length* is
-   the number of frames of captured data, and *data* is the captured
-   sound frames as a string. The length of the returned data will be
-   periodsize\*framesize bytes.
-
-   In :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK` mode, the call will not block, but will return
-   ``(0,'')`` if no new period has become available since the last
-   call to read.
-
-   In case of a buffer overrun, this function will return the negative
-   size :const:`-EPIPE`, and no data is read.
-   This indicates that data was lost. To resume capturing, just call read
-   again, but note that the stream was already corrupted.
-   To avoid the problem in the future, try using a larger period size
-   and/or more periods, at the cost of higher latency.
-
-.. method:: PCM.write(data: bytes) -> int
-
-   Writes (plays) the sound in data. The length of data *must* be a
-   multiple of the frame size, and *should* be exactly the size of a
-   period. If less than 'period size' frames are provided, the actual
-   playout will not happen until more data is written.
-
-   If the data was successfully written, the call returns the size of the
-   data *in frames*.
-
-   If the device is not in :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK` mode, this call will block
-   if the kernel buffer is full, and until enough sound has been played
-   to allow the sound data to be buffered.
-
-   In :const:`PCM_NONBLOCK` mode, the call will return immediately, with a
-   return value of zero, if the buffer is full. In this case, the data
-   should be written again at a later time.
-
-   In case of a buffer underrun, this function will return the negative
-   size :const:`-EPIPE`, and no data is written.
-   At this point, the playback was already corrupted. If you want to play
-   the data nonetheless, call write again with the same data.
-   To avoid the problem in the future, try using a larger period size
-   and/or more periods, at the cost of higher latency.
-
-   Note that this call completing means only that the samples were buffered
-   in the kernel, and playout will continue afterwards. Make sure that the
-   stream is drained before discarding the PCM handle.
-
-.. method:: PCM.pause([enable: int = True]) -> int
-
-   If *enable* is :const:`True`, playback or capture is paused.
-   Otherwise, playback/capture is resumed.
-
-.. method:: PCM.drop() -> int
-
-   Stop the stream and drop residual buffered frames.
-
-   *New in 0.9*
-
-.. method:: PCM.drain() -> int
-
-   For :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` PCM objects, play residual buffered frames
-   and then stop the stream. In :const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode,
-   this function blocks until all pending playback is drained.
-
-   For :const:`PCM_CAPTURE` PCM objects, this function is not very useful.
-
-   *New in 0.10*
-
-.. method:: PCM.close() -> None
-
-   Closes the PCM device.
-
-   For :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` PCM objects in :const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode,
-   this function blocks until all pending playback is drained.
-
-.. method:: PCM.polldescriptors() -> list[tuple[int, int]]
-
-   Returns a list of tuples of *(file descriptor, eventmask)* that can be
-   used to wait for changes on the PCM with *select.poll*.
-
-   The *eventmask* value is compatible with `poll.register`__ in the Python
-   :const:`select` module.
-
-.. method:: PCM.polldescriptors_revents(descriptors: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> int
-
-   Processes the descriptor list returned by :func:`polldescriptors` after
-   using it with *select.poll*, and returns a single *eventmask* value that
-   is meaningful for deciding whether :func:`read` or :func:`write` should
-   be called.
-
-   *New in 0.11*
-
-.. method:: PCM.set_tstamp_mode([mode: int = PCM_TSTAMP_ENABLE])
-
-   Set the ALSA timestamp mode on the device. The mode argument can be set to
-   either :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_NONE` or :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_ENABLE`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.get_tstamp_mode() -> int
-
-   Return the integer value corresponding to the ALSA timestamp mode. The
-   return value can be either :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_NONE` or :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_ENABLE`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.set_tstamp_type([type: int = PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_GETTIMEOFDAY]) -> None
-
-   Set the ALSA timestamp mode on the device. The type argument
-   can be set to either :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_GETTIMEOFDAY`,
-   :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC` or :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC_RAW`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.get_tstamp_type() -> int
-
-   Return the integer value corresponding to the ALSA timestamp type. The
-   return value can be either :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_GETTIMEOFDAY`,
-   :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC` or :const:`PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC_RAW`.
-
-.. method:: PCM.htimestamp() -> tuple[int, int, int]
-
-   Return a Python tuple *(seconds, nanoseconds, frames_available_in_buffer)*.
-
-   The type of output is controlled by the tstamp_type, as described in the table below.
-
-   =================================  ===========================================
-            Timestamp Type                             Description
-   =================================  ===========================================
-   ``PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_GETTIMEOFDAY``   System-wide realtime clock with seconds
-                                      since epoch.
-   ``PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC``      Monotonic time from an unspecified starting
-                                      time. Progress is NTP synchronized.
-   ``PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC_RAW``  Monotonic time from an unspecified starting
-                                      time using only the system clock.
-   =================================  ===========================================
-
-   The timestamp mode is controlled by the tstamp_mode, as described in the table below.
-
-   =================================  ===========================================
-            Timestamp Mode                             Description
-   =================================  ===========================================
-   ``PCM_TSTAMP_NONE``                No timestamp.
-   ``PCM_TSTAMP_ENABLE``              Update timestamp at every hardware position
-                                      update.
-   =================================  ===========================================
-
-**A few hints on using PCM devices for playback**
-
-The most common reason for problems with playback of PCM audio is that writes
-to PCM devices must *exactly* match the data rate of the device.
-
-If too little data is written to the device, it will underrun, and
-ugly clicking sounds will occur. Conversely, if too much data is
-written to the device, the write function will either block
-(:const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode) or return zero (:const:`PCM_NONBLOCK` mode).
-
-If your program does nothing but play sound, the best strategy is to put the
-device in :const:`PCM_NORMAL` mode, and just write as much data to the device as
-possible. This strategy can also be achieved by using a separate
-thread with the sole task of playing out sound.
-
-In GUI programs, however, it may be a better strategy to setup the device,
-preload the buffer with a few periods by calling write a couple of times, and
-then use some timer method to write one period size of data to the device every
-period. The purpose of the preloading is to avoid underrun clicks if the used
-timer doesn't expire exactly on time.
-
-Also note, that most timer APIs that you can find for Python will
-accummulate time delays: If you set the timer to expire after 1/10'th
-of a second, the actual timeout will happen slightly later, which will
-accumulate to quite a lot after a few seconds. Hint: use time.time()
-to check how much time has really passed, and add extra writes as nessecary.
-
-
-.. _mixer-objects:
-
-Mixer Objects
--------------
-
-Mixer objects provides access to the ALSA mixer API.
-
-.. class:: Mixer(control: str = 'Master', id: int = 0, cardindex: int = -1, device: str = 'default') -> Mixer
-
-   Arguments are:
-
-   * *control* - specifies which control to manipulate using this mixer
-     object. The list of available controls can be found with the
-     :mod:`alsaaudio`.\ :func:`mixers` function.  The default value is
-     ``'Master'`` - other common controls may be ``'Master Mono'``, ``'PCM'``,
-     ``'Line'``, etc.
-
-   * *id* - the id of the mixer control. Default is ``0``.
-
-   * *cardindex* - specifies which card should be used. If this argument
-     is given, the device name is constructed like this: 'hw:*cardindex*' and
-     the `device` keyword argument is ignored. ``0`` is the
-     first sound card.
-
-   * *device* - the name of the device on which the mixer resides. The default
-     value is ``'default'``.
-
-   *Changed in 0.8*:
-
-   - The keyword argument `device` is new and can be used to select virtual
-     devices.
-
-Mixer objects have the following methods:
-
-.. method:: Mixer.cardname() -> str
-
-   Return the name of the sound card used by this Mixer object
-
-.. method:: Mixer.mixer() -> str
-
-   Return the name of the specific mixer controlled by this object, For example
-   ``'Master'`` or ``'PCM'``
-
-.. method:: Mixer.mixerid() -> int
-
-   Return the ID of the ALSA mixer controlled by this object.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.switchcap() -> int
-
-   Returns a list of the switches which are defined by this specific mixer.
-   Possible values in this list are:
-
-   ======================  ================
-   Switch                  Description
-   ======================  ================
-   'Mute'                  This mixer can mute
-   'Joined Mute'           This mixer can mute all channels at the same time
-   'Playback Mute'         This mixer can mute the playback output
-   'Joined Playback Mute'  Mute playback for all channels at the same time}
-   'Capture Mute'          Mute sound capture
-   'Joined Capture Mute'   Mute sound capture for all channels at a time}
-   'Capture Exclusive'     Not quite sure what this is
-   ======================  ================
-
-   To manipulate these switches use the :meth:`setrec` or
-   :meth:`setmute` methods
-
-.. method:: Mixer.volumecap() -> int
-
-   Returns a list of the volume control capabilities of this
-   mixer. Possible values in the list are:
-
-   ========================  ================
-   Capability                Description
-   ========================  ================
-   'Volume'                  This mixer can control volume
-   'Joined Volume'           This mixer can control volume for all channels at the same time
-   'Playback Volume'         This mixer can manipulate the playback output
-   'Joined Playback Volume'  Manipulate playback volumne for all channels at the same time
-   'Capture Volume'          Manipulate sound capture volume
-   'Joined Capture Volume'   Manipulate sound capture volume for all channels at a time
-   ========================  ================
-
-.. method:: Mixer.getenum() -> tuple[str, list[str]]
-
-   For enumerated controls, return the currently selected item and  the list of
-   items available.
-
-   Returns a tuple *(string, list of strings)*.
-
-   For example, my soundcard has a Mixer called *Mono Output Select*. Using
-   *amixer*, I get::
-
-      $ amixer get "Mono Output Select"
-      Simple mixer control 'Mono Output Select',0
-        Capabilities: enum
-        Items: 'Mix' 'Mic'
-        Item0: 'Mix'
-
-   Using :mod:`alsaaudio`, one could do::
-
-      >>> import alsaaudio
-      >>> m = alsaaudio.Mixer('Mono Output Select')
-      >>> m.getenum()
-      ('Mix', ['Mix', 'Mic'])
-
-   This method will return an empty tuple if the mixer is not an  enumerated
-   control.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.setenum(index: int) -> None
-
-   For enumerated controls, sets the currently selected item.
-   *index* is an index into the list of available enumerated items returned
-   by :func:`getenum`.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.getrange(pcmtype: int = PCM_PLAYBACK, units: int = VOLUME_UNITS_RAW) -> tuple[int, int]
-
-   Return the volume range of the ALSA mixer controlled by this object.
-   The value is a tuple of integers whose meaning is determined by the
-   *units* argument.
-
-   The optional *pcmtype* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
-   :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, which is relevant if the mixer can control both
-   playback and capture volume.  The default value is :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
-   if the mixer has playback channels, otherwise it is :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`.
-
-   The optional *units* argument can be one of :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_PERCENTAGE`,
-   :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_RAW`, or :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_DB`.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.getvolume(pcmtype: int = PCM_PLAYBACK, units: int = VOLUME_UNITS_PERCENTAGE) -> int
-
-   Returns a list with the current volume settings for each channel. The list
-   elements are integers whose meaning is determined by the *units* argument.
-
-   The optional *pcmtype* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
-   :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, which is relevant if the mixer can control both
-   playback and capture volume. The default value is :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
-   if the mixer has playback channels, otherwise it is :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`.
-
-   The optional *units* argument can be one of :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_PERCENTAGE`,
-   :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_RAW`, or :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_DB`.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.setvolume(volume: int, pcmtype: int = PCM_PLAYBACK, units: int = VOLUME_UNITS_PERCENTAGE, channel: (int | None) = None) -> None
-
-   Change the current volume settings for this mixer. The *volume* argument
-   is an integer whose meaning is determined by the *units* argument.
-
-   If the optional argument *channel* is present, the volume is set
-   only for this channel. This assumes that the mixer can control the
-   volume for the channels independently.
-
-   The optional *pcmtype* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
-   :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, which is relevant if the mixer can control both
-   playback and capture volume. The default value is :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
-   if the mixer has playback channels, otherwise it is :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`.
-
-   The optional *units* argument can be one of :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_PERCENTAGE`,
-   :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_RAW`, or :const:`VOLUME_UNITS_DB`.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.getmute() -> list[int]
-
-   Return a list indicating the current mute setting for each channel.
-   0 means not muted, 1 means muted.
-
-   This method will fail if the mixer has no playback switch capabilities.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.setmute(mute: bool, channel: (int | None) = None) -> None
-
-   Sets the mute flag to a new value. The *mute* argument is either 0 for not
-   muted, or 1 for muted.
-
-   The optional *channel* argument controls which channel is
-   muted. The default is to set the mute flag for all channels.
-
-   This method will fail if the mixer has no playback mute capabilities
-
-.. method:: Mixer.getrec() -> list[int]
-
-   Return a list indicating the current record mute setting for each channel.
-   0 means not recording, 1 means recording.
-
-   This method will fail if the mixer has no capture switch capabilities.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.setrec(capture: int, channel: (int | None) = None) -> None
-
-   Sets the capture mute flag to a new value. The *capture* argument
-   is either 0 for no capture, or 1 for capture.
-
-   The optional *channel* argument controls which channel is
-   changed. The default is to set the capture flag for all channels.
-
-   This method will fail if the mixer has no capture switch capabilities.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.polldescriptors() -> list[tuple[int, int]]
-
-   Returns a list of tuples of *(file descriptor, eventmask)* that can be
-   used to wait for changes on the mixer with *select.poll*.
-
-   The *eventmask* value is compatible with `poll.register`__ in the Python
-   :const:`select` module.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.handleevents() -> int
-
-   Acknowledge events on the :func:`polldescriptors` file descriptors
-   to prevent subsequent polls from returning the same events again.
-   Returns the number of events that were acknowledged.
-
-.. method:: Mixer.close() -> None
-
-   Closes the Mixer device.
-
-**A rant on the ALSA Mixer API**
-
-The ALSA mixer API is extremely complicated - and hardly documented at all.
-:mod:`alsaaudio` implements a much simplified way to access this API. In
-designing the API I've had to make some choices which may limit what can and
-cannot be controlled through the API. However, if I had chosen to implement the
-full API, I would have reexposed the horrible complexity/documentation ratio of
-the underlying API.  At least the :mod:`alsaaudio` API is easy to
-understand and use.
-
-If my design choises prevents you from doing something that the underlying API
-would have allowed, please let me know, so I can incorporate these needs into
-future versions.
-
-If the current state of affairs annoys you, the best you can do is to write a
-HOWTO on the API and make this available on the net. Until somebody does this,
-the availability of ALSA mixer capable devices will stay quite limited.
-
-Unfortunately, I'm not able to create such a HOWTO myself, since I only
-understand half of the API, and that which I do understand has come from a
-painful trial and error process.
-
-
-.. _pcm-example:
-
-Examples
---------
-
-The following example are provided:
-
-* `playwav.py`
-* `recordtest.py`
-* `playbacktest.py`
-* `mixertest.py`
-
-All examples (except `mixertest.py`) accept the commandline option
-*-c <cardname>*.
-
-To determine a valid card name, use the commandline ALSA player::
-
-   $ aplay -L
-
-or::
-
-   $ python
-
-   >>> import alsaaudio
-   >>> alsaaudio.pcms()
-
-mixertest.py accepts the commandline options *-d <device>* and
-*-c <cardindex>*.
-
-playwav.py
-~~~~~~~~~~
-
-**playwav.py** plays a wav file.
-
-To test PCM playback (on your default soundcard), run::
-
-   $ python playwav.py <wav file>
-
-recordtest.py and playbacktest.py
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-**recordtest.py** and **playbacktest.py** will record and play a raw
-sound file in CD quality.
-
-To test PCM recordings (on your default soundcard), run::
-
-   $ python recordtest.py <filename>
-
-Speak into the microphone, and interrupt the recording at any time
-with ``Ctl-C``.
-
-Play back the recording with::
-
-   $ python playbacktest.py <filename>
-
-mixertest.py
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Without arguments, **mixertest.py** will list all available *controls* on the
-default soundcard.
-
-The output might look like this::
-
-  $ ./mixertest.py
-  Available mixer controls:
-     'Master'
-     'Master Mono'
-     'Headphone'
-     'PCM'
-     'Line'
-     'Line In->Rear Out'
-     'CD'
-     'Mic'
-     'PC Speaker'
-     'Aux'
-     'Mono Output Select'
-     'Capture'
-     'Mix'
-     'Mix Mono'
-
-With a single argument - the *control*, it will display the settings of
-that control; for example::
-
-  $ ./mixertest.py Master
-  Mixer name: 'Master'
-  Capabilities: Playback Volume Playback Mute
-  Channel 0 volume: 61%
-  Channel 1 volume: 61%
-
-With two arguments, the *control* and a *parameter*, it will set the
-parameter on the mixer::
-
-  $ ./mixertest.py Master mute
-
-This will mute the Master mixer.
-
-Or::
-
-  $ ./mixertest.py Master 40
-
-This sets the volume to 40% on all channels.
-
-To select a different soundcard, use either the *device* or *cardindex*
-argument::
-
-  $ ./mixertest.py -c 0 Master
-  Mixer name: 'Master'
-  Capabilities: Playback Volume Playback Mute
-  Channel 0 volume: 61%
-  Channel 1 volume: 61%

