Merge pull request #907 from zxzxwu/example-gatt-client-and-server

Advertise in run_gatt_client_and_server

.github/workflows/code-check.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ on:
     branches: [ main ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches: [main]
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -16,18 +18,18 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13.0"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13.0", "3.14"]
       fail-fast: false
 
     steps:
     - name: Check out from Git
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
     - name: Get history and tags for SCM versioning to work
       run: |
         git fetch --prune --unshallow
         git fetch --depth=1 origin +refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install dependencies

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     # The branches below must be a subset of the branches above
     branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches: [main]
   schedule:
     - cron: '39 21 * * 4'
 
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL

.github/workflows/gradle-btbench.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ on:
     branches: [ main ]
     paths:
       - 'extras/android/BtBench/**'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - 'extras/android/BtBench/**'
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -18,10 +22,10 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out from Git
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up JDK
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
         with:
           distribution: 'zulu'
           java-version: 17

.github/workflows/python-avatar.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ on:
     branches: [ main ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches: [main]
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -24,9 +26,9 @@ jobs:
           21/24, 22/24, 23/24, 24/24,
         ]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Set Up Python 3.11
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: 3.11
       - name: Install
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cat rootcanal.log
       - name: Upload Mobly logs
         if: always()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: mobly-logs-${{ strategy.job-index }}
           path: /tmp/logs/mobly/bumble.bumbles/

.github/workflows/python-build-test.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ on:
     branches: [ main ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ main ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    branches: [main]
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -16,18 +18,18 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: ['ubuntu-latest', 'macos-latest', 'windows-latest']
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
       fail-fast: false
 
     steps:
     - name: Check out from Git
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
     - name: Get history and tags for SCM versioning to work
       run: |
         git fetch --prune --unshallow
         git fetch --depth=1 origin +refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install dependencies
@@ -46,14 +48,15 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
-        rust-version: [ "1.76.0", "stable" ]
+        # Rust runtime doesn't support 3.14 yet.
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        rust-version: [ "1.80.0", "1.91.0" ]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
       - name: Check out from Git
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       - name: Install Python dependencies
@@ -66,11 +69,11 @@ jobs:
           components: clippy,rustfmt
           toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust-version }}
       - name: Install Rust dependencies
-        run: cargo install cargo-all-features # allows building/testing combinations of features
+        run: cargo install cargo-all-features --version 1.11.0 --locked  # allows building/testing combinations of features
       - name: Check License Headers
         run: cd rust && cargo run --features dev-tools --bin file-header check-all
       - name: Rust Build
-        run: cd rust && cargo build --all-targets && cargo build-all-features --all-targets
+        run: cd rust && cargo build --all-targets && cargo build-all-features
       # Lints after build so what clippy needs is already built
       - name: Rust Lints
         run: cd rust && cargo fmt --check && cargo clippy --all-targets -- --deny warnings && cargo clippy --all-features --all-targets -- --deny warnings

.github/workflows/python-publish.yml

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Check out from Git
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
     - name: Get history and tags for SCM versioning to work
       run: |
         git fetch --prune --unshallow
         git fetch --depth=1 origin +refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: '3.10'
     - name: Install dependencies
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       run: python -m build
     - name: Publish package to PyPI
       if: github.event_name == 'release' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
-      uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+      uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@ed0c53931b1dc9bd32cbe73a98c7f6766f8a527e  # release/v1.13
       with:
         user: __token__
         password: ${{ secrets.PYPI_API_TOKEN }}

.gitignore

@@ -17,3 +17,6 @@ venv/
 .venv/
 # snoop logs
 out/
+# macOS
+.DS_Store
+._*

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -102,5 +102,10 @@
         "."
     ],
     "python.testing.unittestEnabled": false,
-    "python.testing.pytestEnabled": true
+    "python.testing.pytestEnabled": true,
+    "python-envs.defaultEnvManager": "ms-python.python:system",
+    "python-envs.pythonProjects": [],
+    "nrf-connect.applications": [
+        "${workspaceFolder}/extras/zephyr/hci_usb"
+    ]
 }

README.md

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Bumble is easiest to use with a dedicated USB dongle.
 This is because internal Bluetooth interfaces tend to be locked down by the operating system.
 You can use the [usb_probe](/docs/mkdocs/src/apps_and_tools/usb_probe.md) tool (all platforms) or `lsusb` (Linux or macOS) to list the available USB devices on your system.
 
-See the [USB Transport](/docs/mkdocs/src/transports/usb.md) page for details on how to refer to USB devices. Also, if your are on a mac, see [these instructions](docs/mkdocs/src/platforms/macos.md).
+See the [USB Transport](/docs/mkdocs/src/transports/usb.md) page for details on how to refer to USB devices. Also, if you are on a mac, see [these instructions](docs/mkdocs/src/platforms/macos.md).
 
 ## License
 

apps/README.md

@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ Apps
 ## `show.py`
 Parse a file with HCI packets and print the details of each packet in a human readable form
 
-## `link_relay.py`
-Simple WebSocket relay for virtual RemoteLink instances to communicate with each other through.
-
 ## `hci_bridge.py`
 This app acts as a simple bridge between two HCI transports, with a host on one side and
 a controller on the other. All the HCI packets bridged between the two are printed on the console

apps/bench.py

@@ -19,33 +19,45 @@ import asyncio
 import dataclasses
 import enum
 import logging
-import os
 import statistics
 import struct
 import time
 
 import click
 
+import bumble.core
+import bumble.logging
+import bumble.rfcomm
 from bumble import l2cap
+from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.core import (
-    PhysicalTransport,
     BT_L2CAP_PROTOCOL_ID,
     BT_RFCOMM_PROTOCOL_ID,
     UUID,
     CommandTimeoutError,
+    ConnectionPHY,
+    PhysicalTransport,
+)
+from bumble.device import (
+    CigParameters,
+    CisLink,
+    Connection,
+    ConnectionParametersPreferences,
+    Device,
+    Peer,
 )
-from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Connection, ConnectionParametersPreferences, Device, Peer
 from bumble.gatt import Characteristic, CharacteristicValue, Service
 from bumble.hci import (
     HCI_LE_1M_PHY,
     HCI_LE_2M_PHY,
     HCI_LE_CODED_PHY,
-    Role,
     HCI_Constant,
     HCI_Error,
+    HCI_IsoDataPacket,
     HCI_StatusError,
+    Role,
 )
+from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
 from bumble.sdp import (
     SDP_BROWSE_GROUP_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
     SDP_PROTOCOL_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
@@ -55,12 +67,8 @@ from bumble.sdp import (
     DataElement,
     ServiceAttribute,
 )
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
-import bumble.rfcomm
-import bumble.core
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
-from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
-
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -75,17 +83,28 @@ DEFAULT_CENTRAL_ADDRESS = 'F0:F0:F0:F0:F0:F0'
 DEFAULT_CENTRAL_NAME = 'Speed Central'
 DEFAULT_PERIPHERAL_ADDRESS = 'F1:F1:F1:F1:F1:F1'
 DEFAULT_PERIPHERAL_NAME = 'Speed Peripheral'
+DEFAULT_ADVERTISING_INTERVAL = 100
 
 SPEED_SERVICE_UUID = '50DB505C-8AC4-4738-8448-3B1D9CC09CC5'
 SPEED_TX_UUID = 'E789C754-41A1-45F4-A948-A0A1A90DBA53'
 SPEED_RX_UUID = '016A2CC7-E14B-4819-935F-1F56EAE4098D'
 
 DEFAULT_RFCOMM_UUID = 'E6D55659-C8B4-4B85-96BB-B1143AF6D3AE'
+
 DEFAULT_L2CAP_PSM = 128
 DEFAULT_L2CAP_MAX_CREDITS = 128
 DEFAULT_L2CAP_MTU = 1024
 DEFAULT_L2CAP_MPS = 1024
 
+DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_SDU_C_TO_P = 251
+DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_SDU_P_TO_C = 251
+DEFAULT_ISO_SDU_INTERVAL_C_TO_P = 10000
+DEFAULT_ISO_SDU_INTERVAL_P_TO_C = 10000
+DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_TRANSPORT_LATENCY_C_TO_P = 35
+DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_TRANSPORT_LATENCY_P_TO_C = 35
+DEFAULT_ISO_RTN_C_TO_P = 3
+DEFAULT_ISO_RTN_P_TO_C = 3
+
 DEFAULT_LINGER_TIME = 1.0
 DEFAULT_POST_CONNECTION_WAIT_TIME = 1.0
 
@@ -102,14 +121,14 @@ def le_phy_name(phy_id):
     )
 
 
-def print_connection_phy(phy):
+def print_connection_phy(phy: ConnectionPHY) -> None:
     logging.info(
         color('@@@ PHY: ', 'yellow') + f'TX:{le_phy_name(phy.tx_phy)}/'
         f'RX:{le_phy_name(phy.rx_phy)}'
     )
 
 
-def print_connection(connection):
+def print_connection(connection: Connection) -> None:
     params = []
     if connection.transport == PhysicalTransport.LE:
         params.append(
@@ -134,6 +153,34 @@ def print_connection(connection):
     logging.info(color('@@@ Connection: ', 'yellow') + ' '.join(params))
 
