Reorganize exceptions

* Add BaseBumbleException as a "real" root error
* Add several core error classes and properly replace builtin errors
  with them
* Add several error classes for specific modules (transport, device)

bumble/hci.py

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ from .core import (
     BT_BR_EDR_TRANSPORT,
     AdvertisingData,
     DeviceClass,
+    InvalidArgumentError,
+    InvalidPacketError,
     ProtocolError,
     bit_flags_to_strings,
     name_or_number,
@@ -91,14 +93,14 @@ def map_class_of_device(class_of_device):
     )
 
 
-def phy_list_to_bits(phys):
+def phy_list_to_bits(phys: Optional[Iterable[int]]) -> int:
     if phys is None:
         return 0
 
     phy_bits = 0
     for phy in phys:
         if phy not in HCI_LE_PHY_TYPE_TO_BIT:
-            raise ValueError('invalid PHY')
+            raise InvalidArgumentError('invalid PHY')
         phy_bits |= 1 << HCI_LE_PHY_TYPE_TO_BIT[phy]
     return phy_bits
 
@@ -1552,7 +1554,7 @@ class HCI_Object:
             new_offset, field_value = field_type(data, offset)
             return (field_value, new_offset - offset)
 
-        raise ValueError(f'unknown field type {field_type}')
+        raise InvalidArgumentError(f'unknown field type {field_type}')
 
     @staticmethod
     def dict_from_bytes(data, offset, fields):
@@ -1621,7 +1623,7 @@ class HCI_Object:
                 if 0 <= field_value <= 255:
                     field_bytes = bytes([field_value])
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError('value too large for *-typed field')
+                    raise InvalidArgumentError('value too large for *-typed field')
             else:
                 field_bytes = bytes(field_value)
         elif field_type == 'v':
@@ -1640,7 +1642,9 @@ class HCI_Object:
                 elif len(field_bytes) > field_type:
                     field_bytes = field_bytes[:field_type]
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f"don't know how to serialize type {type(field_value)}")
+            raise InvalidArgumentError(
+                f"don't know how to serialize type {type(field_value)}"
+            )
 
         return field_bytes
 
@@ -1904,7 +1908,7 @@ class Address:
             self.address_bytes = bytes(reversed(bytes.fromhex(address)))
 
         if len(self.address_bytes) != 6:
-            raise ValueError('invalid address length')
+            raise InvalidArgumentError('invalid address length')
 
         self.address_type = address_type
 
@@ -2104,7 +2108,7 @@ class HCI_Command(HCI_Packet):
         op_code, length = struct.unpack_from('<HB', packet, 1)
         parameters = packet[4:]
         if len(parameters) != length:
-            raise ValueError('invalid packet length')
+            raise InvalidPacketError('invalid packet length')
 
         # Look for a registered class
         cls = HCI_Command.command_classes.get(op_code)
@@ -4729,7 +4733,7 @@ class HCI_Event(HCI_Packet):
         length = packet[2]
         parameters = packet[3:]
         if len(parameters) != length:
-            raise ValueError('invalid packet length')
+            raise InvalidPacketError('invalid packet length')
 
         cls: Any
         if event_code == HCI_LE_META_EVENT:
@@ -6104,7 +6108,7 @@ class HCI_AclDataPacket(HCI_Packet):
         bc_flag = (h >> 14) & 3
         data = packet[5:]
         if len(data) != data_total_length:
-            raise ValueError('invalid packet length')
+            raise InvalidPacketError('invalid packet length')
         return HCI_AclDataPacket(
             connection_handle, pb_flag, bc_flag, data_total_length, data
         )
@@ -6152,7 +6156,7 @@ class HCI_SynchronousDataPacket(HCI_Packet):
         packet_status = (h >> 12) & 0b11
         data = packet[4:]
         if len(data) != data_total_length:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise InvalidPacketError(
                 f'invalid packet length {len(data)} != {data_total_length}'
             )
         return HCI_SynchronousDataPacket(