_sources/pyalsaaudio.rst.txt

@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-************
-Introduction
-************
-
-:Author: Casper Wilstrup <cwi@aves.dk>
-:Author: Lars Immisch <lars@ibp.de>
-
-.. |release| replace:: version
-
-.. _front:
-
-This software is licensed under the PSF license - the same one used by the
-majority of the python distribution. Basically you can use it for anything you
-wish (even commercial purposes). There is no warranty whatsoever.
-
-.. topic:: Abstract
-
-   This package contains wrappers for accessing the ALSA API from Python. It is
-   currently fairly complete for PCM devices and Mixer access. MIDI sequencer
-   support is low on our priority list, but volunteers are welcome.
-
-   If you find bugs in the wrappers please use the github issue tracker.
-   Please don't send bug reports regarding ALSA specifically. There are several
-   bugs in this API, and those should be reported to the ALSA team - not me.
-
-
-************
-What is ALSA
-************
-
-The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) provides audio and MIDI
-functionality to the Linux operating system.
-
-Logically ALSA consists of these components:
-
-* A set of kernel drivers. ---  These drivers are responsible for handling the
-  physical sound  hardware from within the Linux kernel, and have been the
-  standard sound implementation in Linux since kernel version 2.5
-
-* A kernel level API for manipulating the ALSA devices.
-
-* A user-space C library for simplified access to the sound hardware from
-  userspace applications. This library is called *libasound* and is required by
-  all ALSA capable applications.
-
-More information about ALSA may be found on the project homepage
-`<http://www.alsa-project.org>`_
-
-
-ALSA and Python
-===============
-
-The older Linux sound API (OSS) -- which is now deprecated -- is well supported
-by the standard Python library, through the ossaudiodev module. No native ALSA
-support exists in the standard library.
-
-There are a few other "ALSA for Python" projects available, including at least
-two different projects called pyAlsa. Neither of these seem to be under active
-development at the time - and neither are very feature complete.
-
-I wrote PyAlsaAudio to fill this gap. My long term goal is to have the module
-included in the standard Python library, but that looks currently unlikely.
-
-PyAlsaAudio has full support for sound capture, playback of sound, as well as
-the ALSA Mixer API.
-
-MIDI support is not available, and since I don't own any MIDI hardware, it's
-difficult for me to implement it. Volunteers to work on this would be greatly
-appreciated.
-
-
-************
-Installation
-************
-
-Note: the wrappers link with the alsasound library (from the alsa-lib package)
-and need the ALSA headers for compilation.  Verify that you have
-/usr/lib/libasound.so and /usr/include/alsa (or similar paths) before building.
-
-*On Debian (and probably Ubuntu), install libasound2-dev.*
-
-Naturally you also need to use a kernel with proper ALSA support. This is the
-default in Linux kernel 2.6 and later. If you are using kernel version 2.4 you
-may need to install the ALSA patches yourself - although most distributions
-ship with ALSA kernels.
-
-To install, execute the following:  ---   ::
-
-   $ python setup.py build
-
-And then as root:  ---   ::
-
-   # python setup.py install
-
-
-*******
-Testing
-*******
-
-Make sure that :code:`aplay` plays a file through the soundcard you want, then
-try::
-
-  $ python playwav.py <filename.wav>
-
-If :code:`aplay` needs a device argument, like
-:code:`aplay -D hw:CARD=sndrpihifiberry,DEV=0`, use::
-
-   $ python playwav.py -d hw:CARD=sndrpihifiberry,DEV=0 <filename.wav>
-
-To test PCM recordings (on your default soundcard), verify your
-microphone works, then do::
-
-   $ python recordtest.py -d <device> <filename>
-
-Speak into the microphone, and interrupt the recording at any time
-with ``Ctl-C``.
-
-Play back the recording with::
-
-   $ python playbacktest.py -d <device> <filename>
-
-There is a minimal test suite in :code:`test.py`, but it is
-a bit dependent on the ALSA configuration and may fail without indicating
-a real problem.
-
-If you find bugs/problems, please file a `bug report
-<https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues>`_.
-

_sources/terminology.rst.txt

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-****************************
-PCM Terminology and Concepts
-****************************
-
-In order to use PCM devices it is useful to be familiar with some concepts and
-terminology.
-
-Sample
-   PCM audio, whether it is input or output, consists of *samples*.
-   A single sample represents the amplitude of one channel of sound
-   at a certain point in time. A lot of individual samples are
-   necessary to represent actual sound; for CD audio, 44100 samples
-   are taken every second.
-
-   Samples can be of many different sizes, ranging from 8 bit to 64
-   bit precision. The specific format of each sample can also vary -
-   they can be big endian byte integers, little endian byte integers, or
-   floating point numbers.
-
-   Musically, the sample size determines the dynamic range. The
-   dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and the
-   loudest signal that can be reproduced.
-
-Frame
-   A frame consists of exactly one sample per channel. If there is only one
-   channel (Mono sound) a frame is simply a single sample. If the sound is
-   stereo, each frame consists of two samples, etc.
-
-Frame size
-   This is the size in bytes of each frame. This can vary a lot: if each sample
-   is 8 bits, and we're handling mono sound, the frame size is one byte.
-   For six channel audio with 64 bit floating point samples, the frame size
-   is 48 bytes.
-
-Rate
-   PCM sound consists of a flow of sound frames. The sound rate controls how
-   often the current frame is replaced. For example, a rate of 8000 Hz
-   means that a new frame is played or captured 8000 times per second.
-
-Data rate
-   This is the number of bytes which must be consumed or provided per
-   second at a certain frame size and rate.
-
-   8000 Hz mono sound with 8 bit (1 byte) samples has a data rate of
-   8000  \* 1 \* 1 = 8 kb/s or 64kbit/s. This is typically used for telephony.
-
-   At the other end of the scale, 96000 Hz, 6 channel sound with 64
-   bit (8 bytes) samples has a data rate of 96000 \* 6 \* 8 = 4608
-   kb/s (almost 5 MB sound data per second).
-
-   If the data rate requirement is not met, an overrun (on capture) or
-   underrun (on playback) occurs; the term "xrun" is used to refer to
-   either event.
-
-.. _term-period:
-
-Period
-   The CPU processes sample data in chunks of frames, so-called periods
-   (also called fragments by some systems). The operating system kernel's
-   sample buffer must hold at least two periods (at any given time, one
-   is processed by the sound hardware, and one by the CPU).
-
-   The completion of a *period* triggers a CPU interrupt, which causes
-   processing and context switching overhead. Therefore, a smaller period
-   size causes higher CPU resource usage at a given data rate.
-
-   A bigger size of the *buffer* improves the system's resilience to xruns.
-   The buffer being split into a bigger number of smaller periods also does
-   that, as it allows it to be drained / topped up sooner.
-
-   On the other hand, a bigger size of the *buffer* also increases the
-   playback latency, that is, the time it takes for a frame from being
-   sent out by the application to being actually audible.
-
-   Similarly, a bigger *period* size increases the capture latency.
-
-   The trade-off between latency, xrun resilience, and resource usage
-   must be made depending on the application.
-
-Period size
-   This is the size of each period in frames. *Not bytes, but frames!*
-   In :mod:`alsaaudio` the period size is set directly, and it is
-   therefore important to understand the significance of this
-   number. If the period size is configured to for example 32,
-   each write should contain exactly 32 frames of sound data, and each
-   read will return either 32 frames of data or nothing at all.
-
-.. _term-sample-size:
-
-Sample size
-   Each sample takes *physical_bits* of space. *nominal_bits* tells
-   how many least significant bits are used. This is the bit depth
-   in the format name and sometimes called just *sample bits* or
-   *format width*. *significant_bits* tells how many most significant
-   bits of the *nominal_bits* are used by the sample. This can be thought
-   of as the *sample resolution*. This is visualized as follows::
-
-    MSB |00000000 XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX 00000000| LSB
-                  |--significant--|
-                  |---------nominal---------|
-        |-------------physical--------------|
-
-Once you understand these concepts, you will be ready to use the PCM API. Read
-on.
-
-

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_static/default.css

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_static/doctools.js

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-      return translated[Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR(n)];
-    return n === 1 ? singular : plural;
-  },
-
-  addTranslations: (catalog) => {
-    Object.assign(Documentation.TRANSLATIONS, catalog.messages);
-    Documentation.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function(
-      "n",
-      `return (${catalog.plural_expr})`
-    );
-    Documentation.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * helper function to focus on search bar
-   */
-  focusSearchBar: () => {
-    document.querySelectorAll("input[name=q]")[0]?.focus();
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Initialise the domain index toggle buttons
-   */
-  initDomainIndexTable: () => {
-    const toggler = (el) => {
-      const idNumber = el.id.substr(7);
-      const toggledRows = document.querySelectorAll(`tr.cg-${idNumber}`);
-      if (el.src.substr(-9) === "minus.png") {
-        el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 9)}plus.png`;
-        toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = "none"));
-      } else {
-        el.src = `${el.src.substr(0, el.src.length - 8)}minus.png`;
-        toggledRows.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = ""));
-      }
-    };
-
-    const togglerElements = document.querySelectorAll("img.toggler");
-    togglerElements.forEach((el) =>
-      el.addEventListener("click", (event) => toggler(event.currentTarget))
-    );
-    togglerElements.forEach((el) => (el.style.display = ""));
-    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) togglerElements.forEach(toggler);
-  },
-
-  initOnKeyListeners: () => {
-    // only install a listener if it is really needed
-    if (
-      !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS &&
-      !DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS
-    )
-      return;
-
-    document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
-      // bail for input elements
-      if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return;
-      // bail with special keys
-      if (event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return;
-
-      if (!event.shiftKey) {
-        switch (event.key) {
-          case "ArrowLeft":
-            if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break;
-
-            const prevLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="prev"]');
-            if (prevLink && prevLink.href) {
-              window.location.href = prevLink.href;
-              event.preventDefault();
-            }
-            break;
-          case "ArrowRight":
-            if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) break;
-
-            const nextLink = document.querySelector('link[rel="next"]');
-            if (nextLink && nextLink.href) {
-              window.location.href = nextLink.href;
-              event.preventDefault();
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // some keyboard layouts may need Shift to get /
-      switch (event.key) {
-        case "/":
-          if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) break;
-          Documentation.focusSearchBar();
-          event.preventDefault();
-      }
-    });
-  },
-};
-
-// quick alias for translations
-const _ = Documentation.gettext;
-
-_ready(Documentation.init);

_static/documentation_options.js

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-const DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
-    VERSION: '0.11.0',
-    LANGUAGE: 'en',
-    COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
-    BUILDER: 'html',
-    FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
-    LINK_SUFFIX: '.html',
-    HAS_SOURCE: true,
-    SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt',
-    NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false,
-    SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY: true,
-    ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS: true,
-};

_static/graphviz.css

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * graphviz.css
- * ~~~~~~~~~~~~
- *
- * Sphinx stylesheet -- graphviz extension.
- *
- * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2024 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
- * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
- *
- */
-
-img.graphviz {
-    border: 0;
-    max-width: 100%;
-}
-
-object.graphviz {
-    max-width: 100%;
-}

_static/language_data.js

@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * language_data.js
- * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- *
- * This script contains the language-specific data used by searchtools.js,
- * namely the list of stopwords, stemmer, scorer and splitter.
- *
- * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2024 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
- * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
- *
- */
-
-var stopwords = ["a", "and", "are", "as", "at", "be", "but", "by", "for", "if", "in", "into", "is", "it", "near", "no", "not", "of", "on", "or", "such", "that", "the", "their", "then", "there", "these", "they", "this", "to", "was", "will", "with"];
-
-
-/* Non-minified version is copied as a separate JS file, if available */
-
-/**
- * Porter Stemmer
- */
-var Stemmer = function() {
-
-  var step2list = {
-    ational: 'ate',
-    tional: 'tion',
-    enci: 'ence',
-    anci: 'ance',
-    izer: 'ize',
-    bli: 'ble',
-    alli: 'al',
-    entli: 'ent',
-    eli: 'e',
-    ousli: 'ous',
-    ization: 'ize',
-    ation: 'ate',
-    ator: 'ate',
-    alism: 'al',
-    iveness: 'ive',
-    fulness: 'ful',
-    ousness: 'ous',
-    aliti: 'al',
-    iviti: 'ive',
-    biliti: 'ble',
-    logi: 'log'
-  };
-
-  var step3list = {
-    icate: 'ic',
-    ative: '',
-    alize: 'al',
-    iciti: 'ic',
-    ical: 'ic',
-    ful: '',
-    ness: ''
-  };
-
-  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
-  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
-  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
-  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
-
-  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
-  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
-  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
-  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
-
-  this.stemWord = function (w) {
-    var stem;
-    var suffix;
-    var firstch;
-    var origword = w;
-
-    if (w.length < 3)
-      return w;
-
-    var re;
-    var re2;
-    var re3;
-    var re4;
-
-    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
-    if (firstch == "y")
-      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
-
-    // Step 1a
-    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
-    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
-
-    if (re.test(w))
-      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
-    else if (re2.test(w))
-      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
-
-    // Step 1b
-    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
-    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
-      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
-        re = /.$/;
-        w = w.replace(re,"");
-      }
-    }
-    else if (re2.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re2.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
-      if (re2.test(stem)) {
-        w = stem;
-        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
-        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
-        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
-        if (re2.test(w))
-          w = w + "e";
-        else if (re3.test(w)) {
-          re = /.$/;
-          w = w.replace(re,"");
-        }
-        else if (re4.test(w))
-          w = w + "e";
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Step 1c
-    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      re = new RegExp(s_v);
-      if (re.test(stem))
-        w = stem + "i";
-    }
-
-    // Step 2
-    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      suffix = fp[2];
-      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
-      if (re.test(stem))
-        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
-    }
-
-    // Step 3
-    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      suffix = fp[2];
-      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
-      if (re.test(stem))
-        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
-    }
-
-    // Step 4
-    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
-    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
-      if (re.test(stem))
-        w = stem;
-    }
-    else if (re2.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re2.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
-      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
-      if (re2.test(stem))
-        w = stem;
-    }
-
-    // Step 5
-    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
-    if (re.test(w)) {
-      var fp = re.exec(w);
-      stem = fp[1];
-      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
-      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
-      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
-      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
-        w = stem;
-    }
-    re = /ll$/;
-    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
-    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
-      re = /.$/;
-      w = w.replace(re,"");
-    }
-
-    // and turn initial Y back to y
-    if (firstch == "y")
-      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
-    return w;
-  }
-}
-