 
+def print_cis_link(cis_link: CisLink) -> None:
+    logging.info(color("@@@ CIS established", "green"))
+    logging.info(color('@@@   ISO interval: ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.iso_interval}ms")
+    logging.info(color('@@@   NSE:          ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.nse}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@   Central->Peripheral:', 'green'))
+    if cis_link.phy_c_to_p is not None:
+        logging.info(
+            color('@@@     PHY:     ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.phy_c_to_p.name}"
+        )
+    logging.info(
+        color('@@@     Latency: ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.transport_latency_c_to_p}µs"
+    )
+    logging.info(color('@@@     BN:      ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.bn_c_to_p}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@     FT:      ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.ft_c_to_p}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@     Max PDU: ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.max_pdu_c_to_p}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@   Peripheral->Central:', 'green'))
+    if cis_link.phy_p_to_c is not None:
+        logging.info(
+            color('@@@     PHY:     ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.phy_p_to_c.name}"
+        )
+    logging.info(
+        color('@@@     Latency: ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.transport_latency_p_to_c}µs"
+    )
+    logging.info(color('@@@     BN:      ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.bn_p_to_c}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@     FT:      ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.ft_p_to_c}")
+    logging.info(color('@@@     Max PDU: ', 'green') + f"{cis_link.max_pdu_p_to_c}")
+
+
 def make_sdp_records(channel):
     return {
         0x00010001: [
@@ -197,6 +244,51 @@ async def switch_roles(connection, role):
             logging.info(f'{color("### Role switch failed:", "red")} {error}')
 
 
+async def pre_power_on(device: Device, classic: bool) -> None:
+    device.classic_enabled = classic
+
+    # Set up a pairing config factory with minimal requirements.
+    device.config.keystore = "JsonKeyStore"
+    device.pairing_config_factory = lambda _: PairingConfig(
+        sc=False, mitm=False, bonding=False
+    )
+
+
+async def post_power_on(
+    device: Device,
+    le_scan: tuple[int, int] | None,
+    le_advertise: int | None,
+    classic_page_scan: bool,
+    classic_inquiry_scan: bool,
+) -> None:
+    if classic_page_scan:
+        logging.info(color("*** Enabling page scan", "blue"))
+        await device.set_connectable(True)
+    if classic_inquiry_scan:
+        logging.info(color("*** Enabling inquiry scan", "blue"))
+        await device.set_discoverable(True)
+
+    if le_scan:
+        scan_window, scan_interval = le_scan
+        logging.info(
+            color(
+                f"*** Starting LE scanning [{scan_window}ms/{scan_interval}ms]",
+                "blue",
+            )
+        )
+        await device.start_scanning(
+            scan_interval=scan_interval, scan_window=scan_window
+        )
+
+    if le_advertise:
+        logging.info(color(f"*** Starting LE advertising [{le_advertise}ms]", "blue"))
+        await device.start_advertising(
+            advertising_interval_min=le_advertise,
+            advertising_interval_max=le_advertise,
+            auto_restart=True,
+        )
+
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Packet
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -414,7 +506,8 @@ class Sender:
                 self.bytes_sent += len(packet)
                 await self.packet_io.send_packet(packet)
 
-            await self.done.wait()
+            if self.packet_io.can_receive():
+                await self.done.wait()
 
             run_counter = f'[{run + 1} of {self.repeat + 1}]' if self.repeat else ''
             logging.info(color(f'=== {run_counter} Done!', 'magenta'))
@@ -444,6 +537,9 @@ class Sender:
             )
             self.done.set()
 
+    def is_sender(self):
+        return True
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Receiver
@@ -491,7 +587,8 @@ class Receiver:
             logging.info(
                 color(
                     f'!!! Unexpected packet, expected {self.expected_packet_index} '
-                    f'but received {packet.sequence}'
+                    f'but received {packet.sequence}',
+                    'red',
                 )
             )
 
@@ -534,6 +631,9 @@ class Receiver:
         await self.done.wait()
         logging.info(color('=== Done!', 'magenta'))
 
+    def is_sender(self):
+        return False
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Ping
@@ -669,7 +769,8 @@ class Ping:
                     color(
                         f'!!! Unexpected packet, '
                         f'expected {self.next_expected_packet_index} '
-                        f'but received {packet.sequence}'
+                        f'but received {packet.sequence}',
+                        'red',
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -677,6 +778,9 @@ class Ping:
             self.done.set()
             return
 
+    def is_sender(self):
+        return True
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Pong
@@ -721,7 +825,8 @@ class Pong:
             logging.info(
                 color(
                     f'!!! Unexpected packet, expected {self.expected_packet_index} '
-                    f'but received {packet.sequence}'
+                    f'but received {packet.sequence}',
+                    'red',
                 )
             )
 
@@ -743,6 +848,9 @@ class Pong:
         await self.done.wait()
         logging.info(color('=== Done!', 'magenta'))
 
+    def is_sender(self):
+        return False
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # GattClient
@@ -906,6 +1014,9 @@ class StreamedPacketIO:
         # pylint: disable-next=not-callable
         self.io_sink(struct.pack('>H', len(packet)) + packet)
 
+    def can_receive(self):
+        return True
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # L2capClient
@@ -1177,6 +1288,96 @@ class RfcommServer(StreamedPacketIO):
         await self.dlc.drain()
 
 
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# IsoClient
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class IsoClient(StreamedPacketIO):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device: Device,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.device = device
+        self.ready = asyncio.Event()
+        self.cis_link: CisLink | None = None
+
+    async def on_connection(
+        self, connection: Connection, cis_link: CisLink, sender: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        connection.on(connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, self.on_disconnection)
+        self.cis_link = cis_link
+        self.io_sink = cis_link.write
+        await cis_link.setup_data_path(
+            cis_link.Direction.HOST_TO_CONTROLLER
+            if sender
+            else cis_link.Direction.CONTROLLER_TO_HOST
+        )
+        cis_link.sink = self.on_iso_packet
+        self.ready.set()
+
+    def on_iso_packet(self, iso_packet: HCI_IsoDataPacket) -> None:
+        self.on_packet(iso_packet.iso_sdu_fragment)
+
+    def on_disconnection(self, _):
+        pass
+
+    async def drain(self):
+        if self.cis_link is None:
+            return
+        await self.cis_link.drain()
+
+    def can_receive(self):
+        return False
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# IsoServer
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class IsoServer(StreamedPacketIO):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device: Device,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.device = device
+        self.cis_link: CisLink | None = None
+        self.ready = asyncio.Event()
+
+        logging.info(
+            color(
+                '### Listening for ISO connection',
+                'yellow',
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def on_connection(
+        self, connection: Connection, cis_link: CisLink, sender: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        connection.on(connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, self.on_disconnection)
+        self.io_sink = cis_link.write
+        await cis_link.setup_data_path(
+            cis_link.Direction.HOST_TO_CONTROLLER
+            if sender
+            else cis_link.Direction.CONTROLLER_TO_HOST
+        )
+        cis_link.sink = self.on_iso_packet
+        self.ready.set()
+
+    def on_iso_packet(self, iso_packet: HCI_IsoDataPacket) -> None:
+        self.on_packet(iso_packet.iso_sdu_fragment)
+
+    def on_disconnection(self, _):
+        pass
+
+    async def drain(self):
+        if self.cis_link is None:
+            return
+        await self.cis_link.drain()
+
+    def can_receive(self):
+        return False
+
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Central
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1185,26 +1386,52 @@ class Central(Connection.Listener):
         self,
         transport,
         peripheral_address,
-        classic,
         scenario_factory,
         mode_factory,
         connection_interval,
         phy,
         authenticate,
         encrypt,
+        iso,
+        iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p,
+        iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c,
+        iso_max_sdu_c_to_p,
+        iso_max_sdu_p_to_c,
+        iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p,
+        iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c,
+        iso_rtn_c_to_p,
+        iso_rtn_p_to_c,
+        classic,
         extended_data_length,
         role_switch,
+        le_scan,
+        le_advertise,
+        classic_page_scan,
+        classic_inquiry_scan,
     ):
         super().__init__()
         self.transport = transport
         self.peripheral_address = peripheral_address
         self.classic = classic
+        self.iso = iso
+        self.iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p = iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p
+        self.iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c = iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c
+        self.iso_max_sdu_c_to_p = iso_max_sdu_c_to_p
+        self.iso_max_sdu_p_to_c = iso_max_sdu_p_to_c
+        self.iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p = iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p
+        self.iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c = iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c
+        self.iso_rtn_c_to_p = iso_rtn_c_to_p
+        self.iso_rtn_p_to_c = iso_rtn_p_to_c
         self.scenario_factory = scenario_factory
         self.mode_factory = mode_factory
         self.authenticate = authenticate
         self.encrypt = encrypt or authenticate
         self.extended_data_length = extended_data_length
         self.role_switch = role_switch
+        self.le_scan = le_scan
+        self.le_advertise = le_advertise
+        self.classic_page_scan = classic_page_scan
+        self.classic_inquiry_scan = classic_inquiry_scan
         self.device = None
         self.connection = None
 
@@ -1241,7 +1468,7 @@ class Central(Connection.Listener):
 
     async def run(self):
         logging.info(color('>>> Connecting to HCI...', 'green'))
-        async with await open_transport_or_link(self.transport) as (
+        async with await open_transport(self.transport) as (
             hci_source,
             hci_sink,
         ):
@@ -1254,18 +1481,22 @@ class Central(Connection.Listener):
             mode = self.mode_factory(self.device)
             scenario = self.scenario_factory(mode)
             self.device.classic_enabled = self.classic
+            self.device.cis_enabled = self.iso
 