_static/pygments.css

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-pre { line-height: 125%; }
-td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
-span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
-td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
-span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
-.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
-.highlight { background: #eeffcc; }
-.highlight .c { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
-.highlight .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
-.highlight .k { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
-.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
-.highlight .ch { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
-.highlight .cm { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
-.highlight .cp { color: #007020 } /* Comment.Preproc */
-.highlight .cpf { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
-.highlight .c1 { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
-.highlight .cs { color: #408090; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Comment.Special */
-.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
-.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
-.highlight .ges { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic } /* Generic.EmphStrong */
-.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
-.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
-.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
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-.highlight .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
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-.highlight .kt { color: #902000 } /* Keyword.Type */
-.highlight .m { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number */
-.highlight .s { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String */
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_static/searchtools.js

@@ -1,619 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * searchtools.js
- * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- *
- * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for the full-text search.
- *
- * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2024 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
- * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
- *
- */
-"use strict";
-
-/**
- * Simple result scoring code.
- */
-if (typeof Scorer === "undefined") {
-  var Scorer = {
-    // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
-    // The function takes a result array [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename]
-    // and returns the new score.
-    /*
-    score: result => {
-      const [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename] = result
-      return score
-    },
-    */
-
-    // query matches the full name of an object
-    objNameMatch: 11,
-    // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
-    objPartialMatch: 6,
-    // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
-    objPrio: {
-      0: 15, // used to be importantResults
-      1: 5, // used to be objectResults
-      2: -5, // used to be unimportantResults
-    },
-    //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
-    objPrioDefault: 0,
-
-    // query found in title
-    title: 15,
-    partialTitle: 7,
-    // query found in terms
-    term: 5,
-    partialTerm: 2,
-  };
-}
-
-const _removeChildren = (element) => {
-  while (element && element.lastChild) element.removeChild(element.lastChild);
-};
-
-/**
- * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions#escaping
- */
-const _escapeRegExp = (string) =>
-  string.replace(/[.*+\-?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&"); // $& means the whole matched string
-
-const _displayItem = (item, searchTerms, highlightTerms) => {
-  const docBuilder = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.BUILDER;
-  const docFileSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX;
-  const docLinkSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.LINK_SUFFIX;
-  const showSearchSummary = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY;
-  const contentRoot = document.documentElement.dataset.content_root;
-
-  const [docName, title, anchor, descr, score, _filename] = item;
-
-  let listItem = document.createElement("li");
-  let requestUrl;
-  let linkUrl;
-  if (docBuilder === "dirhtml") {
-    // dirhtml builder
-    let dirname = docName + "/";
-    if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/))
-      dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length - 6);
-    else if (dirname === "index/") dirname = "";
-    requestUrl = contentRoot + dirname;
-    linkUrl = requestUrl;
-  } else {
-    // normal html builders
-    requestUrl = contentRoot + docName + docFileSuffix;
-    linkUrl = docName + docLinkSuffix;
-  }
-  let linkEl = listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("a"));
-  linkEl.href = linkUrl + anchor;
-  linkEl.dataset.score = score;
-  linkEl.innerHTML = title;
-  if (descr) {
-    listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("span")).innerHTML =
-      " (" + descr + ")";
-    // highlight search terms in the description
-    if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED)  // set in sphinx_highlight.js
-      highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted"));
-  }
-  else if (showSearchSummary)
-    fetch(requestUrl)
-      .then((responseData) => responseData.text())
-      .then((data) => {
-        if (data)
-          listItem.appendChild(
-            Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchTerms, anchor)
-          );
-        // highlight search terms in the summary
-        if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED)  // set in sphinx_highlight.js
-          highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted"));
-      });
-  Search.output.appendChild(listItem);
-};
-const _finishSearch = (resultCount) => {
-  Search.stopPulse();
-  Search.title.innerText = _("Search Results");
-  if (!resultCount)
-    Search.status.innerText = Documentation.gettext(
-      "Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you've selected enough categories."
-    );
-  else
-    Search.status.innerText = _(
-      "Search finished, found ${resultCount} page(s) matching the search query."
-    ).replace('${resultCount}', resultCount);
-};
-const _displayNextItem = (
-  results,
-  resultCount,
-  searchTerms,
-  highlightTerms,
-) => {
-  // results left, load the summary and display it
-  // this is intended to be dynamic (don't sub resultsCount)
-  if (results.length) {
-    _displayItem(results.pop(), searchTerms, highlightTerms);
-    setTimeout(
-      () => _displayNextItem(results, resultCount, searchTerms, highlightTerms),
-      5
-    );
-  }
-  // search finished, update title and status message
-  else _finishSearch(resultCount);
-};
-// Helper function used by query() to order search results.
-// Each input is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename].
-// Order the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
-// `_displayNextItem` function uses pop() to retrieve items) and then alphabetically.
-const _orderResultsByScoreThenName = (a, b) => {
-  const leftScore = a[4];
-  const rightScore = b[4];
-  if (leftScore === rightScore) {
-    // same score: sort alphabetically
-    const leftTitle = a[1].toLowerCase();
-    const rightTitle = b[1].toLowerCase();
-    if (leftTitle === rightTitle) return 0;
-    return leftTitle > rightTitle ? -1 : 1; // inverted is intentional
-  }
-  return leftScore > rightScore ? 1 : -1;
-};
-
-/**
- * Default splitQuery function. Can be overridden in ``sphinx.search`` with a
- * custom function per language.
- *
- * The regular expression works by splitting the string on consecutive characters
- * that are not Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or emoji characters.
- * This is the same as ``\W+`` in Python, preserving the surrogate pair area.
- */
-if (typeof splitQuery === "undefined") {
-  var splitQuery = (query) => query
-      .split(/[^\p{Letter}\p{Number}_\p{Emoji_Presentation}]+/gu)
-      .filter(term => term)  // remove remaining empty strings
-}
-
-/**
- * Search Module
- */
-const Search = {
-  _index: null,
-  _queued_query: null,
-  _pulse_status: -1,
-
-  htmlToText: (htmlString, anchor) => {
-    const htmlElement = new DOMParser().parseFromString(htmlString, 'text/html');
-    for (const removalQuery of [".headerlinks", "script", "style"]) {
-      htmlElement.querySelectorAll(removalQuery).forEach((el) => { el.remove() });
-    }
-    if (anchor) {
-      const anchorContent = htmlElement.querySelector(`[role="main"] ${anchor}`);
-      if (anchorContent) return anchorContent.textContent;
-
-      console.warn(
-        `Anchored content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it via DOM query '[role=main] ${anchor}'. Check your theme or template.`
-      );
-    }
-
-    // if anchor not specified or not found, fall back to main content
-    const docContent = htmlElement.querySelector('[role="main"]');
-    if (docContent) return docContent.textContent;
-
-    console.warn(
-      "Content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it via DOM query '[role=main]'. Check your theme or template."
-    );
-    return "";
-  },
-
-  init: () => {
-    const query = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("q");
-    document
-      .querySelectorAll('input[name="q"]')
-      .forEach((el) => (el.value = query));
-    if (query) Search.performSearch(query);
-  },
-
-  loadIndex: (url) =>
-    (document.body.appendChild(document.createElement("script")).src = url),
-
-  setIndex: (index) => {
-    Search._index = index;
-    if (Search._queued_query !== null) {
-      const query = Search._queued_query;
-      Search._queued_query = null;
-      Search.query(query);
-    }
-  },
-
-  hasIndex: () => Search._index !== null,
-
-  deferQuery: (query) => (Search._queued_query = query),
-
-  stopPulse: () => (Search._pulse_status = -1),
-
-  startPulse: () => {
-    if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) return;
-
-    const pulse = () => {
-      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
-      Search.dots.innerText = ".".repeat(Search._pulse_status);
-      if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
-    };
-    pulse();
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
-   */
-  performSearch: (query) => {
-    // create the required interface elements
-    const searchText = document.createElement("h2");
-    searchText.textContent = _("Searching");
-    const searchSummary = document.createElement("p");
-    searchSummary.classList.add("search-summary");
-    searchSummary.innerText = "";
-    const searchList = document.createElement("ul");
-    searchList.classList.add("search");
-
-    const out = document.getElementById("search-results");
-    Search.title = out.appendChild(searchText);
-    Search.dots = Search.title.appendChild(document.createElement("span"));
-    Search.status = out.appendChild(searchSummary);
-    Search.output = out.appendChild(searchList);
-
-    const searchProgress = document.getElementById("search-progress");
-    // Some themes don't use the search progress node
-    if (searchProgress) {
-      searchProgress.innerText = _("Preparing search...");
-    }
-    Search.startPulse();
-
-    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
-    if (Search.hasIndex()) Search.query(query);
-    else Search.deferQuery(query);
-  },
-
-  _parseQuery: (query) => {
-    // stem the search terms and add them to the correct list
-    const stemmer = new Stemmer();
-    const searchTerms = new Set();
-    const excludedTerms = new Set();
-    const highlightTerms = new Set();
-    const objectTerms = new Set(splitQuery(query.toLowerCase().trim()));
-    splitQuery(query.trim()).forEach((queryTerm) => {
-      const queryTermLower = queryTerm.toLowerCase();
-
-      // maybe skip this "word"
-      // stopwords array is from language_data.js
-      if (
-        stopwords.indexOf(queryTermLower) !== -1 ||
-        queryTerm.match(/^\d+$/)
-      )
-        return;
-
-      // stem the word
-      let word = stemmer.stemWord(queryTermLower);
-      // select the correct list
-      if (word[0] === "-") excludedTerms.add(word.substr(1));
-      else {
-        searchTerms.add(word);
-        highlightTerms.add(queryTermLower);
-      }
-    });
-
-    if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) {  // set in sphinx_highlight.js
-      localStorage.setItem("sphinx_highlight_terms", [...highlightTerms].join(" "))
-    }
-
-    // console.debug("SEARCH: searching for:");
-    // console.info("required: ", [...searchTerms]);
-    // console.info("excluded: ", [...excludedTerms]);
-
-    return [query, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms];
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
-   */
-  _performSearch: (query, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms) => {
-    const filenames = Search._index.filenames;
-    const docNames = Search._index.docnames;
-    const titles = Search._index.titles;
-    const allTitles = Search._index.alltitles;
-    const indexEntries = Search._index.indexentries;
-
-    // Collect multiple result groups to be sorted separately and then ordered.
-    // Each is an array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename].
-    const normalResults = [];
-    const nonMainIndexResults = [];
-
-    _removeChildren(document.getElementById("search-progress"));
-
-    const queryLower = query.toLowerCase().trim();
-    for (const [title, foundTitles] of Object.entries(allTitles)) {
-      if (title.toLowerCase().trim().includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= title.length/2)) {
-        for (const [file, id] of foundTitles) {
-          let score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / title.length)
-          normalResults.push([
-            docNames[file],
-            titles[file] !== title ? `${titles[file]} > ${title}` : title,
-            id !== null ? "#" + id : "",
-            null,
-            score,
-            filenames[file],
-          ]);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // search for explicit entries in index directives
-    for (const [entry, foundEntries] of Object.entries(indexEntries)) {
-      if (entry.includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= entry.length/2)) {
-        for (const [file, id, isMain] of foundEntries) {
-          const score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / entry.length);
-          const result = [
-            docNames[file],
-            titles[file],
-            id ? "#" + id : "",
-            null,
-            score,
-            filenames[file],
-          ];
-          if (isMain) {
-            normalResults.push(result);
-          } else {
-            nonMainIndexResults.push(result);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // lookup as object
-    objectTerms.forEach((term) =>
-      normalResults.push(...Search.performObjectSearch(term, objectTerms))
-    );
-
-    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
-    normalResults.push(...Search.performTermsSearch(searchTerms, excludedTerms));
-
-    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
-    if (Scorer.score) {
-      normalResults.forEach((item) => (item[4] = Scorer.score(item)));
-      nonMainIndexResults.forEach((item) => (item[4] = Scorer.score(item)));
-    }
-
-    // Sort each group of results by score and then alphabetically by name.
-    normalResults.sort(_orderResultsByScoreThenName);
-    nonMainIndexResults.sort(_orderResultsByScoreThenName);
-
-    // Combine the result groups in (reverse) order.
-    // Non-main index entries are typically arbitrary cross-references,
-    // so display them after other results.
-    let results = [...nonMainIndexResults, ...normalResults];
-
-    // remove duplicate search results
-    // note the reversing of results, so that in the case of duplicates, the highest-scoring entry is kept
-    let seen = new Set();
-    results = results.reverse().reduce((acc, result) => {
-      let resultStr = result.slice(0, 4).concat([result[5]]).map(v => String(v)).join(',');
-      if (!seen.has(resultStr)) {
-        acc.push(result);
-        seen.add(resultStr);
-      }
-      return acc;
-    }, []);
-
-    return results.reverse();
-  },
-
-  query: (query) => {
-    const [searchQuery, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms] = Search._parseQuery(query);
-    const results = Search._performSearch(searchQuery, searchTerms, excludedTerms, highlightTerms, objectTerms);
-
-    // for debugging
-    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
-    // console.info("search results:", Search.lastresults);
-
-    // print the results
-    _displayNextItem(results, results.length, searchTerms, highlightTerms);
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * search for object names
-   */
-  performObjectSearch: (object, objectTerms) => {
-    const filenames = Search._index.filenames;
-    const docNames = Search._index.docnames;
-    const objects = Search._index.objects;
-    const objNames = Search._index.objnames;
-    const titles = Search._index.titles;
-
-    const results = [];
-
-    const objectSearchCallback = (prefix, match) => {
-      const name = match[4]
-      const fullname = (prefix ? prefix + "." : "") + name;
-      const fullnameLower = fullname.toLowerCase();
-      if (fullnameLower.indexOf(object) < 0) return;
-
-      let score = 0;
-      const parts = fullnameLower.split(".");
-
-      // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
-      // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
-      if (fullnameLower === object || parts.slice(-1)[0] === object)
-        score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
-      else if (parts.slice(-1)[0].indexOf(object) > -1)
-        score += Scorer.objPartialMatch; // matches in last name
-
-      const objName = objNames[match[1]][2];
-      const title = titles[match[0]];
-
-      // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
-      // found in the name/title/description
-      const otherTerms = new Set(objectTerms);
-      otherTerms.delete(object);
-      if (otherTerms.size > 0) {
-        const haystack = `${prefix} ${name} ${objName} ${title}`.toLowerCase();
-        if (
-          [...otherTerms].some((otherTerm) => haystack.indexOf(otherTerm) < 0)
-        )
-          return;
-      }
-
-      let anchor = match[3];
-      if (anchor === "") anchor = fullname;
-      else if (anchor === "-") anchor = objNames[match[1]][1] + "-" + fullname;
-
-      const descr = objName + _(", in ") + title;
-
-      // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
-      if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2]))
-        score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
-      else score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
-
-      results.push([
-        docNames[match[0]],
-        fullname,
-        "#" + anchor,
-        descr,
-        score,
-        filenames[match[0]],
-      ]);
-    };
-    Object.keys(objects).forEach((prefix) =>
-      objects[prefix].forEach((array) =>
-        objectSearchCallback(prefix, array)
-      )
-    );
-    return results;
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * search for full-text terms in the index
-   */
-  performTermsSearch: (searchTerms, excludedTerms) => {
-    // prepare search
-    const terms = Search._index.terms;
-    const titleTerms = Search._index.titleterms;
-    const filenames = Search._index.filenames;
-    const docNames = Search._index.docnames;
-    const titles = Search._index.titles;
-
-    const scoreMap = new Map();
-    const fileMap = new Map();
-
-    // perform the search on the required terms
-    searchTerms.forEach((word) => {
-      const files = [];
-      const arr = [
-        { files: terms[word], score: Scorer.term },
-        { files: titleTerms[word], score: Scorer.title },
-      ];
-      // add support for partial matches
-      if (word.length > 2) {
-        const escapedWord = _escapeRegExp(word);
-        if (!terms.hasOwnProperty(word)) {
-          Object.keys(terms).forEach((term) => {
-            if (term.match(escapedWord))
-              arr.push({ files: terms[term], score: Scorer.partialTerm });
-          });
-        }
-        if (!titleTerms.hasOwnProperty(word)) {
-          Object.keys(titleTerms).forEach((term) => {
-            if (term.match(escapedWord))
-              arr.push({ files: titleTerms[term], score: Scorer.partialTitle });
-          });
-        }
-      }
-
-      // no match but word was a required one
-      if (arr.every((record) => record.files === undefined)) return;
-
-      // found search word in contents
-      arr.forEach((record) => {
-        if (record.files === undefined) return;
-
-        let recordFiles = record.files;
-        if (recordFiles.length === undefined) recordFiles = [recordFiles];
-        files.push(...recordFiles);
-
-        // set score for the word in each file
-        recordFiles.forEach((file) => {
-          if (!scoreMap.has(file)) scoreMap.set(file, {});
-          scoreMap.get(file)[word] = record.score;
-        });
-      });
-
-      // create the mapping
-      files.forEach((file) => {
-        if (!fileMap.has(file)) fileMap.set(file, [word]);
-        else if (fileMap.get(file).indexOf(word) === -1) fileMap.get(file).push(word);
-      });
-    });
-
-    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
-    const results = [];
-    for (const [file, wordList] of fileMap) {
-      // check if all requirements are matched
-
-      // as search terms with length < 3 are discarded
-      const filteredTermCount = [...searchTerms].filter(
-        (term) => term.length > 2
-      ).length;
-      if (
-        wordList.length !== searchTerms.size &&
-        wordList.length !== filteredTermCount
-      )
-        continue;
-
-      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
-      if (
-        [...excludedTerms].some(
-          (term) =>
-            terms[term] === file ||
-            titleTerms[term] === file ||
-            (terms[term] || []).includes(file) ||
-            (titleTerms[term] || []).includes(file)
-        )
-      )
-        break;
-
-      // select one (max) score for the file.
-      const score = Math.max(...wordList.map((w) => scoreMap.get(file)[w]));
-      // add result to the result list
-      results.push([
-        docNames[file],
-        titles[file],
-        "",
-        null,
-        score,
-        filenames[file],
-      ]);
-    }
-    return results;
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * helper function to return a node containing the
-   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
-   * of stemmed words.
-   */
-  makeSearchSummary: (htmlText, keywords, anchor) => {
-    const text = Search.htmlToText(htmlText, anchor);
-    if (text === "") return null;
-
-    const textLower = text.toLowerCase();
-    const actualStartPosition = [...keywords]
-      .map((k) => textLower.indexOf(k.toLowerCase()))
-      .filter((i) => i > -1)
-      .slice(-1)[0];
-    const startWithContext = Math.max(actualStartPosition - 120, 0);
-
-    const top = startWithContext === 0 ? "" : "...";
-    const tail = startWithContext + 240 < text.length ? "..." : "";
-
-    let summary = document.createElement("p");
-    summary.classList.add("context");
-    summary.textContent = top + text.substr(startWithContext, 240).trim() + tail;
-
-    return summary;
-  },
-};
-
-_ready(Search.init);

_static/sidebar.js

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * sidebar.js
- * ~~~~~~~~~~
- *
- * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
- *
- * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper.  This script adds
- * in .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton
- * used to collapse and expand the sidebar.
- *
- * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden
- * and the width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document
- * are decreased. When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.
- * This script saves a per-browser/per-session cookie used to
- * remember the position of the sidebar among the pages.
- * Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the position
- * reset to the default (expanded).
- *
- * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2014 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
- * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
- *
- */
-
-$(function() {
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-
-  // global elements used by the functions.
-  // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
-  // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
-  var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
-  var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
-  var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
-
-  // for some reason, the document has no sidebar; do not run into errors
-  if (!sidebar.length) return;
-
-  // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
-  // with the sidebar expanded
-  var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
-  var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
-
-  // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
-  // with the sidebar collapsed
-  var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
-  var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
-
-  // colors used by the current theme
-  var dark_color = $('.related').css('background-color');
-  var light_color = $('.document').css('background-color');
-
-  function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
-    return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
-  }
-
-  function toggle_sidebar() {
-    if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
-      expand_sidebar();
-    else
-      collapse_sidebar();
-  }
-
-  function collapse_sidebar() {
-    sidebarwrapper.hide();
-    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
-    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
-    sidebarbutton.css({
-        'margin-left': '0',
-        'height': bodywrapper.height()
-    });
-    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
-    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
-    document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
-  }
-
-  function expand_sidebar() {
-    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
-    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
-    sidebarwrapper.show();
-    sidebarbutton.css({
-        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
-        'height': bodywrapper.height()
-    });
-    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
-    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
-    document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
-  }
-
-  function add_sidebar_button() {
-    sidebarwrapper.css({
-        'float': 'left',
-        'margin-right': '0',
-        'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
-    });
-    // create the button
-    sidebar.append(
-        '<div id="sidebarbutton"><span>&laquo;</span></div>'
-    );
-    var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
-    light_color = sidebarbutton.css('background-color');
-    // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
-    var viewport_height;
-    if (window.innerHeight)
- 	  viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
-    else
-	  viewport_height = $(window).height();
-    sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
-        'display': 'block',
-        'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
-    });
-
-    sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
-    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
-    sidebarbutton.css({
-        'color': '#FFFFFF',
-        'border-left': '1px solid ' + dark_color,
-        'font-size': '1.2em',
-        'cursor': 'pointer',
-        'height': bodywrapper.height(),
-        'padding-top': '1px',
-        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
-    });
-
-    sidebarbutton.hover(
-      function () {
-          $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
-      },
-      function () {
-          $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
-      }
-    );
-  }
-
-  function set_position_from_cookie() {
-    if (!document.cookie)
-      return;
-    var items = document.cookie.split(';');
-    for(var k=0; k<items.length; k++) {
-      var key_val = items[k].split('=');
-      var key = key_val[0].replace(/ /, "");  // strip leading spaces
-      if (key == 'sidebar') {
-        var value = key_val[1];
-        if ((value == 'collapsed') && (!sidebar_is_collapsed()))
-          collapse_sidebar();
-        else if ((value == 'expanded') && (sidebar_is_collapsed()))
-          expand_sidebar();
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  add_sidebar_button();
-  var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
-  set_position_from_cookie();
-});

_static/sphinx_highlight.js

@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-/* Highlighting utilities for Sphinx HTML documentation. */
-"use strict";
-
-const SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED = true
-
-/**
- * highlight a given string on a node by wrapping it in
- * span elements with the given class name.
- */
-const _highlight = (node, addItems, text, className) => {
-  if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-    const val = node.nodeValue;
-    const parent = node.parentNode;
-    const pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
-    if (
-      pos >= 0 &&
-      !parent.classList.contains(className) &&
-      !parent.classList.contains("nohighlight")
-    ) {
-      let span;
-
-      const closestNode = parent.closest("body, svg, foreignObject");
-      const isInSVG = closestNode && closestNode.matches("svg");
-      if (isInSVG) {
-        span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan");
-      } else {
-        span = document.createElement("span");
-        span.classList.add(className);
-      }
-
-      span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
-      const rest = document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length));
-      parent.insertBefore(
-        span,
-        parent.insertBefore(
-          rest,
-          node.nextSibling
-        )
-      );
-      node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
-      /* There may be more occurrences of search term in this node. So call this
-       * function recursively on the remaining fragment.
-       */
-      _highlight(rest, addItems, text, className);
-
-      if (isInSVG) {
-        const rect = document.createElementNS(
-          "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",
-          "rect"
-        );
-        const bbox = parent.getBBox();
-        rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x;
-        rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y;
-        rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width;
-        rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height;
-        rect.setAttribute("class", className);
-        addItems.push({ parent: parent, target: rect });
-      }
-    }
-  } else if (node.matches && !node.matches("button, select, textarea")) {
-    node.childNodes.forEach((el) => _highlight(el, addItems, text, className));
-  }
-};
-const _highlightText = (thisNode, text, className) => {
-  let addItems = [];
-  _highlight(thisNode, addItems, text, className);
-  addItems.forEach((obj) =>
-    obj.parent.insertAdjacentElement("beforebegin", obj.target)
-  );
-};
-
-/**
- * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
- */
-const SphinxHighlight = {
-
-  /**
-   * highlight the search words provided in localstorage in the text
-   */
-  highlightSearchWords: () => {
-    if (!SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) return;  // bail if no highlight
-
-    // get and clear terms from localstorage
-    const url = new URL(window.location);
-    const highlight =
-        localStorage.getItem("sphinx_highlight_terms")
-        || url.searchParams.get("highlight")
-        || "";
-    localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms")
-    url.searchParams.delete("highlight");
-    window.history.replaceState({}, "", url);
-
-    // get individual terms from highlight string
-    const terms = highlight.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/).filter(x => x);
-    if (terms.length === 0) return; // nothing to do
-
-    // There should never be more than one element matching "div.body"
-    const divBody = document.querySelectorAll("div.body");
-    const body = divBody.length ? divBody[0] : document.querySelector("body");
-    window.setTimeout(() => {
-      terms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(body, term, "highlighted"));
-    }, 10);
-
-    const searchBox = document.getElementById("searchbox");
-    if (searchBox === null) return;
-    searchBox.appendChild(
-      document
-        .createRange()
-        .createContextualFragment(
-          '<p class="highlight-link">' +
-            '<a href="javascript:SphinxHighlight.hideSearchWords()">' +
-            _("Hide Search Matches") +
-            "</a></p>"
-        )
-    );
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * helper function to hide the search marks again
-   */
-  hideSearchWords: () => {
-    document
-      .querySelectorAll("#searchbox .highlight-link")
-      .forEach((el) => el.remove());
-    document
-      .querySelectorAll("span.highlighted")
-      .forEach((el) => el.classList.remove("highlighted"));
-    localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms")
-  },
-
-  initEscapeListener: () => {
-    // only install a listener if it is really needed
-    if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) return;
-
-    document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
-      // bail for input elements
-      if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return;
-      // bail with special keys
-      if (event.shiftKey || event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return;
-      if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS && (event.key === "Escape")) {
-        SphinxHighlight.hideSearchWords();
-        event.preventDefault();
-      }
-    });
-  },
-};
-
-_ready(() => {
-  /* Do not call highlightSearchWords() when we are on the search page.
-   * It will highlight words from the *previous* search query.
-   */
-  if (typeof Search === "undefined") SphinxHighlight.highlightSearchWords();
-  SphinxHighlight.initEscapeListener();
-});