             # Set up a pairing config factory with minimal requirements.
-            self.device.config.keystore = "JsonKeyStore"
             self.device.pairing_config_factory = lambda _: PairingConfig(
                 sc=False, mitm=False, bonding=False
             )
 
+            await pre_power_on(self.device, self.classic)
             await self.device.power_on()
-
-            if self.classic:
-                await self.device.set_discoverable(False)
-                await self.device.set_connectable(False)
+            await post_power_on(
+                self.device,
+                self.le_scan,
+                self.le_advertise,
+                self.classic_page_scan,
+                self.classic_inquiry_scan,
+            )
 
             logging.info(
                 color(f'### Connecting to {self.peripheral_address}...', 'cyan')
@@ -1340,7 +1571,72 @@ class Central(Connection.Listener):
                         )
                     )
 
-            await mode.on_connection(self.connection)
+            # Setup ISO streams.
+            if self.iso:
+                if scenario.is_sender():
+                    sdu_interval_c_to_p = (
+                        self.iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p or DEFAULT_ISO_SDU_INTERVAL_C_TO_P
+                    )
+                    sdu_interval_p_to_c = self.iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c or 0
+                    max_transport_latency_c_to_p = (
+                        self.iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p
+                        or DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_TRANSPORT_LATENCY_C_TO_P
+                    )
+                    max_transport_latency_p_to_c = (
+                        self.iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c or 0
+                    )
+                    max_sdu_c_to_p = (
+                        self.iso_max_sdu_c_to_p or DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_SDU_C_TO_P
+                    )
+                    max_sdu_p_to_c = self.iso_max_sdu_p_to_c or 0
+                    rtn_c_to_p = self.iso_rtn_c_to_p or DEFAULT_ISO_RTN_C_TO_P
+                    rtn_p_to_c = self.iso_rtn_p_to_c or 0
+                else:
+                    sdu_interval_p_to_c = (
+                        self.iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c or DEFAULT_ISO_SDU_INTERVAL_P_TO_C
+                    )
+                    sdu_interval_c_to_p = self.iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p or 0
+                    max_transport_latency_p_to_c = (
+                        self.iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c
+                        or DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_TRANSPORT_LATENCY_P_TO_C
+                    )
+                    max_transport_latency_c_to_p = (
+                        self.iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p or 0
+                    )
+                    max_sdu_p_to_c = (
+                        self.iso_max_sdu_p_to_c or DEFAULT_ISO_MAX_SDU_P_TO_C
+                    )
+                    max_sdu_c_to_p = self.iso_max_sdu_c_to_p or 0
+                    rtn_p_to_c = self.iso_rtn_p_to_c or DEFAULT_ISO_RTN_P_TO_C
+                    rtn_c_to_p = self.iso_rtn_c_to_p or 0
+                cis_handles = await self.device.setup_cig(
+                    CigParameters(
+                        cig_id=1,
+                        sdu_interval_c_to_p=sdu_interval_c_to_p,
+                        sdu_interval_p_to_c=sdu_interval_p_to_c,
+                        max_transport_latency_c_to_p=max_transport_latency_c_to_p,
+                        max_transport_latency_p_to_c=max_transport_latency_p_to_c,
+                        cis_parameters=[
+                            CigParameters.CisParameters(
+                                cis_id=2,
+                                max_sdu_c_to_p=max_sdu_c_to_p,
+                                max_sdu_p_to_c=max_sdu_p_to_c,
+                                rtn_c_to_p=rtn_c_to_p,
+                                rtn_p_to_c=rtn_p_to_c,
+                            )
+                        ],
+                    )
+                )
+                cis_link = (
+                    await self.device.create_cis([(cis_handles[0], self.connection)])
+                )[0]
+                print_cis_link(cis_link)
+
+                await mode.on_connection(
+                    self.connection, cis_link, scenario.is_sender()
+                )
+            else:
+                await mode.on_connection(self.connection)
 
             await scenario.run()
             await asyncio.sleep(DEFAULT_LINGER_TIME)
@@ -1376,24 +1672,38 @@ class Peripheral(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
         scenario_factory,
         mode_factory,
         classic,
+        iso,
         extended_data_length,
         role_switch,
+        le_scan,
+        le_advertise,
+        classic_page_scan,
+        classic_inquiry_scan,
     ):
         self.transport = transport
         self.classic = classic
+        self.iso = iso
         self.scenario_factory = scenario_factory
         self.mode_factory = mode_factory
         self.extended_data_length = extended_data_length
         self.role_switch = role_switch
+        self.le_scan = le_scan
+        self.classic_page_scan = classic_page_scan
+        self.classic_inquiry_scan = classic_inquiry_scan
         self.scenario = None
         self.mode = None
         self.device = None
         self.connection = None
         self.connected = asyncio.Event()
 
+        if le_advertise:
+            self.le_advertise = le_advertise
+        else:
+            self.le_advertise = 0 if classic else DEFAULT_ADVERTISING_INTERVAL
+
     async def run(self):
         logging.info(color('>>> Connecting to HCI...', 'green'))
-        async with await open_transport_or_link(self.transport) as (
+        async with await open_transport(self.transport) as (
             hci_source,
             hci_sink,
         ):
@@ -1407,20 +1717,22 @@ class Peripheral(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
             self.mode = self.mode_factory(self.device)
             self.scenario = self.scenario_factory(self.mode)
             self.device.classic_enabled = self.classic
+            self.device.cis_enabled = self.iso
 
             # Set up a pairing config factory with minimal requirements.
-            self.device.config.keystore = "JsonKeyStore"
             self.device.pairing_config_factory = lambda _: PairingConfig(
                 sc=False, mitm=False, bonding=False
             )
 
+            await pre_power_on(self.device, self.classic)
             await self.device.power_on()
-
-            if self.classic:
-                await self.device.set_discoverable(True)
-                await self.device.set_connectable(True)
-            else:
-                await self.device.start_advertising(auto_restart=True)
+            await post_power_on(
+                self.device,
+                self.le_scan,
+                self.le_advertise,
+                self.classic or self.classic_page_scan,
+                self.classic or self.classic_inquiry_scan,
+            )
 
             if self.classic:
                 logging.info(
@@ -1442,7 +1754,21 @@ class Peripheral(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
             logging.info(color('### Connected', 'cyan'))
             print_connection(self.connection)
 
-            await self.mode.on_connection(self.connection)
+            if self.iso:
+
+                async def on_cis_request(cis_link: CisLink) -> None:
+                    logging.info(color("@@@ Accepting CIS", "green"))
+                    await self.device.accept_cis_request(cis_link)
+                    print_cis_link(cis_link)
+
+                    await self.mode.on_connection(
+                        self.connection, cis_link, self.scenario.is_sender()
+                    )
+
+                self.connection.on(self.connection.EVENT_CIS_REQUEST, on_cis_request)
+            else:
+                await self.mode.on_connection(self.connection)
+
             await self.scenario.run()
             await asyncio.sleep(DEFAULT_LINGER_TIME)
 
@@ -1451,10 +1777,14 @@ class Peripheral(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
         self.connection = connection
         self.connected.set()
 
-        # Stop being discoverable and connectable
+        # Stop being discoverable and connectable if possible
         if self.classic:
-            AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_discoverable(False))
-            AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_connectable(False))
+            if not self.classic_inquiry_scan:
+                logging.info(color("*** Stopping inquiry scan", "blue"))
+                AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_discoverable(False))
+            if not self.classic_page_scan:
+                logging.info(color("*** Stopping page scan", "blue"))
+                AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_connectable(False))
 
         # Request a new data length if needed
         if not self.classic and self.extended_data_length:
@@ -1475,7 +1805,9 @@ class Peripheral(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
         self.scenario.reset()
 
         if self.classic:
+            logging.info(color("*** Enabling inquiry scan", "blue"))
             AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_discoverable(True))
+            logging.info(color("*** Enabling page scan", "blue"))
             AsyncRunner.spawn(self.device.set_connectable(True))
 
     def on_connection_parameters_update(self):
@@ -1548,6 +1880,12 @@ def create_mode_factory(ctx, default_mode):
                 credits_threshold=ctx.obj['rfcomm_credits_threshold'],
             )
 