_static/underscore-1.3.1.js

@@ -1,999 +0,0 @@
-//     Underscore.js 1.3.1
-//     (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
-//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
-//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
-//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
-//     For all details and documentation:
-//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
-
-(function() {
-
-  // Baseline setup
-  // --------------
-
-  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
-  var root = this;
-
-  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
-  var previousUnderscore = root._;
-
-  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
-  var breaker = {};
-
-  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
-  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
-
-  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
-  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
-      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
-      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
-      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
-
-  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
-  // are declared here.
-  var
-    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
-    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
-    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
-    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
-    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
-    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
-    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
-    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
-    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
-    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
-    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
-    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
-
-  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
-  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
-
-  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
-  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
-  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
-  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
-  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
-    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
-      exports = module.exports = _;
-    }
-    exports._ = _;
-  } else {
-    root['_'] = _;
-  }
-
-  // Current version.
-  _.VERSION = '1.3.1';
-
-  // Collection Functions
-  // --------------------
-
-  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
-  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
-  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (obj == null) return;
-    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
-      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
-    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
-      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
-        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (var key in obj) {
-        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
-          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
-  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var results = [];
-    if (obj == null) return results;
-    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
-    });
-    if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
-    return results;
-  };
-
-  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
-  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
-  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
-    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
-    if (obj == null) obj = [];
-    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
-      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
-      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
-    }
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (!initial) {
-        memo = value;
-        initial = true;
-      } else {
-        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
-      }
-    });
-    if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
-    return memo;
-  };
-
-  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
-  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
-    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
-    if (obj == null) obj = [];
-    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
-      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
-      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
-    }
-    var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
-    if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
-    return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
-  };
-
-  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
-  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var result;
-    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
-        result = value;
-        return true;
-      }
-    });
-    return result;
-  };
-
-  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
-  // Aliased as `select`.
-  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var results = [];
-    if (obj == null) return results;
-    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
-    });
-    return results;
-  };
-
-  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
-  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var results = [];
-    if (obj == null) return results;
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
-    });
-    return results;
-  };
-
-  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
-  // Aliased as `all`.
-  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var result = true;
-    if (obj == null) return result;
-    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
-    });
-    return result;
-  };
-
-  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
-  // Aliased as `any`.
-  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
-    var result = false;
-    if (obj == null) return result;
-    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
-    });
-    return !!result;
-  };
-
-  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
-  // Aliased as `contains`.
-  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
-    var found = false;
-    if (obj == null) return found;
-    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
-    found = any(obj, function(value) {
-      return value === target;
-    });
-    return found;
-  };
-
-  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
-  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
-    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
-      return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
-    });
-  };
-
-  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
-  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
-    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
-  };
-
-  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
-  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
-    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
-    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
-      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
-    });
-    return result.value;
-  };
-
-  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
-  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
-    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
-    var result = {computed : Infinity};
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
-      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
-    });
-    return result.value;
-  };
-
-  // Shuffle an array.
-  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
-    var shuffled = [], rand;
-    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      if (index == 0) {
-        shuffled[0] = value;
-      } else {
-        rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
-        shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
-        shuffled[rand] = value;
-      }
-    });
-    return shuffled;
-  };
-
-  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
-  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
-      return {
-        value : value,
-        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
-      };
-    }).sort(function(left, right) {
-      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
-      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
-    }), 'value');
-  };
-
-  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
-  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
-  _.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
-    var result = {};
-    var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
-    each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      var key = iterator(value, index);
-      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
-    });
-    return result;
-  };
-
-  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
-  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
-  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
-    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
-    var low = 0, high = array.length;
-    while (low < high) {
-      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
-      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
-    }
-    return low;
-  };
-
-  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
-  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
-    if (!iterable)                return [];
-    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
-    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
-    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
-    return _.values(iterable);
-  };
-
-  // Return the number of elements in an object.
-  _.size = function(obj) {
-    return _.toArray(obj).length;
-  };
-
-  // Array Functions
-  // ---------------
-
-  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
-  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
-  // with `_.map`.
-  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
-    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
-  };
-
-  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
-  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
-  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
-  // `_.map`.
-  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
-    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
-  };
-
-  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
-  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
-  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
-    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
-      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
-    } else {
-      return array[array.length - 1];
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
-  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
-  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
-  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
-  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
-    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
-  };
-
-  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
-  _.compact = function(array) {
-    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
-  };
-
-  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
-  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
-    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
-      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
-      memo[memo.length] = value;
-      return memo;
-    }, []);
-  };
-
-  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
-  _.without = function(array) {
-    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-  };
-
-  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
-  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
-  // Aliased as `unique`.
-  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
-    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
-    var result = [];
-    _.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
-      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
-        memo[memo.length] = el;
-        result[result.length] = array[i];
-      }
-      return memo;
-    }, []);
-    return result;
-  };
-
-  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
-  // the passed-in arrays.
-  _.union = function() {
-    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
-  };
-
-  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
-  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
-  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
-    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
-      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
-        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
-      });
-    });
-  };
-
-  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
-  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
-  _.difference = function(array) {
-    var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
-  };
-
-  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
-  // an index go together.
-  _.zip = function() {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments);
-    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
-    var results = new Array(length);
-    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
-    return results;
-  };
-
-  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
-  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
-  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
-  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
-  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
-  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
-    if (array == null) return -1;
-    var i, l;
-    if (isSorted) {
-      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
-      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
-    }
-    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
-    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
-    return -1;
-  };
-
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
-  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
-    if (array == null) return -1;
-    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
-    var i = array.length;
-    while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
-    return -1;
-  };
-
-  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
-  // the native Python `range()` function. See
-  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
-  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
-    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
-      stop = start || 0;
-      start = 0;
-    }
-    step = arguments[2] || 1;
-
-    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
-    var idx = 0;
-    var range = new Array(len);
-
-    while(idx < len) {
-      range[idx++] = start;
-      start += step;
-    }
-
-    return range;
-  };
-
-  // Function (ahem) Functions
-  // ------------------
-
-  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
-  var ctor = function(){};
-
-  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
-  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
-  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
-  _.bind = function bind(func, context) {
-    var bound, args;
-    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
-    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
-    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
-    return bound = function() {
-      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
-      ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
-      var self = new ctor;
-      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
-      if (Object(result) === result) return result;
-      return self;
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
-  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
-  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
-    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
-    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
-    return obj;
-  };
-
-  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
-  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
-    var memo = {};
-    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
-    return function() {
-      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
-      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
-  // it with the arguments supplied.
-  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
-    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
-  };
-
-  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
-  // cleared.
-  _.defer = function(func) {
-    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
-  };
-
-  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
-  // during a given window of time.
-  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
-    var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
-    var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
-    return function() {
-      context = this; args = arguments;
-      var later = function() {
-        timeout = null;
-        if (more) func.apply(context, args);
-        whenDone();
-      };
-      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
-      if (throttling) {
-        more = true;
-      } else {
-        func.apply(context, args);
-      }
-      whenDone();
-      throttling = true;
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
-  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
-  // N milliseconds.
-  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
-    var timeout;
-    return function() {
-      var context = this, args = arguments;
-      var later = function() {
-        timeout = null;
-        func.apply(context, args);
-      };
-      clearTimeout(timeout);
-      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
-  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
-  _.once = function(func) {
-    var ran = false, memo;
-    return function() {
-      if (ran) return memo;
-      ran = true;
-      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
-  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
-  // conditionally execute the original function.
-  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
-    return function() {
-      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
-      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
-  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
-  _.compose = function() {
-    var funcs = arguments;
-    return function() {
-      var args = arguments;
-      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
-      }
-      return args[0];
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
-  _.after = function(times, func) {
-    if (times <= 0) return func();
-    return function() {
-      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Object Functions
-  // ----------------
-
-  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
-  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
-  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
-    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
-    var keys = [];
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
-    return keys;
-  };
-
-  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
-  _.values = function(obj) {
-    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
-  };
-
-  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
-  // Aliased as `methods`
-  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
-    var names = [];
-    for (var key in obj) {
-      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
-    }
-    return names.sort();
-  };
-
-  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
-  _.extend = function(obj) {
-    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
-      for (var prop in source) {
-        obj[prop] = source[prop];
-      }
-    });
-    return obj;
-  };
-
-  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
-  _.defaults = function(obj) {
-    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
-      for (var prop in source) {
-        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
-      }
-    });
-    return obj;
-  };
-
-  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
-  _.clone = function(obj) {
-    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
-    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
-  };
-
-  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
-  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
-  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
-  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
-    interceptor(obj);
-    return obj;
-  };
-
-  // Internal recursive comparison function.
-  function eq(a, b, stack) {
-    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
-    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
-    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
-    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
-    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
-    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
-    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
-    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
-    // Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
-    if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
-    if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
-    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
-    var className = toString.call(a);
-    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
-    switch (className) {
-      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
-      case '[object String]':
-        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
-        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
-        return a == String(b);
-      case '[object Number]':
-        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
-        // other numeric values.
-        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
-      case '[object Date]':
-      case '[object Boolean]':
-        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
-        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
-        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
-        return +a == +b;
-      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
-      case '[object RegExp]':
-        return a.source == b.source &&
-               a.global == b.global &&
-               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
-               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
-    }
-    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
-    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
-    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
-    var length = stack.length;
-    while (length--) {
-      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
-      // unique nested structures.
-      if (stack[length] == a) return true;
-    }
-    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
-    stack.push(a);
-    var size = 0, result = true;
-    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
-    if (className == '[object Array]') {
-      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
-      size = a.length;
-      result = size == b.length;
-      if (result) {
-        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
-        while (size--) {
-          // Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
-          if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
-      if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
-      // Deep compare objects.
-      for (var key in a) {
-        if (_.has(a, key)) {
-          // Count the expected number of properties.
-          size++;
-          // Deep compare each member.
-          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
-        }
-      }
-      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
-      if (result) {
-        for (key in b) {
-          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
-        }
-        result = !size;
-      }
-    }
-    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
-    stack.pop();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
-  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
-    return eq(a, b, []);
-  };
-
-  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
-  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
-  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
-    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
-    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value a DOM element?
-  _.isElement = function(obj) {
-    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value an array?
-  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
-  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
-  };
-
-  // Is a given variable an object?
-  _.isObject = function(obj) {
-    return obj === Object(obj);
-  };
-
-  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
-  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
-  };
-  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
-    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
-      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
-    };
-  }
-
-  // Is a given value a function?
-  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value a string?
-  _.isString = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value a number?
-  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
-  };
-
-  // Is the given value `NaN`?
-  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
-    // `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
-    return obj !== obj;
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value a boolean?
-  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
-    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value a date?
-  _.isDate = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
-  };
-
-  // Is the given value a regular expression?
-  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
-    return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
-  };
-
-  // Is a given value equal to null?
-  _.isNull = function(obj) {
-    return obj === null;
-  };
-
-  // Is a given variable undefined?
-  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
-    return obj === void 0;
-  };
-
-  // Has own property?
-  _.has = function(obj, key) {
-    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
-  };
-
-  // Utility Functions
-  // -----------------
-
-  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
-  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
-  _.noConflict = function() {
-    root._ = previousUnderscore;
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
-  _.identity = function(value) {
-    return value;
-  };
-
-  // Run a function **n** times.
-  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
-  };
-
-  // Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
-  _.escape = function(string) {
-    return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
-  };
-
-  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
-  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
-  _.mixin = function(obj) {
-    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
-      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
-    });
-  };
-
-  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
-  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
-  var idCounter = 0;
-  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
-    var id = idCounter++;
-    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
-  };
-
-  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
-  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
-  _.templateSettings = {
-    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
-    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
-    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
-  };
-
-  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
-  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
-  // guaranteed not to match.
-  var noMatch = /.^/;
-
-  // Within an interpolation, evaluation, or escaping, remove HTML escaping
-  // that had been previously added.
-  var unescape = function(code) {
-    return code.replace(/\\\\/g, '\\').replace(/\\'/g, "'");
-  };
-
-  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
-  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
-  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
-  _.template = function(str, data) {
-    var c  = _.templateSettings;
-    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
-      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
-      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
-         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
-         .replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
-           return "',_.escape(" + unescape(code) + "),'";
-         })
-         .replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
-           return "'," + unescape(code) + ",'";
-         })
-         .replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
-           return "');" + unescape(code).replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + ";__p.push('";
-         })
-         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
-         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
-         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
-         + "');}return __p.join('');";
-    var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
-    if (data) return func(data, _);
-    return function(data) {
-      return func.call(this, data, _);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
-  _.chain = function(obj) {
-    return _(obj).chain();
-  };
-
-  // The OOP Wrapper
-  // ---------------
-
-  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
-  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
-  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
-  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
-
-  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
-  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
-
-  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
-  var result = function(obj, chain) {
-    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
-  };
-
-  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
-  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
-    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
-      var args = slice.call(arguments);
-      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
-      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
-    };
-  };
-
-  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
-  _.mixin(_);
-
-  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
-  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
-    var method = ArrayProto[name];
-    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
-      var wrapped = this._wrapped;
-      method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
-      var length = wrapped.length;
-      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
-      return result(wrapped, this._chain);
-    };
-  });
-
-  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
-  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
-    var method = ArrayProto[name];
-    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
-      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
-    };
-  });
-
-  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
-  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
-    this._chain = true;
-    return this;
-  };
-
-  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
-  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
-    return this._wrapped;
-  };
-
-}).call(this);

_static/underscore.js

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
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_static/websupport.js

@@ -1,808 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * websupport.js
- * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- *
- * sphinx.websupport utilities for all documentation.
- *
- * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2016 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
- * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
- *
- */
-
-(function($) {
-  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
-    return this.each(function() {
-    var textarea = this;
-
-    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
-
-    $(textarea)
-      .focus(function() {
-        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
-          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
-        }, 500);
-      })
-      .blur(function() {
-        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
-      });
-    });
-  };
-
-  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
-    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
-    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
-    var columns = textarea.cols;
-    var lineCount = 0;
-    $.each(lines, function() {
-      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
-    });
-    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
-    $(textarea).css('height', height);
-  };
-})(jQuery);
-
-(function($) {
-  var comp, by;
-
-  function init() {
-    initEvents();
-    initComparator();
-  }
-
-  function initEvents() {
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-close', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.vote', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      handleVote($(this));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.reply', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.close-reply', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.sort-option', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      handleReSort($(this));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-proposal', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-proposal', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-propose-change', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-propose-change', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.accept-comment', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.delete-comment', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-markup', function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
-   * inserting comments into the list.
-   */
-  function setComparator() {
-    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
-    // and remove the prefix.
-    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
-      var i = by.substring(3);
-      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
-    } else {
-      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
-      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
-    }
-
-    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
-    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
-    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
-   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
-   */
-  function initComparator() {
-    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
-    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
-    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
-      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
-      if (start != -1) {
-        start = start + 7;
-        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
-        if (end == -1) {
-          end = document.cookie.length;
-          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    setComparator();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Show a comment div.
-   */
-  function show(id) {
-    $('#ao' + id).hide();
-    $('#ah' + id).show();
-    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
-    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
-    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
-    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
-    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
-    form.submit(function(event) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      addComment(form);
-    });
-    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
-    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
-      getComments(id);
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Hide a comment div.
-   */
-  function hide(id) {
-    $('#ah' + id).hide();
-    $('#ao' + id).show();
-    var div = $('#sc' + id);
-    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
-      div.remove();
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
-   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
-   */
-  function getComments(id) {
-    $.ajax({
-     type: 'GET',
-     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
-     data: {node: id},
-     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
-       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
-       var speed = 100;
-       $('#cf' + id)
-         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
-         .data('source', data.source);
-
-       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
-         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
-         ul.data('empty', true);
-       } else {
-         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
-         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
-         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
-         appendComments(comments, ul);
-         ul.data('empty', false);
-       }
-       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
-       ul.slideDown(speed);
-     },
-     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
-       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
-     },
-     dataType: 'json'
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
-   */
-  function addComment(form) {
-    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
-    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
-    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
-    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
-
-    if (text == '') {
-      showError('Please enter a comment.');
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
-    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
-
-    // Send the comment to the server.
-    $.ajax({
-      type: "POST",
-      url: opts.addCommentURL,
-      dataType: 'json',
-      data: {
-        node: node_id,
-        parent: parent_id,
-        text: text,
-        proposal: proposal
-      },
-      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
-        // Reset the form.
-        if (node_id) {
-          hideProposeChange(node_id);
-        }
-        form.find('textarea')
-          .val('')
-          .add(form.find('input'))
-          .removeAttr('disabled');
-	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
-        if (ul.data('empty')) {
-          $(ul).empty();
-          ul.data('empty', false);
-        }
-        insertComment(data.comment);
-        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
-        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
-        if (node_id) {
-          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
-          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
-          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
-        }
-      },
-      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
-        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
-        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
-   * lists, creating the comment tree.
-   */
-  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
-    $.each(comments, function() {
-      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
-      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
-      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
-      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
-      this.children = null;
-      div.data('comment', this);
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
-   * location in the comment tree.
-   */
-  function insertComment(comment) {
-    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
-
-    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
-    comment.children = null;
-    div.data('comment', comment);
-
-    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
-    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
-
-    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
-    li.hide();
-
-    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
-    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
-      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
-        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
-          .parent()
-          .before(li.html(div));
-        li.slideDown('fast');
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
-    // or it is the only comment in the list.
-    ul.append(li.html(div));
-    li.slideDown('fast');
-  }
-
-  function acceptComment(id) {
-    $.ajax({
-      type: 'POST',
-      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
-      data: {id: id},
-      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
-        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
-        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
-      },
-      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
-        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  function deleteComment(id) {
-    $.ajax({
-      type: 'POST',
-      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
-      data: {id: id},
-      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
-        var div = $('#cd' + id);
-        if (data == 'delete') {
-          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
-          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
-            div.remove();
-          });
-          return;
-        }
-        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
-        div
-          .find('span.user-id:first')
-          .text('[deleted]').end()
-          .find('div.comment-text:first')
-          .text('[deleted]').end()
-          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
-                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
-          .remove();
-        var comment = div.data('comment');
-        comment.username = '[deleted]';
-        comment.text = '[deleted]';
-        div.data('comment', comment);
-      },
-      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
-        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  function showProposal(id) {
-    $('#sp' + id).hide();
-    $('#hp' + id).show();
-    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
-  }
-
-  function hideProposal(id) {
-    $('#hp' + id).hide();
-    $('#sp' + id).show();
-    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
-  }
-
-  function showProposeChange(id) {
-    $('#pc' + id).hide();
-    $('#hc' + id).show();
-    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
-    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
-    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
-    textarea.slideDown('fast');
-  }
-
-  function hideProposeChange(id) {
-    $('#hc' + id).hide();
-    $('#pc' + id).show();
-    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
-    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
-    textarea.slideUp('fast');
-  }
-
-  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
-    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
-  }
-
-  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
-  function handleReSort(link) {
-    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
-    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
-      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
-	by = classes[i].substring(2);
-      }
-    }
-    setComparator();
-    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
-    var expiration = new Date();
-    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
-    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
-                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
-    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
-      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
-      comments = sortComments(comments);
-      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
-   */
-  function handleVote(link) {
-    if (!opts.voting) {
-      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
-      return;
-    }
-
-    var id = link.attr('id');
-    if (!id) {
-      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
-      return;
-    }
-    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
-    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
-    var value = 0;
-    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
-      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
-    }
-    // The data to be sent to the server.
-    var d = {
-      comment_id: id.substring(2),
-      value: value
-    };
-
-    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
-    link.hide();
-    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
-      .show();
-
-    // The div the comment is displayed in.
-    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
-    var data = div.data('comment');
-
-    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
-    // already been pressed, unpress it.
-    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
-      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
-      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
-    }
-
-    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
-    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
-    data.vote = d.value;
-    div.data('comment', data);
-
-    // Change the rating text.
-    div.find('.rating:first')
-      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
-
-    // Send the vote information to the server.
-    $.ajax({
-      type: "POST",
-      url: opts.processVoteURL,
-      data: d,
-      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
-        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
-   */
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-   * recursively include childrens' children.
-   */
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-  }
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-  /** Create a div to display a comment in. */
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-    if (!comment.displayed && !opts.moderator) {
-      return $('<div class="moderate">Thank you!  Your comment will show up '
-               + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.</div>');
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-    // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
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-
-    // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
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-
-    if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
-      div.find('a.reply').show();
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-        div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
-      if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
-        div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
-      if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
-        div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
-    }
-    return div;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
-   * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
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-   */
-  function renderTemplate(template, context) {
-    var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
-
-    function handle(ph, escape) {
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-        cur = cur[this];
-      });
-      return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
-    }
-
-    return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
-      return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
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-
-  /** Flash an error message briefly. */
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-    $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
-      .append($(document.createElement('div'))
-               .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
-      .appendTo('body')
-      .fadeIn("slow")
-      .delay(2000)
-      .fadeOut("slow");
-  }
-
-  /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
-  $.fn.comment = function() {
-    return this.each(function() {
-      var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
-      var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
-      var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
-      var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
-      var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
-      $(this)
-        .append(
-          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
-            href: '#',
-            'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
-            id: 'ao' + id
-          })
-            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
-              src: image,
-              alt: 'comment',
-              title: title
-            }))
-            .click(function(event) {
-              event.preventDefault();
-              show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-            })
-        )
-        .append(
-          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
-            href: '#',
-            'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
-            id: 'ah' + id
-          })
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-              alt: 'close',
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-            }))
-            .click(function(event) {
-              event.preventDefault();
-              hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
-            })
-        );
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-  };
-
-  var opts = {
-    processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
-    addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
-    getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
-    acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
-    deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
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-    upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
-    downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
-    voting: false,
-    moderator: false
-  };
-
-  if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
-    opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
-  }
-
-  var popupTemplate = '\
-    <div class="sphinx-comments" id="sc<%id%>">\
-      <p class="sort-options">\
-        Sort by:\
-        <a href="#" class="sort-option byrating">best rated</a>\
-        <a href="#" class="sort-option byascage">newest</a>\
-        <a href="#" class="sort-option byage">oldest</a>\
-      </p>\
-      <div class="comment-header">Comments</div>\
-      <div class="comment-loading" id="cn<%id%>">\
-        loading comments... <img src="<%loadingImage%>" alt="" /></div>\
-      <ul id="cl<%id%>" class="comment-ul"></ul>\
-      <div id="ca<%id%>">\
-      <p class="add-a-comment">Add a comment\
-        (<a href="#" class="comment-markup" id="ab<%id%>">markup</a>):</p>\
-      <div class="comment-markup-box" id="mb<%id%>">\
-        reStructured text markup: <i>*emph*</i>, <b>**strong**</b>, \
-        <code>``code``</code>, \
-        code blocks: <code>::</code> and an indented block after blank line</div>\
-      <form method="post" id="cf<%id%>" class="comment-form" action="">\
-        <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
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-          <a href="#" id="pc<%id%>" class="show-propose-change">\
-            Propose a change &#9657;\
-          </a>\
-          <a href="#" id="hc<%id%>" class="hide-propose-change">\
-            Propose a change &#9663;\
-          </a>\
-        </p>\
-        <textarea name="proposal" id="pt<%id%>" cols="80"\
-                  spellcheck="false"></textarea>\
-        <input type="submit" value="Add comment" />\
-        <input type="hidden" name="node" value="<%id%>" />\
-        <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="" />\
-      </form>\
-      </div>\
-    </div>';
-
-  var commentTemplate = '\
-    <div id="cd<%id%>" class="sphinx-comment<%css_class%>">\
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-        <div class="arrow">\
-          <a href="#" id="uv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote up">\
-            <img src="<%upArrow%>" />\
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-            <img src="<%upArrowPressed%>" />\
-          </a>\
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-          <a href="#" id="dv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote down">\
-            <img src="<%downArrow%>" id="da<%id%>" />\
-          </a>\
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-            <img src="<%downArrowPressed%>" />\
-          </a>\
-        </div>\
-      </div>\
-      <div class="comment-content">\
-        <p class="tagline comment">\
-          <span class="user-id"><%username%></span>\
-          <span class="rating"><%pretty_rating%></span>\
-          <span class="delta"><%time.delta%></span>\
-        </p>\
-        <div class="comment-text comment"><#text#></div>\
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-          <a href="#" class="reply hidden" id="rl<%id%>">reply &#9657;</a>\
-          <a href="#" class="close-reply" id="cr<%id%>">reply &#9663;</a>\
-          <a href="#" id="sp<%id%>" class="show-proposal">proposal &#9657;</a>\
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-<#proposal_diff#>\
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-  var replyTemplate = '\
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-          <input type="button" value="Cancel" />\
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-          <input type="hidden" name="node" value="" />\
-        </form>\
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-    </li>';
-
-  $(document).ready(function() {
-    init();
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-})(jQuery);
-
-$(document).ready(function() {
-  // add comment anchors for all paragraphs that are commentable
-  $('.sphinx-has-comment').comment();
-
-  // highlight search words in search results
-  $("div.context").each(function() {
-    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
-    var terms = (params.q) ? params.q[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
-    var result = $(this);
-    $.each(terms, function() {
-      result.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
-    });
-  });
-
-  // directly open comment window if requested
-  var anchor = document.location.hash;
-  if (anchor.substring(0, 9) == '#comment-') {
-    $('#ao' + anchor.substring(9)).click();
-    document.location.hash = '#s' + anchor.substring(9);
-  }
-});