+        if mode == 'iso-server':
+            return IsoServer(device)
+
+        if mode == 'iso-client':
+            return IsoClient(device)
+
         raise ValueError('invalid mode')
 
     return create_mode
@@ -1575,6 +1913,9 @@ def create_scenario_factory(ctx, default_scenario):
             return Receiver(packet_io, ctx.obj['linger'])
 
         if scenario == 'ping':
+            if isinstance(packet_io, (IsoClient, IsoServer)):
+                raise ValueError('ping not supported with ISO')
+
             return Ping(
                 packet_io,
                 start_delay=ctx.obj['start_delay'],
@@ -1586,6 +1927,9 @@ def create_scenario_factory(ctx, default_scenario):
             )
 
         if scenario == 'pong':
+            if isinstance(packet_io, (IsoClient, IsoServer)):
+                raise ValueError('pong not supported with ISO')
+
             return Pong(packet_io, ctx.obj['linger'])
 
         raise ValueError('invalid scenario')
@@ -1609,6 +1953,8 @@ def create_scenario_factory(ctx, default_scenario):
             'l2cap-server',
             'rfcomm-client',
             'rfcomm-server',
+            'iso-client',
+            'iso-server',
         ]
     ),
 )
@@ -1621,6 +1967,7 @@ def create_scenario_factory(ctx, default_scenario):
 )
 @click.option(
     '--extended-data-length',
+    metavar='<TX-OCTETS>/<TX-TIME>',
     help='Request a data length upon connection, specified as tx_octets/tx_time',
 )
 @click.option(
@@ -1628,6 +1975,26 @@ def create_scenario_factory(ctx, default_scenario):
     type=click.Choice(['central', 'peripheral']),
     help='Request role switch upon connection (central or peripheral)',
 )
+@click.option(
+    '--le-scan',
+    metavar='<WINDOW>/<INTERVAL>',
+    help='Perform an LE scan with a given window and interval (milliseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--le-advertise',
+    metavar='<INTERVAL>',
+    help='Advertise with a given interval (milliseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--classic-page-scan',
+    is_flag=True,
+    help='Enable Classic page scanning',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--classic-inquiry-scan',
+    is_flag=True,
+    help='Enable Classic enquiry scanning',
+)
 @click.option(
     '--rfcomm-channel',
     type=int,
@@ -1753,6 +2120,10 @@ def bench(
     att_mtu,
     extended_data_length,
     role_switch,
+    le_scan,
+    le_advertise,
+    classic_page_scan,
+    classic_inquiry_scan,
     packet_size,
     packet_count,
     start_delay,
@@ -1801,7 +2172,12 @@ def bench(
         else None
     )
     ctx.obj['role_switch'] = role_switch
+    ctx.obj['le_scan'] = [float(x) for x in le_scan.split('/')] if le_scan else None
+    ctx.obj['le_advertise'] = float(le_advertise) if le_advertise else None
+    ctx.obj['classic_page_scan'] = classic_page_scan
+    ctx.obj['classic_inquiry_scan'] = classic_inquiry_scan
     ctx.obj['classic'] = mode in ('rfcomm-client', 'rfcomm-server')
+    ctx.obj['iso'] = mode in ('iso-client', 'iso-server')
 
 
 @bench.command()
@@ -1823,28 +2199,94 @@ def bench(
 @click.option('--phy', type=click.Choice(['1m', '2m', 'coded']), help='PHY to use')
 @click.option('--authenticate', is_flag=True, help='Authenticate (RFComm only)')
 @click.option('--encrypt', is_flag=True, help='Encrypt the connection (RFComm only)')
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-sdu-interval-c-to-p',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO SDU central -> peripheral (microseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-sdu-interval-p-to-c',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO SDU interval peripheral -> central (microseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-max-sdu-c-to-p',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO max SDU central -> peripheral',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-max-sdu-p-to-c',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO max SDU peripheral -> central',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-max-transport-latency-c-to-p',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO max transport latency central -> peripheral (milliseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-max-transport-latency-p-to-c',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO max transport latency peripheral -> central (milliseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-rtn-c-to-p',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO RTN central -> peripheral (integer count)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--iso-rtn-p-to-c',
+    type=int,
+    help='ISO RTN peripheral -> central (integer count)',
+)
 @click.pass_context
 def central(
-    ctx, transport, peripheral_address, connection_interval, phy, authenticate, encrypt
+    ctx,
+    transport,
+    peripheral_address,
+    connection_interval,
+    phy,
+    authenticate,
+    encrypt,
+    iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p,
+    iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c,
+    iso_max_sdu_c_to_p,
+    iso_max_sdu_p_to_c,
+    iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p,
+    iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c,
+    iso_rtn_c_to_p,
+    iso_rtn_p_to_c,
 ):
     """Run as a central (initiates the connection)"""
     scenario_factory = create_scenario_factory(ctx, 'send')
     mode_factory = create_mode_factory(ctx, 'gatt-client')
-    classic = ctx.obj['classic']
 
     async def run_central():
         await Central(
             transport,
             peripheral_address,
-            classic,
             scenario_factory,
             mode_factory,
             connection_interval,
             phy,
             authenticate,
             encrypt or authenticate,
+            ctx.obj['iso'],
+            iso_sdu_interval_c_to_p,
+            iso_sdu_interval_p_to_c,
+            iso_max_sdu_c_to_p,
+            iso_max_sdu_p_to_c,
+            iso_max_transport_latency_c_to_p,
+            iso_max_transport_latency_p_to_c,
+            iso_rtn_c_to_p,
+            iso_rtn_p_to_c,
+            ctx.obj['classic'],
             ctx.obj['extended_data_length'],
             ctx.obj['role_switch'],
+            ctx.obj['le_scan'],
+            ctx.obj['le_advertise'],
+            ctx.obj['classic_page_scan'],
+            ctx.obj['classic_inquiry_scan'],
         ).run()
 
     asyncio.run(run_central())
@@ -1864,19 +2306,20 @@ def peripheral(ctx, transport):
             scenario_factory,
             mode_factory,
             ctx.obj['classic'],
+            ctx.obj['iso'],
             ctx.obj['extended_data_length'],
             ctx.obj['role_switch'],
+            ctx.obj['le_scan'],
+            ctx.obj['le_advertise'],
+            ctx.obj['classic_page_scan'],
+            ctx.obj['classic_inquiry_scan'],
         ).run()
 
     asyncio.run(run_peripheral())
 
 
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(
-        level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper(),
-        format="[%(asctime)s.%(msecs)03d] %(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s",
-        datefmt="%H:%M:%S",
-    )
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('INFO')
     bench()
 
 

apps/ble_rpa_tool.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import click
+
 from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.hci import Address
 from bumble.helpers import generate_irk, verify_rpa_with_irk

apps/console.py

@@ -23,58 +23,54 @@ import asyncio
 import logging
 import os
 import re
-import humanize
-from typing import Optional, Union
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
 import click
+import humanize
 from prettytable import PrettyTable
-
 from prompt_toolkit import Application
-from prompt_toolkit.history import FileHistory
 from prompt_toolkit.completion import Completer, Completion, NestedCompleter
-from prompt_toolkit.key_binding import KeyBindings
-from prompt_toolkit.formatted_text import ANSI
-from prompt_toolkit.styles import Style
-from prompt_toolkit.filters import Condition
-from prompt_toolkit.widgets import TextArea, Frame
-from prompt_toolkit.widgets.toolbars import FormattedTextToolbar
 from prompt_toolkit.data_structures import Point
+from prompt_toolkit.filters import Condition
+from prompt_toolkit.formatted_text import ANSI
+from prompt_toolkit.history import FileHistory
+from prompt_toolkit.key_binding import KeyBindings
 from prompt_toolkit.layout import (
-    Layout,
-    HSplit,
-    Window,
     CompletionsMenu,
-    Float,
-    FormattedTextControl,
-    FloatContainer,
     ConditionalContainer,
     Dimension,
+    Float,
+    FloatContainer,
+    FormattedTextControl,
+    HSplit,
+    Layout,
+    Window,
 )
+from prompt_toolkit.styles import Style
+from prompt_toolkit.widgets import Frame, TextArea
+from prompt_toolkit.widgets.toolbars import FormattedTextToolbar
 
-from bumble import __version__
 import bumble.core
-from bumble import colors
-from bumble.core import UUID, AdvertisingData, PhysicalTransport
+from bumble import __version__, colors
+from bumble.core import UUID, AdvertisingData
 from bumble.device import (
+    Connection,
     ConnectionParametersPreferences,
     ConnectionPHY,
     Device,
-    Connection,
     Peer,
 )
-from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
-from bumble.gatt import Characteristic, Service, CharacteristicDeclaration, Descriptor
+from bumble.gatt import Characteristic, CharacteristicDeclaration, Descriptor, Service
 from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy
 from bumble.hci import (
-    Address,
-    HCI_Constant,
     HCI_LE_1M_PHY,
     HCI_LE_2M_PHY,
     HCI_LE_CODED_PHY,
+    Address,
+    HCI_Constant,
 )
-
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
+from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -129,8 +125,8 @@ def parse_phys(phys):
 # Console App
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ConsoleApp:
-    connected_peer: Optional[Peer]
-    connection_phy: Optional[ConnectionPHY]
+    connected_peer: Peer | None
+    connection_phy: ConnectionPHY | None
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.known_addresses = set()
@@ -291,7 +287,7 @@ class ConsoleApp:
     async def run_async(self, device_config, transport):
         rssi_monitoring_task = asyncio.create_task(self.rssi_monitor_loop())
 
-        async with await open_transport_or_link(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+        async with await open_transport(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
             if device_config:
                 self.device = Device.from_config_file_with_hci(
                     device_config, hci_source, hci_sink
@@ -523,7 +519,7 @@ class ConsoleApp:
 
         self.show_attributes(attributes)
 
-    def find_remote_characteristic(self, param) -> Optional[CharacteristicProxy]:
+    def find_remote_characteristic(self, param) -> CharacteristicProxy | None:
         if not self.connected_peer:
             return None
         parts = param.split('.')
@@ -545,9 +541,7 @@ class ConsoleApp:
 
         return None
 
-    def find_local_attribute(
-        self, param
-    ) -> Optional[Union[Characteristic, Descriptor]]:
+    def find_local_attribute(self, param) -> Characteristic | Descriptor | None:
         parts = param.split('.')
         if len(parts) == 3:
             service_uuid = UUID(parts[0])
@@ -1099,9 +1093,7 @@ class DeviceListener(Device.Listener, Connection.Listener):
             if self.app.connected_peer.connection.is_encrypted
             else 'not encrypted'
         )
-        self.app.append_to_output(
-            'connection encryption change: ' f'{encryption_state}'
-        )
+        self.app.append_to_output(f'connection encryption change: {encryption_state}')
 
     def on_connection_data_length_change(self):
         self.app.append_to_output(

apps/controller_info.py

@@ -16,130 +16,118 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
-import logging
 import time
 
 import click
 
-from bumble.company_ids import COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.colors import color
+from bumble.company_ids import COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS
 from bumble.core import name_or_number
 from bumble.hci import (
-    map_null_terminated_utf8_string,
-    CodecID,
-    LeFeature,
-    HCI_SUCCESS,
-    HCI_VERSION_NAMES,
-    LMP_VERSION_NAMES,
-    HCI_Command,
-    HCI_Command_Complete_Event,
-    HCI_Command_Status_Event,
-    HCI_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_COMMAND,
-    HCI_Read_Buffer_Size_Command,
-    HCI_LE_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_V2_COMMAND,
-    HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_V2_Command,
-    HCI_READ_BD_ADDR_COMMAND,
-    HCI_Read_BD_ADDR_Command,
-    HCI_READ_LOCAL_NAME_COMMAND,
-    HCI_Read_Local_Name_Command,
     HCI_LE_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_COMMAND,
-    HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_Command,
+    HCI_LE_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_V2_COMMAND,
     HCI_LE_READ_MAXIMUM_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND,
-    HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Data_Length_Command,
-    HCI_LE_READ_NUMBER_OF_SUPPORTED_ADVERTISING_SETS_COMMAND,
-    HCI_LE_Read_Number_Of_Supported_Advertising_Sets_Command,
-    HCI_LE_READ_MAXIMUM_ADVERTISING_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND,
-    HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Advertising_Data_Length_Command,
+    HCI_LE_READ_MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_CONNECTION_INTERVAL_COMMAND,
     HCI_LE_READ_SUGGESTED_DEFAULT_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND,
+    HCI_READ_BD_ADDR_COMMAND,
+    HCI_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_COMMAND,
+    HCI_READ_LOCAL_NAME_COMMAND,
+    HCI_Command,
+    HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_Command,
+    HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_V2_Command,
+    HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Data_Length_Command,
+    HCI_LE_Read_Minimum_Supported_Connection_Interval_Command,
     HCI_LE_Read_Suggested_Default_Data_Length_Command,
+    HCI_Read_BD_ADDR_Command,
+    HCI_Read_Buffer_Size_Command,
+    HCI_Read_Local_Name_Command,
     HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_Command,
     HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command,
     HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command,
+    LeFeature,
+    SpecificationVersion,
+    map_null_terminated_utf8_string,
 )
 from bumble.host import Host
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
-
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def command_succeeded(response):
-    if isinstance(response, HCI_Command_Status_Event):
-        return response.status == HCI_SUCCESS
-    if isinstance(response, HCI_Command_Complete_Event):
-        return response.return_parameters.status == HCI_SUCCESS
-    return False
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def get_classic_info(host: Host) -> None:
     if host.supports_command(HCI_READ_BD_ADDR_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(HCI_Read_BD_ADDR_Command())
-        if command_succeeded(response):
-            print()
-            print(
-                color('Public Address:', 'yellow'),
-                response.return_parameters.bd_addr.to_string(False),
-            )
+        response1 = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_Read_BD_ADDR_Command())
+        print()
+        print(
+            color('Public Address:', 'yellow'),
+            response1.bd_addr.to_string(False),
+        )
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_READ_LOCAL_NAME_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(HCI_Read_Local_Name_Command())
-        if command_succeeded(response):
-            print()
-            print(
-                color('Local Name:', 'yellow'),
-                map_null_terminated_utf8_string(response.return_parameters.local_name),
-            )
+        response2 = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_Read_Local_Name_Command())
+        print()
+        print(
+            color('Local Name:', 'yellow'),
+            map_null_terminated_utf8_string(response2.local_name),
+        )
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def get_le_info(host: Host) -> None:
     print()
 
-    if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_NUMBER_OF_SUPPORTED_ADVERTISING_SETS_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_LE_Read_Number_Of_Supported_Advertising_Sets_Command()
-        )
-        if command_succeeded(response):
-            print(
-                color('LE Number Of Supported Advertising Sets:', 'yellow'),
-                response.return_parameters.num_supported_advertising_sets,
-                '\n',
-            )
+    print(
+        color('LE Number Of Supported Advertising Sets:', 'yellow'),
+        host.number_of_supported_advertising_sets,
+        '\n',
+    )
 
-    if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_MAXIMUM_ADVERTISING_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Advertising_Data_Length_Command()
-        )
-        if command_succeeded(response):
-            print(
-                color('LE Maximum Advertising Data Length:', 'yellow'),
-                response.return_parameters.max_advertising_data_length,
-                '\n',
-            )
+    print(
+        color('LE Maximum Advertising Data Length:', 'yellow'),
+        host.maximum_advertising_data_length,
+        '\n',
+    )
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_MAXIMUM_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Data_Length_Command())
-        if command_succeeded(response):
-            print(
-                color('Maximum Data Length:', 'yellow'),
-                (
-                    f'tx:{response.return_parameters.supported_max_tx_octets}/'
-                    f'{response.return_parameters.supported_max_tx_time}, '
-                    f'rx:{response.return_parameters.supported_max_rx_octets}/'
-                    f'{response.return_parameters.supported_max_rx_time}'
-                ),
-                '\n',
-            )
+        response1 = await host.send_sync_command(
+            HCI_LE_Read_Maximum_Data_Length_Command()
+        )
+        print(
+            color('LE Maximum Data Length:', 'yellow'),
+            (
+                f'tx:{response1.supported_max_tx_octets}/'
+                f'{response1.supported_max_tx_time}, '
+                f'rx:{response1.supported_max_rx_octets}/'
+                f'{response1.supported_max_rx_time}'
+            ),
+        )
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_SUGGESTED_DEFAULT_DATA_LENGTH_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
+        response2 = await host.send_sync_command(
             HCI_LE_Read_Suggested_Default_Data_Length_Command()
         )
-        if command_succeeded(response):
+        print(
+            color('LE Suggested Default Data Length:', 'yellow'),
+            f'{response2.suggested_max_tx_octets}/'
+            f'{response2.suggested_max_tx_time}',
+            '\n',
+        )
+
+    if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_CONNECTION_INTERVAL_COMMAND):
+        response3 = await host.send_sync_command(
+            HCI_LE_Read_Minimum_Supported_Connection_Interval_Command()
+        )
+        print(
+            color('LE Minimum Supported Connection Interval:', 'yellow'),
+            f'{response3.minimum_supported_connection_interval * 125} µs',
+        )
+        for group in range(len(response3.group_min)):
             print(
-                color('Suggested Default Data Length:', 'yellow'),
-                f'{response.return_parameters.suggested_max_tx_octets}/'
-                f'{response.return_parameters.suggested_max_tx_time}',
+                f'  Group {group}: '
+                f'{response3.group_min[group] * 125} µs to '
+                f'{response3.group_max[group] * 125} µs '
+                'by increments of '
+                f'{response3.group_stride[group] * 125} µs',
                 '\n',
             )
 
@@ -153,37 +141,31 @@ async def get_flow_control_info(host: Host) -> None:
     print()
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_Read_Buffer_Size_Command(), check_result=True
-        )
+        response1 = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_Read_Buffer_Size_Command())
         print(
             color('ACL Flow Control:', 'yellow'),
-            f'{response.return_parameters.hc_total_num_acl_data_packets} '
-            f'packets of size {response.return_parameters.hc_acl_data_packet_length}',
+            f'{response1.hc_total_num_acl_data_packets} '
+            f'packets of size {response1.hc_acl_data_packet_length}',
         )
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_V2_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_V2_Command(), check_result=True
-        )
+        response2 = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_V2_Command())
         print(
             color('LE ACL Flow Control:', 'yellow'),
-            f'{response.return_parameters.total_num_le_acl_data_packets} '
-            f'packets of size {response.return_parameters.le_acl_data_packet_length}',
+            f'{response2.total_num_le_acl_data_packets} '
+            f'packets of size {response2.le_acl_data_packet_length}',
         )
         print(
             color('LE ISO Flow Control:', 'yellow'),
-            f'{response.return_parameters.total_num_iso_data_packets} '
-            f'packets of size {response.return_parameters.iso_data_packet_length}',
+            f'{response2.total_num_iso_data_packets} '
+            f'packets of size {response2.iso_data_packet_length}',
         )
     elif host.supports_command(HCI_LE_READ_BUFFER_SIZE_COMMAND):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_Command(), check_result=True
-        )
+        response3 = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_LE_Read_Buffer_Size_Command())
         print(
             color('LE ACL Flow Control:', 'yellow'),
-            f'{response.return_parameters.total_num_le_acl_data_packets} '
-            f'packets of size {response.return_parameters.le_acl_data_packet_length}',
+            f'{response3.total_num_le_acl_data_packets} '
+            f'packets of size {response3.le_acl_data_packet_length}',
         )
 