doc/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html web pickle htmlhelp latex changes linkcheck install
+
+all: html
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html      to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  pickle    to make pickle files (usable by e.g. sphinx-web)"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  changes   to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf html doctrees pickle htmlhelp latex changes linkcheck
+
+html:
+	mkdir -p html doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in html."
+
+pickle:
+	mkdir -p pickle doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files or run"
+	@echo "  sphinx-web pickle"
+	@echo "to start the sphinx-web server."
+
+web: pickle
+
+htmlhelp:
+	mkdir -p htmlhelp doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in htmlhelp."
+
+latex:
+	mkdir -p latex doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in .build/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make all-pdf' or \`make all-ps' in that directory to" \
+	      "run these through (pdf)latex."
+
+changes:
+	mkdir -p changes doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	mkdir -p linkcheck doctrees
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+gh-pages: html
+	cd gh-pages; git pull --rebase; cd ..; cp -r ./html/* gh-pages
+
+publish: gh-pages
+	cd gh-pages; git commit -a; git push; cd ..

doc/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Publish the documentation
+
+The documentation is published through the `gh-pages` branch.
+
+To publish the documentation, you need to clone the `gh-pages` branch of this repository into
+`doc/gh-pages`. In `doc`, do: 
+
+    git clone -b gh-pages git@github.com:larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio.git gh-pages
+
+(This is a bit of a hack)
+
+Once that is set up, you can publish new documentation using:
+
+    make publish
+
+Be careful when new files are generated, however, you will have to add them
+manually to git.

doc/conf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# alsaaudio documentation documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Thu Mar 30 23:52:21 2017.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
+# containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#
+# import os
+# import sys
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+from setup import pyalsa_version
+
+
+# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+#
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
+extensions = []
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
+# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
+#
+# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'alsaaudio documentation'
+copyright = u'2017, Lars Immisch & Casper Wilstrup'
+author = u'Lars Immisch & Casper Wilstrup'
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = pyalsa_version
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = version
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#
+# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
+# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
+language = None
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+# This patterns also effect to html_static_path and html_extra_path
+exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
+todo_include_todos = False
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+#
+html_theme = 'alabaster'
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#
+# html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+
+# -- Options for HTMLHelp output ------------------------------------------
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'alsaaudiodocumentationdoc'
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
+
+latex_elements = {
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #
+    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #
+    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
+
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #
+    # 'preamble': '',
+
+    # Latex figure (float) alignment
+    #
+    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
+}
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title,
+#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
+latex_documents = [
+    (master_doc, 'alsaaudiodocumentation.tex', u'alsaaudio documentation Documentation',
+     u'Lars Immisch', 'manual'),
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [
+    (master_doc, 'alsaaudiodocumentation', u'alsaaudio documentation Documentation',
+     [author], 1)
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
+
+# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author,
+#  dir menu entry, description, category)
+texinfo_documents = [
+    (master_doc, 'alsaaudiodocumentation', u'alsaaudio documentation Documentation',
+     author, 'alsaaudiodocumentation', 'One line description of project.',
+     'Miscellaneous'),
+]
+
+
+

doc/index.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+.. alsaaudio documentation documentation master file, created by
+   sphinx-quickstart on Thu Mar 30 23:52:21 2017.
+   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
+   contain the root `toctree` directive.
+
 alsaaudio documentation
 ===================================================
 
@@ -14,12 +19,14 @@ Download
 
 * `Download from pypi <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyalsaaudio>`_
   
+      
 Github
 ======
 
 * `Repository <https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/>`_
 * `Bug tracker <https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues>`_
 
+ 
 Indices and tables
 ==================
 
@@ -27,3 +34,5 @@ Indices and tables
 * :ref:`modindex`
 * :ref:`search`
 
+    
+  

doc/libalsaaudio.rst

@@ -193,10 +193,10 @@ PCM objects have the following methods:
    ``PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE``      Signed 16 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
    ``PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE``      Unsigned 16 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
    ``PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE``      Unsigned 16 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_LE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_LE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_BE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)}
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_BE``      Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_LE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_LE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
-   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_BE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_BE``      Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 4 bytes)
    ``PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE``      Signed 32 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
    ``PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE``      Signed 32 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order)
    ``PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE``      Unsigned 32 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order)
@@ -210,6 +210,10 @@ PCM objects have the following methods:
    ``PCM_FORMAT_IMA_ADPCM``   A 4:1 compressed format defined by the Interactive Multimedia Association.
    ``PCM_FORMAT_MPEG``        MPEG encoded audio?
    ``PCM_FORMAT_GSM``         9600 bits/s constant rate encoding for speech
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE``     Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_S24_3BE``     Signed 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_3LE``     Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Little Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
+   ``PCM_FORMAT_U24_3BE``     Unsigned 24 bit samples for each channel (Big Endian byte order in 3 bytes)
    =========================  ===============
    
 
@@ -439,31 +443,35 @@ Mixer objects have the following methods:
    This method will fail if the mixer has no capture switch capabilities.
 
 
-.. method:: Mixer.getvolume([direction])
+.. method:: Mixer.getvolume(direction=PCM_PLAYBACK, unit=Percent)
 
    Returns a list with the current volume settings for each channel. The list
-   elements are integer percentages.
+   elements are percentages or dB values, depending on *unit*.
 
-   The optional *direction* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
+   The *direction* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
    :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, which is relevant if the mixer can control both
    playback and capture volume. The default value is :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
    if the mixer has playback channels, otherwise it is :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`.
 
 
-.. method:: Mixer.setvolume(volume, [channel], [direction])
+.. method:: Mixer.setvolume(volume, channel=MIXER_CHANNEL_ALL, direction=PCM_PLAYBACK, unit=Percent)
 
    Change the current volume settings for this mixer. The *volume* argument
-   controls the new volume setting as an integer percentage.
+   controls the new volume setting as either a percentage or a dB value. Both
+   integer and floating point values can be given.
 
-   If the optional argument *channel* is present, the volume is set
+   The *channel* argument can be used to restrict the channels for which the volume is
-   only for this channel. This assumes that the mixer can control the
+   set. By default, the volume of all channels is adjusted. This assumes that the mixer
-   volume for the channels independently.
+   can control the volume for the channels independently.
 
-   The optional *direction* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
+   The *direction* argument can be either :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK` or
    :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`, which is relevant if the mixer can control both
    playback and capture volume. The default value is :const:`PCM_PLAYBACK`
    if the mixer has playback channels, otherwise it is :const:`PCM_CAPTURE`.
 
+   The *unit* argument determines how the volume value is interpreted, as a prcentage
+   or as a dB value.
+   
 .. method:: Mixer.setmute(mute, [channel])
 
    Sets the mute flag to a new value. The *mute* argument is either 0 for not

doc/terminology.rst

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Data rate
 
    At the other end of the scale, 96000 Hz, 6 channel sound with 64
    bit (8 bytes) samples has a data rate of 96000 \* 6 \* 8 = 4608
-   kb/s (almost 5 Mb sound data per second)
+   kb/s (almost 5 MB sound data per second)
 
 Period
    When the hardware processes data this is done in chunks of frames. The time

genindex.html

@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-
-<html lang="en" data-content_root="./">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <title>Index &#8212; alsaaudio documentation 0.11.0 documentation</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=fa44fd50" />
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/alabaster.css?v=cb25574f" />
-    <script src="_static/documentation_options.js?v=f3b36f1a"></script>
-    <script src="_static/doctools.js?v=9a2dae69"></script>
-    <script src="_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script>
-    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="#" />
-    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
-   
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css" type="text/css" />
-  
-  
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.9, maximum-scale=0.9" />
-
-  </head><body>
-  
-
-    <div class="document">
-      <div class="documentwrapper">
-        <div class="bodywrapper">
-          
-
-          <div class="body" role="main">
-            
-
-<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
-
-<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
- <a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a>
- | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a>
- | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
- | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a>
- | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a>
- | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a>
- | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a>
- | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a>
- | <a href="#R"><strong>R</strong></a>
- | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
- | <a href="#V"><strong>V</strong></a>
- | <a href="#W"><strong>W</strong></a>
- 
-</div>
-<h2 id="A">A</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li>
-    alsaaudio
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#module-alsaaudio">module</a>
-</li>
-      </ul></li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.asoundlib_version">asoundlib_version() (in module alsaaudio)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.avail">avail() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="C">C</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.cardname">cardname() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.cardname">(alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      </ul></li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.cards">cards() (in module alsaaudio)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.close">close() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.close">(alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      </ul></li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="D">D</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.drain">drain() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.drop">drop() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.dumpinfo">dumpinfo() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="G">G</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.get_tstamp_mode">get_tstamp_mode() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.get_tstamp_type">get_tstamp_type() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.getenum">getenum() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.getmute">getmute() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.getrange">getrange() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.getrec">getrec() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.getvolume">getvolume() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="H">H</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.handleevents">handleevents() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.htimestamp">htimestamp() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="I">I</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.info">info() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="M">M</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer">Mixer (class in alsaaudio)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.mixer">mixer() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.mixerid">mixerid() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.mixers">mixers() (in module alsaaudio)</a>
-</li>
-      <li>
-    module
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#module-alsaaudio">alsaaudio</a>
-</li>
-      </ul></li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="P">P</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.pause">pause() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.pcmmode">pcmmode() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.pcms">pcms() (in module alsaaudio)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.pcmtype">pcmtype() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.polldescriptors">polldescriptors() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.polldescriptors">(alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      </ul></li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.polldescriptors_revents">polldescriptors_revents() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="R">R</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.read">read() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="S">S</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.set_tstamp_mode">set_tstamp_mode() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.set_tstamp_type">set_tstamp_type() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.setchannels">setchannels() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.setenum">setenum() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.setformat">setformat() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.setmute">setmute() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.setperiodsize">setperiodsize() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.setrate">setrate() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.setrec">setrec() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.setvolume">setvolume() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.state">state() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.switchcap">switchcap() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="V">V</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.Mixer.volumecap">volumecap() (alsaaudio.Mixer method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-<h2 id="W">W</h2>
-<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
-  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
-      <li><a href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.PCM.write">write() (alsaaudio.PCM method)</a>
-</li>
-  </ul></td>
-</tr></table>
-
-
-
-          </div>
-          
-        </div>
-      </div>
-      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
-        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"><div class="relations">
-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<search id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
-  <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
-    <div class="searchformwrapper">
-    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
-      <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/>
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-    </form>
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-</search>
-<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script>
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-      
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-</html>