 
@@ -192,78 +174,85 @@ async def get_codecs_info(host: Host) -> None:
     print()
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command.op_code):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command(), check_result=True
+        response1 = await host.send_sync_command(
+            HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command()
         )
         print(color('Codecs:', 'yellow'))
 
         for codec_id, transport in zip(
-            response.return_parameters.standard_codec_ids,
-            response.return_parameters.standard_codec_transports,
+            response1.standard_codec_ids,
+            response1.standard_codec_transports,
         ):
-            transport_name = HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command.Transport(
-                transport
-            ).name
-            codec_name = CodecID(codec_id).name
-            print(f'  {codec_name} - {transport_name}')
+            print(f'  {codec_id.name} - {transport.name}')
 
-        for codec_id, transport in zip(
-            response.return_parameters.vendor_specific_codec_ids,
-            response.return_parameters.vendor_specific_codec_transports,
+        for vendor_codec_id, vendor_transport in zip(
+            response1.vendor_specific_codec_ids,
+            response1.vendor_specific_codec_transports,
         ):
-            transport_name = HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_V2_Command.Transport(
-                transport
-            ).name
-            company = name_or_number(COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS, codec_id >> 16)
-            print(f'  {company} / {codec_id & 0xFFFF} - {transport_name}')
+            company = name_or_number(COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS, vendor_codec_id >> 16)
+            print(f'  {company} / {vendor_codec_id & 0xFFFF} - {vendor_transport.name}')
 
-        if not response.return_parameters.standard_codec_ids:
+        if not response1.standard_codec_ids:
             print('  No standard codecs')
-        if not response.return_parameters.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
+        if not response1.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
             print('  No Vendor-specific codecs')
 
     if host.supports_command(HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_Command.op_code):
-        response = await host.send_command(
-            HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_Command(), check_result=True
+        response2 = await host.send_sync_command(
+            HCI_Read_Local_Supported_Codecs_Command()
         )
         print(color('Codecs (BR/EDR):', 'yellow'))
-        for codec_id in response.return_parameters.standard_codec_ids:
-            codec_name = CodecID(codec_id).name
-            print(f'  {codec_name}')
+        for codec_id in response2.standard_codec_ids:
+            print(f'  {codec_id.name}')
 
-        for codec_id in response.return_parameters.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
-            company = name_or_number(COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS, codec_id >> 16)
-            print(f'  {company} / {codec_id & 0xFFFF}')
+        for vendor_codec_id in response2.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
+            company = name_or_number(COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS, vendor_codec_id >> 16)
+            print(f'  {company} / {vendor_codec_id & 0xFFFF}')
 
-        if not response.return_parameters.standard_codec_ids:
+        if not response2.standard_codec_ids:
             print('  No standard codecs')
-        if not response.return_parameters.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
+        if not response2.vendor_specific_codec_ids:
             print('  No Vendor-specific codecs')
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-async def async_main(latency_probes, transport):
+async def async_main(
+    latency_probes, latency_probe_interval, latency_probe_command, transport
+):
     print('<<< connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+    async with await open_transport(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         print('<<< connected')
 
         host = Host(hci_source, hci_sink)
         await host.reset()
 
         # Measure the latency if requested
+        # (we add an extra probe at the start, that we ignore, just to ensure that
+        # the transport is primed)
         latencies = []
         if latency_probes:
-            for _ in range(latency_probes):
+            if latency_probe_command:
+                probe_hci_command = HCI_Command.from_bytes(
+                    bytes.fromhex(latency_probe_command)
+                )
+            else:
+                probe_hci_command = HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command()
+
+            for iteration in range(1 + latency_probes):
+                if latency_probe_interval:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(latency_probe_interval / 1000)
                 start = time.time()
-                await host.send_command(HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command())
-                latencies.append(1000 * (time.time() - start))
+                await host.send_command(probe_hci_command)
+                if iteration:
+                    latencies.append(1000 * (time.time() - start))
             print(
                 color('HCI Command Latency:', 'yellow'),
                 (
                     f'min={min(latencies):.2f}, '
                     f'max={max(latencies):.2f}, '
-                    f'average={sum(latencies)/len(latencies):.2f}'
+                    f'average={sum(latencies) / len(latencies):.2f},'
                 ),
+                [f'{latency:.4}' for latency in latencies],
                 '\n',
             )
 
@@ -275,14 +264,20 @@ async def async_main(latency_probes, transport):
         )
         print(
             color('  HCI Version:   ', 'green'),
-            name_or_number(HCI_VERSION_NAMES, host.local_version.hci_version),
+            SpecificationVersion(host.local_version.hci_version).name,
+        )
+        print(
+            color('  HCI Subversion:', 'green'),
+            f'0x{host.local_version.hci_subversion:04x}',
         )
-        print(color('  HCI Subversion:', 'green'), host.local_version.hci_subversion)
         print(
             color('  LMP Version:   ', 'green'),
-            name_or_number(LMP_VERSION_NAMES, host.local_version.lmp_version),
+            SpecificationVersion(host.local_version.lmp_version).name,
+        )
+        print(
+            color('  LMP Subversion:', 'green'),
+            f'0x{host.local_version.lmp_subversion:04x}',
         )
-        print(color('  LMP Subversion:', 'green'), host.local_version.lmp_subversion)
 
         # Get the Classic info
         await get_classic_info(host)
@@ -311,10 +306,28 @@ async def async_main(latency_probes, transport):
     type=int,
     help='Send N commands to measure HCI transport latency statistics',
 )
+@click.option(
+    '--latency-probe-interval',
+    metavar='INTERVAL',
+    type=int,
+    help='Interval between latency probes (milliseconds)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--latency-probe-command',
+    metavar='COMMAND_HEX',
+    help=(
+        'Probe command (HCI Command packet bytes, in hex. Use 0177FC00 for'
+        ' a loopback test with the HCI remote proxy app)'
+    ),
+)
 @click.argument('transport')
-def main(latency_probes, transport):
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
-    asyncio.run(async_main(latency_probes, transport))
+def main(latency_probes, latency_probe_interval, latency_probe_command, transport):
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
+    asyncio.run(
+        async_main(
+            latency_probes, latency_probe_interval, latency_probe_command, transport
+        )
+    )
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

apps/controller_loopback.py

@@ -16,21 +16,21 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import logging
-import os
 import time
-from typing import Optional
+
+import click
+
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.hci import (
     HCI_READ_LOOPBACK_MODE_COMMAND,
-    HCI_Read_Loopback_Mode_Command,
     HCI_WRITE_LOOPBACK_MODE_COMMAND,
+    HCI_Read_Loopback_Mode_Command,
     HCI_Write_Loopback_Mode_Command,
     LoopbackMode,
 )
 from bumble.host import Host
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
-import click
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 class Loopback:
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class Loopback:
         self.transport = transport
         self.packet_size = packet_size
         self.packet_count = packet_count
-        self.connection_handle: Optional[int] = None
+        self.connection_handle: int | None = None
         self.connection_event = asyncio.Event()
         self.done = asyncio.Event()
         self.expected_cid = 0
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ class Loopback:
             print(color('@@@ Received last packet', 'green'))
             self.done.set()
 
-    async def run(self):
+    async def run(self) -> None:
         """Run a loopback throughput test"""
         print(color('>>> Connecting to HCI...', 'green'))
-        async with await open_transport_or_link(self.transport) as (
+        async with await open_transport(self.transport) as (
             hci_source,
             hci_sink,
         ):
@@ -100,11 +100,15 @@ class Loopback:
             # make sure data can fit in one l2cap pdu
             l2cap_header_size = 4
 
-            max_packet_size = (
+            packet_queue = (
                 host.acl_packet_queue
                 if host.acl_packet_queue
                 else host.le_acl_packet_queue
-            ).max_packet_size - l2cap_header_size
+            )
+            if packet_queue is None:
+                print(color('!!! No packet queue', 'red'))
+                return
+            max_packet_size = packet_queue.max_packet_size - l2cap_header_size
             if self.packet_size > max_packet_size:
                 print(
                     color(
@@ -128,20 +132,18 @@ class Loopback:
             loopback_mode = LoopbackMode.LOCAL
 
             print(color('### Setting loopback mode', 'blue'))
-            await host.send_command(
+            await host.send_sync_command(
                 HCI_Write_Loopback_Mode_Command(loopback_mode=LoopbackMode.LOCAL),
-                check_result=True,
             )
 
             print(color('### Checking loopback mode', 'blue'))
-            response = await host.send_command(
-                HCI_Read_Loopback_Mode_Command(), check_result=True
-            )
-            if response.return_parameters.loopback_mode != loopback_mode:
+            response = await host.send_sync_command(HCI_Read_Loopback_Mode_Command())
+            if response.loopback_mode != loopback_mode:
                 print(color('!!! Loopback mode mismatch', 'red'))
                 return
 
             await self.connection_event.wait()
+            assert self.connection_handle is not None
             print(color('### Connected', 'cyan'))
 
             print(color('=== Start sending', 'magenta'))
@@ -194,8 +196,7 @@ class Loopback:
 )
 @click.argument('transport')
 def main(packet_size, packet_count, transport):
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
-
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     loopback = Loopback(packet_size, packet_count, transport)
     asyncio.run(loopback.run())
 

apps/controllers.py

@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-import logging
 import asyncio
 import sys
-import os
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.controller import Controller
 from bumble.link import LocalLink
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ async def async_main():
     transports = []
     controllers = []
     for index, transport_name in enumerate(sys.argv[1:]):
-        transport = await open_transport_or_link(transport_name)
+        transport = await open_transport(transport_name)
         transports.append(transport)
         controller = Controller(
             f'C{index}',
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ async def async_main():
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     asyncio.run(async_main())
 
 

apps/device_info.py

@@ -16,23 +16,22 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
-import logging
-from typing import Callable, Iterable, Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 
 import click
 
-from bumble.core import ProtocolError
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.colors import color
+from bumble.core import ProtocolError
 from bumble.device import Device, Peer
 from bumble.gatt import Service
-from bumble.profiles.device_information_service import DeviceInformationServiceProxy
 from bumble.profiles.battery_service import BatteryServiceProxy
+from bumble.profiles.device_information_service import DeviceInformationServiceProxy
 from bumble.profiles.gap import GenericAccessServiceProxy
 from bumble.profiles.pacs import PublishedAudioCapabilitiesServiceProxy
 from bumble.profiles.tmap import TelephonyAndMediaAudioServiceProxy
 from bumble.profiles.vcs import VolumeControlServiceProxy
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ async def show_vcs(vcs: VolumeControlServiceProxy) -> None:
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-async def show_device_info(peer, done: Optional[asyncio.Future]) -> None:
+async def show_device_info(peer, done: asyncio.Future | None) -> None:
     try:
         # Discover all services
         print(color('### Discovering Services and Characteristics', 'magenta'))
@@ -215,8 +214,7 @@ async def show_device_info(peer, done: Optional[asyncio.Future]) -> None:
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def async_main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name):
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
-
+    async with await open_transport(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         # Create a device
         if device_config:
             device = Device.from_config_file_with_hci(
@@ -267,7 +265,7 @@ def main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name):
     Dump the GATT database on a remote device. If ADDRESS_OR_NAME is not specified,
     wait for an incoming connection.
     """
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     asyncio.run(async_main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name))
 
 

apps/gatt_dump.py

@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
-import logging
+
 import click
 
 import bumble.core
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.device import Device, Peer
 from bumble.gatt import show_services
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -60,8 +60,7 @@ async def dump_gatt_db(peer, done):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def async_main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name):
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
-
+    async with await open_transport(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         # Create a device
         if device_config:
             device = Device.from_config_file_with_hci(
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ def main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name):
     Dump the GATT database on a remote device. If ADDRESS_OR_NAME is not specified,
     wait for an incoming connection.
     """
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     asyncio.run(async_main(device_config, encrypt, transport, address_or_name))
 
 

apps/gg_bridge.py

@@ -16,20 +16,19 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
 import struct
-import logging
+
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble import l2cap
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Device, Peer
 from bumble.core import AdvertisingData
-from bumble.gatt import Service, Characteristic, CharacteristicValue
-from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
+from bumble.device import Device, Peer
+from bumble.gatt import Characteristic, CharacteristicValue, Service
 from bumble.hci import HCI_Constant
-
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
+from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -325,7 +324,7 @@ async def run(
     receive_port,
 ):
     print('<<< connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+    async with await open_transport(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         print('<<< connected')
 
         # Instantiate a bridge object
@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ async def run(
         await bridge.start()
 
         # Wait until the source terminates
-        await hci_source.wait_for_termination()
+        await hci_source.terminated
 
 
 @click.command()
@@ -383,6 +382,7 @@ def main(
     receive_host,
     receive_port,
 ):
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
     asyncio.run(
         run(
             hci_transport,
@@ -397,6 +397,5 @@ def main(
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()

apps/hci_bridge.py

@@ -12,14 +12,15 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+import asyncio
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import logging
-import asyncio
-import os
 import sys
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble import hci, transport
 from bumble.bridge import HCI_Bridge
 
@@ -46,14 +47,14 @@ async def async_main():
         return
 
     print('>>> connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await transport.open_transport_or_link(sys.argv[1]) as (
+    async with await transport.open_transport(sys.argv[1]) as (
         hci_host_source,
         hci_host_sink,
     ):
         print('>>> connected')
 
         print('>>> connecting to HCI...')
-        async with await transport.open_transport_or_link(sys.argv[2]) as (
+        async with await transport.open_transport(sys.argv[2]) as (
             hci_controller_source,
             hci_controller_sink,
         ):
@@ -80,7 +81,9 @@ async def async_main():
                     response = hci.HCI_Command_Complete_Event(
                         num_hci_command_packets=1,
                         command_opcode=hci_packet.op_code,
-                        return_parameters=bytes([hci.HCI_SUCCESS]),
+                        return_parameters=hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters(
+                            status=hci.HCI_ErrorCode.SUCCESS
+                        ),
                     )
                     # Return a packet with 'respond to sender' set to True
                     return (bytes(response), True)
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ async def async_main():
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     asyncio.run(async_main())
 
 

apps/l2cap_bridge.py

@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import logging
-import os
+
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble import l2cap
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
 from bumble.device import Device
-from bumble.utils import FlowControlAsyncPipe
 from bumble.hci import HCI_Constant
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
+from bumble.utils import FlowControlAsyncPipe
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class ClientBridge:
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def run(device_config, hci_transport, bridge):
     print('<<< connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+    async with await open_transport(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         print('<<< connected')
 
         device = Device.from_config_file_with_hci(device_config, hci_source, hci_sink)
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ async def run(device_config, hci_transport, bridge):
         await bridge.start(device)
 
         # Wait until the transport terminates
-        await hci_source.wait_for_termination()
+        await hci_source.terminated
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -356,6 +356,6 @@ def client(context, bluetooth_address, tcp_host, tcp_port):
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
 if __name__ == '__main__':
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
     cli(obj={})  # pylint: disable=no-value-for-parameter

apps/lea_unicast/app.py

@@ -20,31 +20,30 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 import datetime
 import functools
-from importlib import resources
 import json
-import os
 import logging
 import pathlib
-import weakref
 import wave
+import weakref
+from importlib import resources
 
 try:
     import lc3  # type: ignore  # pylint: disable=E0401
 except ImportError as e:
     raise ImportError("Try `python -m pip install \".[lc3]\"`.") from e
 
-import click
 import aiohttp.web
+import click
 
 import bumble
-from bumble import utils
-from bumble.core import AdvertisingData
+import bumble.logging
+from bumble import data_types, utils
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Device, DeviceConfiguration, AdvertisingParameters, CisLink
-from bumble.transport import open_transport
-from bumble.profiles import ascs, bap, pacs
+from bumble.core import AdvertisingData
+from bumble.device import AdvertisingParameters, CisLink, Device, DeviceConfiguration
 from bumble.hci import Address, CodecID, CodingFormat, HCI_IsoDataPacket
-
+from bumble.profiles import ascs, bap, pacs
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -269,7 +268,6 @@ class UiServer:
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Speaker:
-
     def __init__(
         self,
         device_config_path: str | None,
@@ -300,6 +298,7 @@ class Speaker:
                     advertising_interval_max=25,
                     address=Address('F1:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6'),
                     identity_address_type=Address.RANDOM_DEVICE_ADDRESS,
+                    eatt_enabled=True,
                 )
 
             device_config.le_enabled = True
@@ -331,17 +330,13 @@ class Speaker:
             advertising_data = bytes(
                 AdvertisingData(
                     [
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.COMPLETE_LOCAL_NAME,
-                            bytes(device_config.name, 'utf-8'),
+                        data_types.CompleteLocalName(device_config.name),
+                        data_types.Flags(
+                            AdvertisingData.Flags.LE_GENERAL_DISCOVERABLE_MODE
+                            | AdvertisingData.Flags.BR_EDR_NOT_SUPPORTED
                         ),
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.FLAGS,
-                            bytes([AdvertisingData.LE_GENERAL_DISCOVERABLE_MODE_FLAG]),
-                        ),
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_16_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS,
-                            bytes(pacs.PublishedAudioCapabilitiesService.UUID),
+                        data_types.IncompleteListOf16BitServiceUUIDs(
+                            [pacs.PublishedAudioCapabilitiesService.UUID]
                         ),
                     ]
                 )
@@ -449,7 +444,7 @@ def speaker(ui_port: int, device_config: str, transport: str, lc3_file: str) ->
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
     speaker()
 
 