index.html

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-
-<html lang="en" data-content_root="./">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-
-    <title>alsaaudio documentation &#8212; alsaaudio documentation 0.11.0 documentation</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=fa44fd50" />
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-    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
-    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
-    <link rel="next" title="Introduction" href="pyalsaaudio.html" />
-   
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css" type="text/css" />
-  
-  
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.9, maximum-scale=0.9" />
-
-  </head><body>
-  
-
-    <div class="document">
-      <div class="documentwrapper">
-        <div class="bodywrapper">
-          
-
-          <div class="body" role="main">
-            
-  <section id="alsaaudio-documentation">
-<h1>alsaaudio documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#alsaaudio-documentation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
-<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Contents:</span></p>
-<ul>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyalsaaudio.html">Introduction</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyalsaaudio.html#what-is-alsa">What is ALSA</a><ul>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyalsaaudio.html#alsa-and-python">ALSA and Python</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyalsaaudio.html#installation">Installation</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyalsaaudio.html#testing">Testing</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="terminology.html">PCM Terminology and Concepts</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alsaaudio</span></code></a><ul>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.pcms"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pcms()</span></code></a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.cards"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cards()</span></code></a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.mixers"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mixers()</span></code></a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#alsaaudio.asoundlib_version"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asoundlib_version()</span></code></a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#pcm-objects">PCM Objects</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#mixer-objects">Mixer Objects</a></li>
-<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="download">
-<h1>Download<a class="headerlink" href="#download" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyalsaaudio">Download from pypi</a></p></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="github">
-<h1>Github<a class="headerlink" href="#github" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/">Repository</a></p></li>
-<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues">Bug tracker</a></p></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="indices-and-tables">
-<h1>Indices and tables<a class="headerlink" href="#indices-and-tables" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="genindex.html"><span class="std std-ref">Index</span></a></p></li>
-<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="py-modindex.html"><span class="std std-ref">Module Index</span></a></p></li>
-<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="search.html"><span class="std std-ref">Search Page</span></a></p></li>
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-      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
-        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
-  <div>
-    <h3><a href="#">Table of Contents</a></h3>
-    <ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">alsaaudio documentation</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#download">Download</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#github">Github</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#indices-and-tables">Indices and tables</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-  </div><div class="relations">
-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="#">Documentation overview</a><ul>
-      <li>Next: <a href="pyalsaaudio.html" title="next chapter">Introduction</a></li>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
-    <h3>This Page</h3>
-    <ul class="this-page-menu">
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-    
-  </body>
-</html>

isine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+''' Use this example from an interactive python session, for example:
+
+>>> from isine import change
+>>> change(880)
+'''
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+from threading import Thread
+from multiprocessing import Queue
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    from Queue import Empty
+else:
+    from queue import Empty
+
+from math import pi, sin
+import struct
+import alsaaudio
+
+sampling_rate = 48000
+
+format = alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE
+framesize = 2 # bytes per frame for the values above
+channels = 2
+
+def nearest_frequency(frequency):
+    # calculate the nearest frequency where the wave form fits into the buffer
+    # in other words, select f so that sampling_rate/f is an integer
+    return float(sampling_rate)/int(sampling_rate/frequency)
+
+def generate(frequency, duration = 0.125):
+    # generate a buffer with a sine wave of `frequency`
+    # that is approximately `duration` seconds long
+
+    # the buffersize we approximately want
+    target_size = int(sampling_rate * channels * duration)
+
+    # the length of a full sine wave at the frequency
+    cycle_size = int(sampling_rate / frequency)
+
+    # number of full cycles we can fit into target_size
+    factor = int(target_size / cycle_size)
+
+    size = max(int(cycle_size * factor), 1)
+    
+    sine = [ int(32767 * sin(2 * pi * frequency * i / sampling_rate)) \
+             for i in range(size)]
+             
+    return struct.pack('%dh' % size, *sine)
+                                                                                  
+
+class SinePlayer(Thread):
+    
+    def __init__(self, frequency = 440.0):
+        Thread.__init__(self)
+        self.setDaemon(True)
+        self.device = alsaaudio.PCM()
+        self.device.setchannels(channels)
+        self.device.setformat(format)
+        self.device.setrate(sampling_rate)
+        self.queue = Queue()
+        self.change(frequency)
+
+    def change(self, frequency):
+        '''This is called outside of the player thread'''
+        # we generate the buffer in the calling thread for less
+        # latency when switching frequencies
+
+        if frequency > sampling_rate / 2:
+            raise ValueError('maximum frequency is %d' % (sampling_rate / 2))
+
+        f = nearest_frequency(frequency)
+        print('nearest frequency: %f' % f)
+
+        buf = generate(f)
+        self.queue.put(buf)
+                        
+    def run(self):
+        buffer = None
+        while True:
+            try:
+                buffer = self.queue.get(False)
+                self.device.setperiodsize(int(len(buffer) / framesize))
+                self.device.write(buffer)
+            except Empty:
+                if buffer:
+                    self.device.write(buffer)
+                
+
+isine = SinePlayer()
+isine.start()
+
+def change(f):
+    isine.change(f)
+    

mixertest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+## mixertest.py
+##
+## This is an example of using the ALSA mixer API
+##
+## The script will set the volume or mute switch of the specified Mixer
+## depending on command line options.
+##
+## Examples:
+## python mixertest.py               # list available mixers
+## python mixertest.py Master        # show Master mixer settings
+## python mixertest.py Master 80     # set the master volume to 80%
+## python mixertest.py Master 1,90   # set channel 1 volume to 90%
+## python mixertest.py Master [un]mute   # [un]mute the master mixer
+## python mixertest.py Capture [un]rec   # [dis/en]able capture
+## python mixertest.py Master 0,[un]mute   # [un]mute channel 0
+## python mixertest.py Capture 0,[un]rec   # [dis/en]able capture on channel 0
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import getopt
+import alsaaudio
+
+def list_cards():
+    print("Available sound cards:")
+    for i in alsaaudio.card_indexes():
+        (name, longname) = alsaaudio.card_name(i)
+        print("  %d: %s (%s)" % (i, name, longname))
+
+def list_mixers(kwargs):
+    print("Available mixer controls:")
+    for m in alsaaudio.mixers(**kwargs):
+        print("  '%s'" % m)
+
+def show_mixer(name, kwargs):
+    # Demonstrates how mixer settings are queried.
+    try:
+        mixer = alsaaudio.Mixer(name, **kwargs)
+    except alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError:
+        print("No such mixer", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print("Mixer name: '%s'" % mixer.mixer())
+    print("Capabilities: %s %s" % (' '.join(mixer.volumecap()),
+                                   ' '.join(mixer.switchcap())))
+    volumes = mixer.getvolume()
+    for i, v in enumerate(volumes):
+        print("Channel %i volume: %.02f%%" % (i, v))
+
+    volumes = mixer.getvolume(unit=alsaaudio.dB)
+    for i, v in enumerate(volumes):
+        print("Channel %i volume: %.02fdB" % (i, v))
+
+    try:
+        mutes = mixer.getmute()
+        for i, m in enumerate(mutes):
+            if m:
+                print("Channel %i is muted" % i)
+    except alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError:
+        # May not support muting
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        recs = mixer.getrec()
+        for i, r in enumerate(recs):
+            if r:
+                print("Channel %i is recording" % i)
+    except alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError:
+        # May not support recording
+        pass
+
+def set_mixer(name, args, kwargs):
+    # Demonstrates how to set mixer settings
+    try:
+        mixer = alsaaudio.Mixer(name, **kwargs)
+    except alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError:
+        print("No such mixer", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if args.find(',') != -1:
+        args_array = args.split(',')
+        channel = int(args_array[0])
+        args = ','.join(args_array[1:])
+    else:
+        channel = alsaaudio.MIXER_CHANNEL_ALL
+
+    if args in ['mute', 'unmute']:
+        # Mute/unmute the mixer
+        if args == 'mute':
+            mixer.setmute(1, channel)
+        else:
+            mixer.setmute(0, channel)
+        
+    elif args in ['rec','unrec']:
+        # Enable/disable recording
+        if args == 'rec':
+            mixer.setrec(1, channel)
+        else:
+            mixer.setrec(0, channel)
+
+    else:
+        # Set volume for specified channel. MIXER_CHANNEL_ALL means set
+        # volume for all channels
+        volume = int(args)
+        mixer.setvolume(volume, channel)
+
+def usage():
+    print('usage: mixertest.py [-c <card>] [ <control>[,<value>]]',
+          file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(2)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    kwargs = {}
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'c:d:?h')
+    for o, a in opts:
+        if o == '-c':
+            kwargs = { 'cardindex': int(a) }
+        elif o == '-d':
+            kwargs = { 'device': a }
+        else:
+            usage()
+
+    list_cards()
+
+    if not len(args):
+        list_mixers(kwargs)
+    elif len(args) == 1:
+        show_mixer(args[0], kwargs)
+    else:
+        set_mixer(args[0], args[1], kwargs)

play_rusage.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Contributed by Stein Magnus Jodal
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import resource
+import time
+
+import alsaaudio
+
+seconds = 0
+max_rss = 0
+device = alsaaudio.PCM()
+
+while True:
+    device.write(b'\x00' * 44100)
+    time.sleep(1)
+    seconds += 1
+    if seconds % 10 == 0:
+        prev_rss = max_rss
+        max_rss = resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss
+        diff_rss = max_rss - prev_rss
+        print('After %ds: max RSS %d kB, increased %d kB' % (
+            seconds, max_rss, diff_rss))

playbacktest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+## playbacktest.py
+##
+## This is an example of a simple sound playback script.
+##
+## The script opens an ALSA pcm for sound playback. Set
+## various attributes of the device. It then reads data
+## from stdin and writes it to the device.
+##
+## To test it out do the following:
+## python recordtest.py out.raw # talk to the microphone
+## python playbacktest.py out.raw
+
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import time
+import getopt
+import alsaaudio
+
+def usage():
+    print('usage: playbacktest.py [-d <device>] <file>', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(2)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    device = 'default'
+
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'd:')
+    for o, a in opts:
+        if o == '-d':
+            device = a
+
+    if not args:
+        usage()
+
+    f = open(args[0], 'rb')
+
+    # Open the device in playback mode. 
+    out = alsaaudio.PCM(alsaaudio.PCM_PLAYBACK, device=device)
+
+    # Set attributes: Mono, 44100 Hz, 16 bit little endian frames
+    out.setchannels(1)
+    out.setrate(44100)
+    out.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE)
+
+    # The period size controls the internal number of frames per period.
+    # The significance of this parameter is documented in the ALSA api.
+    out.setperiodsize(160)
+
+    # Read data from stdin
+    data = f.read(320)
+    while data:
+        out.write(data)
+        data = f.read(320)
+            
+        

playwav.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Simple test script that plays (some) wav files
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import wave
+import getopt
+import alsaaudio
+
+def play(device, f):    
+
+    print('%d channels, %d sampling rate\n' % (f.getnchannels(),
+                                               f.getframerate()))
+    # Set attributes
+    device.setchannels(f.getnchannels())
+    device.setrate(f.getframerate())
+
+    # 8bit is unsigned in wav files
+    if f.getsampwidth() == 1:
+        device.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_U8)
+    # Otherwise we assume signed data, little endian
+    elif f.getsampwidth() == 2:
+        device.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE)
+    elif f.getsampwidth() == 3:
+        device.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE)
+    elif f.getsampwidth() == 4:
+        device.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('Unsupported format')
+
+    periodsize = f.getframerate() / 8
+
+    device.setperiodsize(periodsize)
+    
+    data = f.readframes(periodsize)
+    while data:
+        # Read data from stdin
+        device.write(data)
+        data = f.readframes(periodsize)
+
+
+def usage():
+    print('usage: playwav.py [-d <device>] <file>', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(2)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    device = 'default'
+
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'd:')
+    for o, a in opts:
+        if o == '-d':
+            device = a
+
+    if not args:
+        usage()
+        
+    f = wave.open(args[0], 'rb')
+    device = alsaaudio.PCM(device=device)
+
+    play(device, f)
+
+    f.close()

py-modindex.html

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-
-<html lang="en" data-content_root="./">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <title>Python Module Index &#8212; alsaaudio documentation 0.11.0 documentation</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=fa44fd50" />
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-    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
-    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
-
-   
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css" type="text/css" />
-  
-  
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.9, maximum-scale=0.9" />
-
-
-    <script>
-      DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX = true;
-    </script>
-
-
-  </head><body>
-  
-
-    <div class="document">
-      <div class="documentwrapper">
-        <div class="bodywrapper">
-          
-
-          <div class="body" role="main">
-            
-
-   <h1>Python Module Index</h1>
-
-   <div class="modindex-jumpbox">
-   <a href="#cap-a"><strong>a</strong></a>
-   </div>
-
-   <table class="indextable modindextable">
-     <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td>&#160;</td><td></td></tr>
-     <tr class="cap" id="cap-a"><td></td><td>
-       <strong>a</strong></td><td></td></tr>
-     <tr>
-       <td></td>
-       <td>
-       <a href="libalsaaudio.html#module-alsaaudio"><code class="xref">alsaaudio</code></a> <em>(Linux)</em></td><td>
-       <em></em></td></tr>
-   </table>
-
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-          </div>
-          
-        </div>
-      </div>
-      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
-        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"><div class="relations">
-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<search id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
-  <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
-    <div class="searchformwrapper">
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-<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script>
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-    <div class="footer">
-      &copy;2017, Lars Immisch & Casper Wilstrup.
-      
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pyalsaaudio.html

@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-
-<html lang="en" data-content_root="./">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-
-    <title>Introduction &#8212; alsaaudio documentation 0.11.0 documentation</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=fa44fd50" />
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-    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
-    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
-    <link rel="next" title="PCM Terminology and Concepts" href="terminology.html" />
-    <link rel="prev" title="alsaaudio documentation" href="index.html" />
-   
-  <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/custom.css" type="text/css" />
-  
-  
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.9, maximum-scale=0.9" />
-
-  </head><body>
-  
-
-    <div class="document">
-      <div class="documentwrapper">
-        <div class="bodywrapper">
-          
-
-          <div class="body" role="main">
-            
-  <section id="introduction">
-<h1>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<dl class="field-list simple">
-<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
-<dd class="field-odd"><p>Casper Wilstrup &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:cwi&#37;&#52;&#48;aves&#46;dk">cwi<span>&#64;</span>aves<span>&#46;</span>dk</a>&gt;</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="field-even">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
-<dd class="field-even"><p>Lars Immisch &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:lars&#37;&#52;&#48;ibp&#46;de">lars<span>&#64;</span>ibp<span>&#46;</span>de</a>&gt;</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p id="front">This software is licensed under the PSF license - the same one used by the
-majority of the python distribution. Basically you can use it for anything you
-wish (even commercial purposes). There is no warranty whatsoever.</p>
-<aside class="topic">
-<p class="topic-title">Abstract</p>
-<p>This package contains wrappers for accessing the ALSA API from Python. It is
-currently fairly complete for PCM devices and Mixer access. MIDI sequencer
-support is low on our priority list, but volunteers are welcome.</p>
-<p>If you find bugs in the wrappers please use the github issue tracker.
-Please don’t send bug reports regarding ALSA specifically. There are several
-bugs in this API, and those should be reported to the ALSA team - not me.</p>
-</aside>
-</section>
-<section id="what-is-alsa">
-<h1>What is ALSA<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-alsa" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<p>The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) provides audio and MIDI
-functionality to the Linux operating system.</p>
-<p>Logically ALSA consists of these components:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><p>A set of kernel drivers. —  These drivers are responsible for handling the
-physical sound  hardware from within the Linux kernel, and have been the
-standard sound implementation in Linux since kernel version 2.5</p></li>
-<li><p>A kernel level API for manipulating the ALSA devices.</p></li>
-<li><p>A user-space C library for simplified access to the sound hardware from
-userspace applications. This library is called <em>libasound</em> and is required by
-all ALSA capable applications.</p></li>
-</ul>
-<p>More information about ALSA may be found on the project homepage
-<a class="reference external" href="http://www.alsa-project.org">http://www.alsa-project.org</a></p>
-<section id="alsa-and-python">
-<h2>ALSA and Python<a class="headerlink" href="#alsa-and-python" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
-<p>The older Linux sound API (OSS) – which is now deprecated – is well supported
-by the standard Python library, through the ossaudiodev module. No native ALSA
-support exists in the standard library.</p>
-<p>There are a few other “ALSA for Python” projects available, including at least
-two different projects called pyAlsa. Neither of these seem to be under active
-development at the time - and neither are very feature complete.</p>
-<p>I wrote PyAlsaAudio to fill this gap. My long term goal is to have the module
-included in the standard Python library, but that looks currently unlikely.</p>
-<p>PyAlsaAudio has full support for sound capture, playback of sound, as well as
-the ALSA Mixer API.</p>
-<p>MIDI support is not available, and since I don’t own any MIDI hardware, it’s
-difficult for me to implement it. Volunteers to work on this would be greatly
-appreciated.</p>
-</section>
-</section>
-<section id="installation">
-<h1>Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<p>Note: the wrappers link with the alsasound library (from the alsa-lib package)
-and need the ALSA headers for compilation.  Verify that you have
-/usr/lib/libasound.so and /usr/include/alsa (or similar paths) before building.</p>
-<p><em>On Debian (and probably Ubuntu), install libasound2-dev.</em></p>
-<p>Naturally you also need to use a kernel with proper ALSA support. This is the
-default in Linux kernel 2.6 and later. If you are using kernel version 2.4 you
-may need to install the ALSA patches yourself - although most distributions
-ship with ALSA kernels.</p>
-<p>To install, execute the following:  —</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python setup.py build
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>And then as root:  —</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># python setup.py install</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="testing">
-<h1>Testing<a class="headerlink" href="#testing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<p>Make sure that <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aplay</span></code> plays a file through the soundcard you want, then
-try:</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python playwav.py &lt;filename.wav&gt;
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>If <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aplay</span></code> needs a device argument, like
-<code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aplay</span> <span class="pre">-D</span> <span class="pre">hw:CARD=sndrpihifiberry,DEV=0</span></code>, use:</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python playwav.py -d hw:CARD=sndrpihifiberry,DEV=0 &lt;filename.wav&gt;
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>To test PCM recordings (on your default soundcard), verify your
-microphone works, then do:</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python recordtest.py -d &lt;device&gt; &lt;filename&gt;
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Speak into the microphone, and interrupt the recording at any time
-with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Ctl-C</span></code>.</p>
-<p>Play back the recording with:</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python playbacktest.py -d &lt;device&gt; &lt;filename&gt;
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>There is a minimal test suite in <code class="code docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.py</span></code>, but it is
-a bit dependent on the ALSA configuration and may fail without indicating
-a real problem.</p>
-<p>If you find bugs/problems, please file a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues">bug report</a>.</p>
-</section>
-
-
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-        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
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-    <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
-    <ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-alsa">What is ALSA</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alsa-and-python">ALSA and Python</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">Installation</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing">Testing</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-  </div><div class="relations">
-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>
-      <li>Previous: <a href="index.html" title="previous chapter">alsaaudio documentation</a></li>
-      <li>Next: <a href="terminology.html" title="next chapter">PCM Terminology and Concepts</a></li>
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recordtest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+## recordtest.py
+##
+## This is an example of a simple sound capture script.
+##
+## The script opens an ALSA pcm device for sound capture, sets
+## various attributes of the capture, and reads in a loop,
+## writing the data to standard out.
+##
+## To test it out do the following:
+## python recordtest.py out.raw # talk to the microphone
+## aplay -r 8000 -f S16_LE -c 1 out.raw
+
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import time
+import getopt
+import alsaaudio
+
+def usage():
+    print('usage: recordtest.py [-d <device>] <file>', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(2)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    device = 'default'
+
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'd:')
+    for o, a in opts:
+        if o == '-d':
+            device = a
+
+    if not args:
+        usage()
+
+    f = open(args[0], 'wb')
+
+    # Open the device in nonblocking capture mode. The last argument could
+    # just as well have been zero for blocking mode. Then we could have
+    # left out the sleep call in the bottom of the loop
+    inp = alsaaudio.PCM(alsaaudio.PCM_CAPTURE, alsaaudio.PCM_NONBLOCK, device=device)
+
+    # Set attributes: Mono, 44100 Hz, 16 bit little endian samples
+    inp.setchannels(1)
+    inp.setrate(44100)
+    inp.setformat(alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE)
+
+    # The period size controls the internal number of frames per period.
+    # The significance of this parameter is documented in the ALSA api.
+    # For our purposes, it is suficcient to know that reads from the device
+    # will return this many frames. Each frame being 2 bytes long.
+    # This means that the reads below will return either 320 bytes of data
+    # or 0 bytes of data. The latter is possible because we are in nonblocking
+    # mode.
+    inp.setperiodsize(160)
+    
+    loops = 1000000
+    while loops > 0:
+        loops -= 1
+        # Read data from device
+        l, data = inp.read()
+      
+        if l:
+            f.write(data)
+            time.sleep(.001)

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setup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+'''This package contains wrappers for accessing the ALSA API from Python.
+It is fairly complete for PCM devices and Mixer access.
+'''
+
+from setuptools import setup
+from setuptools.extension import Extension
+from sys import version
+
+pyalsa_version = '0.8.4'
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    setup(
+        name = 'pyalsaaudio',
+        version = pyalsa_version,
+        description = 'ALSA bindings',
+        long_description = __doc__,
+        author = 'Casper Wilstrup',
+        author_email='cwi@aves.dk',
+        maintainer = 'Lars Immisch',
+        maintainer_email = 'lars@ibp.de',
+        license='PSF',
+        platforms=['posix'],
+        url='http://larsimmisch.github.io/pyalsaaudio/',
+        classifiers = [
+            'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
+            'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+            'License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License',
+            'Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',    
+            'Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio',
+            'Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Mixers',
+            'Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Players',
+            'Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio :: Capture/Recording',
+            ],
+        ext_modules=[Extension('alsaaudio',['alsaaudio.c'], 
+                               libraries=['asound'])]
+    )

terminology.html

@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-
-<html lang="en" data-content_root="./">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
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-        <div class="bodywrapper">
-          
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-          <div class="body" role="main">
-            
-  <section id="pcm-terminology-and-concepts">
-<h1>PCM Terminology and Concepts<a class="headerlink" href="#pcm-terminology-and-concepts" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
-<p>In order to use PCM devices it is useful to be familiar with some concepts and
-terminology.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt>Sample</dt><dd><p>PCM audio, whether it is input or output, consists of <em>samples</em>.
-A single sample represents the amplitude of one channel of sound
-at a certain point in time. A lot of individual samples are
-necessary to represent actual sound; for CD audio, 44100 samples
-are taken every second.</p>
-<p>Samples can be of many different sizes, ranging from 8 bit to 64
-bit precision. The specific format of each sample can also vary -
-they can be big endian byte integers, little endian byte integers, or
-floating point numbers.</p>
-<p>Musically, the sample size determines the dynamic range. The
-dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and the
-loudest signal that can be reproduced.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Frame</dt><dd><p>A frame consists of exactly one sample per channel. If there is only one
-channel (Mono sound) a frame is simply a single sample. If the sound is
-stereo, each frame consists of two samples, etc.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Frame size</dt><dd><p>This is the size in bytes of each frame. This can vary a lot: if each sample
-is 8 bits, and we’re handling mono sound, the frame size is one byte.
-For six channel audio with 64 bit floating point samples, the frame size
-is 48 bytes.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Rate</dt><dd><p>PCM sound consists of a flow of sound frames. The sound rate controls how
-often the current frame is replaced. For example, a rate of 8000 Hz
-means that a new frame is played or captured 8000 times per second.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Data rate</dt><dd><p>This is the number of bytes which must be consumed or provided per
-second at a certain frame size and rate.</p>
-<p>8000 Hz mono sound with 8 bit (1 byte) samples has a data rate of
-8000  * 1 * 1 = 8 kb/s or 64kbit/s. This is typically used for telephony.</p>
-<p>At the other end of the scale, 96000 Hz, 6 channel sound with 64
-bit (8 bytes) samples has a data rate of 96000 * 6 * 8 = 4608
-kb/s (almost 5 MB sound data per second).</p>
-<p>If the data rate requirement is not met, an overrun (on capture) or
-underrun (on playback) occurs; the term “xrun” is used to refer to
-either event.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl id="term-period">
-<dt>Period</dt><dd><p>The CPU processes sample data in chunks of frames, so-called periods
-(also called fragments by some systems). The operating system kernel’s
-sample buffer must hold at least two periods (at any given time, one
-is processed by the sound hardware, and one by the CPU).</p>
-<p>The completion of a <em>period</em> triggers a CPU interrupt, which causes
-processing and context switching overhead. Therefore, a smaller period
-size causes higher CPU resource usage at a given data rate.</p>
-<p>A bigger size of the <em>buffer</em> improves the system’s resilience to xruns.
-The buffer being split into a bigger number of smaller periods also does
-that, as it allows it to be drained / topped up sooner.</p>
-<p>On the other hand, a bigger size of the <em>buffer</em> also increases the
-playback latency, that is, the time it takes for a frame from being
-sent out by the application to being actually audible.</p>
-<p>Similarly, a bigger <em>period</em> size increases the capture latency.</p>
-<p>The trade-off between latency, xrun resilience, and resource usage
-must be made depending on the application.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt>Period size</dt><dd><p>This is the size of each period in frames. <em>Not bytes, but frames!</em>
-In <a class="reference internal" href="libalsaaudio.html#module-alsaaudio" title="alsaaudio (Linux)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alsaaudio</span></code></a> the period size is set directly, and it is
-therefore important to understand the significance of this
-number. If the period size is configured to for example 32,
-each write should contain exactly 32 frames of sound data, and each
-read will return either 32 frames of data or nothing at all.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl id="term-sample-size">
-<dt>Sample size</dt><dd><p>Each sample takes <em>physical_bits</em> of space. <em>nominal_bits</em> tells
-how many least significant bits are used. This is the bit depth
-in the format name and sometimes called just <em>sample bits</em> or
-<em>format width</em>. <em>significant_bits</em> tells how many most significant
-bits of the <em>nominal_bits</em> are used by the sample. This can be thought
-of as the <em>sample resolution</em>. This is visualized as follows:</p>
-<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">MSB</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">00000000</span> <span class="n">XXXXXXXX</span> <span class="n">XXXXXXXX</span> <span class="mi">00000000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">LSB</span>
-              <span class="o">|--</span><span class="n">significant</span><span class="o">--|</span>
-              <span class="o">|---------</span><span class="n">nominal</span><span class="o">---------|</span>
-    <span class="o">|-------------</span><span class="n">physical</span><span class="o">--------------|</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>Once you understand these concepts, you will be ready to use the PCM API. Read
-on.</p>
-</section>
-
-
-          </div>
-          
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-      </div>
-      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
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-<h3>Related Topics</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>
-      <li>Previous: <a href="pyalsaaudio.html" title="previous chapter">Introduction</a></li>
-      <li>Next: <a href="libalsaaudio.html" title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alsaaudio</span></code></a></li>
-  </ul></li>
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-  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
-    <h3>This Page</h3>
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test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# These are internal tests. They shouldn't fail, but they don't cover all
+# of the ALSA API. Most importantly PCM.read and PCM.write are missing.
+# These need to be tested by playbacktest.py and recordtest.py
+
+# In case of a problem, run these tests. If they fail, file a bug report on
+# http://github.com/larsimmisch/pyalsaaudio/issues
+
+import unittest
+import alsaaudio
+import warnings
+
+# we can't test read and write well - these are tested otherwise
+PCMMethods = [('pcmtype', None),
+              ('pcmmode', None),
+              ('cardname', None),
+              ('setchannels', (2,)), 
+              ('setrate', (44100,)),
+              ('setformat', (alsaaudio.PCM_FORMAT_S8,)),
+              ('setperiodsize', (320,))]
+
+# A clever test would look at the Mixer capabilities and selectively run the
+# omitted tests, but I am too tired for that.
+
+MixerMethods = [('cardname', None),
+                ('mixer', None),
+                ('mixerid', None),
+                ('switchcap', None),
+                ('volumecap', None),
+                ('getvolume', None),
+                ('getrange', None),
+                ('getenum', None),
+#                ('getmute', None),
+#                ('getrec', None),
+#                ('setvolume', (60,)),
+#                ('setmute', (0,))
+#                ('setrec', (0')),
+                ]
+
+class MixerTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test Mixer objects"""
+
+    def testMixer(self):
+        """Open the default Mixers and the Mixers on every card"""
+        
+        for c in alsaaudio.card_indexes():
+            mixers = alsaaudio.mixers(cardindex=c)
+            
+            for m in mixers:
+                mixer = alsaaudio.Mixer(m, cardindex=c)
+                mixer.close()
+
+    def testMixerAll(self):
+        "Run common Mixer methods on an open object"
+
+        mixers = alsaaudio.mixers()
+        mixer = alsaaudio.Mixer(mixers[0])
+
+        for m, a in MixerMethods:
+            f = alsaaudio.Mixer.__dict__[m]
+            if a is None:
+                f(mixer)
+            else:
+                f(mixer, *a)
+
+        mixer.close()
+
+    def testMixerClose(self):
+        """Run common Mixer methods on a closed object and verify it raises an 
+        error"""
+
+        mixers = alsaaudio.mixers()
+        mixer = alsaaudio.Mixer(mixers[0])
+        mixer.close()
+
+        for m, a in MixerMethods:
+            f = alsaaudio.Mixer.__dict__[m]
+            if a is None:
+                self.assertRaises(alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError, f, mixer)
+            else:
+                self.assertRaises(alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError, f, mixer, *a)
+
+class PCMTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test PCM objects"""
+
+    def testPCM(self):
+        "Open a PCM object on every card"
+
+        for c in alsaaudio.card_indexes():
+            pcm = alsaaudio.PCM(cardindex=c)
+            pcm.close()
+
+    def testPCMAll(self):
+        "Run all PCM methods on an open object"
+
+        pcm = alsaaudio.PCM()
+
+        for m, a in PCMMethods:
+            f = alsaaudio.PCM.__dict__[m]
+            if a is None:
+                f(pcm)
+            else:
+                f(pcm, *a)
+
+        pcm.close()
+
+    def testPCMClose(self):
+        "Run all PCM methods on a closed object and verify it raises an error"
+
+        pcm = alsaaudio.PCM()
+        pcm.close()
+
+        for m, a in PCMMethods:
+            f = alsaaudio.PCM.__dict__[m]
+            if a is None:
+                self.assertRaises(alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError, f, pcm)
+            else:
+                self.assertRaises(alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError, f, pcm, *a)
+
+    def testPCMDeprecated(self):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+
+            try:
+                pcm = alsaaudio.PCM(card='default')
+            except alsaaudio.ALSAAudioError:
+                pass
+                
+            # Verify we got a DepreciationWarning
+            assert len(w) == 1
+            assert issubclass(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
+                
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()