apps/link_relay/link_relay.py

@@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2021-2022 Google LLC
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Imports
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-import sys
-import logging
-import json
-import asyncio
-import argparse
-import uuid
-import os
-from urllib.parse import urlparse
-import websockets
-
-from bumble.colors import color
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Logging
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Constants
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-DEFAULT_RELAY_PORT = 10723
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Utils
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def error_to_json(error):
-    return json.dumps({'error': error})
-
-
-def error_to_result(error):
-    return f'result:{error_to_json(error)}'
-
-
-async def broadcast_message(message, connections):
-    # Send to all the connections
-    tasks = [connection.send_message(message) for connection in connections]
-    if tasks:
-        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Connection class
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class Connection:
-    """
-    A Connection represents a client connected to the relay over a websocket
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, room, websocket):
-        self.room = room
-        self.websocket = websocket
-        self.address = str(uuid.uuid4())
-
-    async def send_message(self, message):
-        try:
-            logger.debug(color(f'->{self.address}: {message}', 'yellow'))
-            return await self.websocket.send(message)
-        except websockets.exceptions.WebSocketException as error:
-            logger.info(f'! client "{self}" disconnected: {error}')
-            await self.cleanup()
-
-    async def send_error(self, error):
-        return await self.send_message(f'result:{error_to_json(error)}')
-
-    async def receive_message(self):
-        try:
-            message = await self.websocket.recv()
-            logger.debug(color(f'<-{self.address}: {message}', 'blue'))
-            return message
-        except websockets.exceptions.WebSocketException as error:
-            logger.info(color(f'! client "{self}" disconnected: {error}', 'red'))
-            await self.cleanup()
-
-    async def cleanup(self):
-        if self.room:
-            await self.room.remove_connection(self)
-
-    def set_address(self, address):
-        logger.info(f'Connection address changed: {self.address} -> {address}')
-        self.address = address
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return (
-            f'Connection(address="{self.address}", '
-            f'client={self.websocket.remote_address[0]}:'
-            f'{self.websocket.remote_address[1]})'
-        )
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Room class
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class Room:
-    """
-    A Room is a collection of bridged connections
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, relay, name):
-        self.relay = relay
-        self.name = name
-        self.observers = []
-        self.connections = []
-
-    async def add_connection(self, connection):
-        logger.info(f'New participant in {self.name}: {connection}')
-        self.connections.append(connection)
-        await self.broadcast_message(connection, f'joined:{connection.address}')
-
-    async def remove_connection(self, connection):
-        if connection in self.connections:
-            self.connections.remove(connection)
-            await self.broadcast_message(connection, f'left:{connection.address}')
-
-    def find_connections_by_address(self, address):
-        return [c for c in self.connections if c.address == address]
-
-    async def bridge_connection(self, connection):
-        while True:
-            # Wait for a message
-            message = await connection.receive_message()
-
-            # Skip empty messages
-            if message is None:
-                return
-
-            # Parse the message to decide how to handle it
-            if message.startswith('@'):
-                # This is a targeted message
-                await self.on_targeted_message(connection, message)
-            elif message.startswith('/'):
-                # This is an RPC request
-                await self.on_rpc_request(connection, message)
-            else:
-                await connection.send_message(
-                    f'result:{error_to_json("error: invalid message")}'
-                )
-
-    async def broadcast_message(self, sender, message):
-        '''
-        Send to all connections in the room except back to the sender
-        '''
-        await broadcast_message(message, [c for c in self.connections if c != sender])
-
-    async def on_rpc_request(self, connection, message):
-        command, *params = message.split(' ', 1)
-        if handler := getattr(
-            self, f'on_{command[1:].lower().replace("-","_")}_command', None
-        ):
-            try:
-                result = await handler(connection, params)
-            except Exception as error:
-                result = error_to_result(error)
-        else:
-            result = error_to_result('unknown command')
-
-        await connection.send_message(result or 'result:{}')
-
-    async def on_targeted_message(self, connection, message):
-        target, *payload = message.split(' ', 1)
-        if not payload:
-            return error_to_json('missing arguments')
-        payload = payload[0]
-        target = target[1:]
-
-        # Determine what targets to send to
-        if target == '*':
-            # Send to all connections in the room except the connection from which the
-            # message was received
-            connections = [c for c in self.connections if c != connection]
-        else:
-            connections = self.find_connections_by_address(target)
-            if not connections:
-                # Unicast with no recipient, let the sender know
-                await connection.send_message(f'unreachable:{target}')
-
-        # Send to targets
-        await broadcast_message(f'message:{connection.address}/{payload}', connections)
-
-    async def on_set_address_command(self, connection, params):
-        if not params:
-            return error_to_result('missing address')
-
-        current_address = connection.address
-        new_address = params[0]
-        connection.set_address(new_address)
-        await self.broadcast_message(
-            connection, f'address-changed:from={current_address},to={new_address}'
-        )
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class Relay:
-    """
-    A relay accepts connections with the following url: ws://<hostname>/<room>.
-    Participants in a room can communicate with each other
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, port):
-        self.port = port
-        self.rooms = {}
-        self.observers = []
-
-    def start(self):
-        logger.info(f'Starting Relay on port {self.port}')
-
-        # pylint: disable-next=no-member
-        return websockets.serve(self.serve, '0.0.0.0', self.port, ping_interval=None)
-
-    async def serve_as_controller(self, connection):
-        pass
-
-    async def serve(self, websocket, path):
-        logger.debug(f'New connection with path {path}')
-
-        # Parse the path
-        parsed = urlparse(path)
-
-        # Check if this is a controller client
-        if parsed.path == '/':
-            return await self.serve_as_controller(Connection('', websocket))
-
-        # Find or create a room for this connection
-        room_name = parsed.path[1:].split('/')[0]
-        if room_name not in self.rooms:
-            self.rooms[room_name] = Room(self, room_name)
-        room = self.rooms[room_name]
-
-        # Add the connection to the room
-        connection = Connection(room, websocket)
-        await room.add_connection(connection)
-
-        # Bridge until the connection is closed
-        await room.bridge_connection(connection)
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def main():
-    # Check the Python version
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 6, 1):
-        print('ERROR: Python 3.6.1 or higher is required')
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
-
-    # Parse arguments
-    arg_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Bumble Link Relay')
-    arg_parser.add_argument('--log-level', default='INFO', help='logger level')
-    arg_parser.add_argument('--log-config', help='logger config file (YAML)')
-    arg_parser.add_argument(
-        '--port', type=int, default=DEFAULT_RELAY_PORT, help='Port to listen on'
-    )
-    args = arg_parser.parse_args()
-
-    # Setup logger
-    if args.log_config:
-        from logging import config  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-
-        config.fileConfig(args.log_config)
-    else:
-        logging.basicConfig(level=getattr(logging, args.log_level.upper()))
-
-    # Start a relay
-    relay = Relay(args.port)
-    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(relay.start())
-    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_forever()
-
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()

apps/link_relay/logging.yml

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-[loggers]
-keys=root
-
-[handlers]
-keys=stream_handler
-
-[formatters]
-keys=formatter
-
-[logger_root]
-level=DEBUG
-handlers=stream_handler
-
-[handler_stream_handler]
-class=StreamHandler
-level=DEBUG
-formatter=formatter
-args=(sys.stderr,)
-
-[formatter_formatter]
-format=%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s

apps/pair.py

@@ -15,43 +15,46 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
-import os
 import logging
-import struct
+import os
+from typing import ClassVar
 
 import click
 from prompt_toolkit.shortcuts import PromptSession
 
+from bumble import data_types, smp
 from bumble.a2dp import make_audio_sink_service_sdp_records
+from bumble.att import (
+    ATT_INSUFFICIENT_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR,
+    ATT_INSUFFICIENT_ENCRYPTION_ERROR,
+    ATT_Error,
+)
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Device, Peer
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
-from bumble.pairing import OobData, PairingDelegate, PairingConfig
-from bumble.smp import OobContext, OobLegacyContext
-from bumble.smp import error_name as smp_error_name
-from bumble.keys import JsonKeyStore
 from bumble.core import (
+    UUID,
     AdvertisingData,
     Appearance,
-    ProtocolError,
+    DataType,
     PhysicalTransport,
-    UUID,
+    ProtocolError,
 )
+from bumble.device import Connection, Device, Peer
 from bumble.gatt import (
     GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_GENERIC_ACCESS_SERVICE,
-    GATT_HEART_RATE_SERVICE,
     GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    Service,
+    GATT_HEART_RATE_SERVICE,
     Characteristic,
+    Service,
 )
 from bumble.hci import OwnAddressType
-from bumble.att import (
-    ATT_Error,
-    ATT_INSUFFICIENT_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR,
-    ATT_INSUFFICIENT_ENCRYPTION_ERROR,
-)
+from bumble.keys import JsonKeyStore
+from bumble.pairing import OobData, PairingConfig, PairingDelegate
+from bumble.smp import OobContext, OobLegacyContext
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ POST_PAIRING_DELAY = 1
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Waiter:
-    instance = None
+    instance: ClassVar[Waiter | None] = None
 
     def __init__(self, linger=False):
         self.done = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
@@ -316,40 +319,41 @@ async def on_classic_pairing(connection):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-async def on_pairing_failure(connection, reason):
+async def on_pairing_failure(connection: Connection, reason: smp.ErrorCode):
     print(color('***-----------------------------------', 'red'))
-    print(color(f'*** Pairing failed: {smp_error_name(reason)}', 'red'))
+    print(color(f'*** Pairing failed: {reason.name}', 'red'))
     print(color('***-----------------------------------', 'red'))
     await connection.disconnect()
-    Waiter.instance.terminate()
+    if Waiter.instance:
+        Waiter.instance.terminate()
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def pair(
-    mode,
-    sc,
-    mitm,
-    bond,
-    ctkd,
-    advertising_address,
-    identity_address,
-    linger,
-    io,
-    oob,
-    prompt,
-    request,
-    print_keys,
-    keystore_file,
-    advertise_service_uuids,
-    advertise_appearance,
-    device_config,
-    hci_transport,
-    address_or_name,
+    mode: str,
+    sc: bool,
+    mitm: bool,
+    bond: bool,
+    ctkd: bool,
+    advertising_address: str,
+    identity_address: str,
+    linger: bool,
+    io: str,
+    oob: str,
+    prompt: bool,
+    request: bool,
+    print_keys: bool,
+    keystore_file: str,
+    advertise_service_uuids: str,
+    advertise_appearance: str,
+    device_config: str,
+    hci_transport: str,
+    address_or_name: str,
 ):
     Waiter.instance = Waiter(linger=linger)
 
     print('<<< connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+    async with await open_transport(hci_transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         print('<<< connected')
 
         # Create a device to manage the host
@@ -402,14 +406,20 @@ async def pair(
         # Create an OOB context if needed
         if oob:
             our_oob_context = OobContext()
-            shared_data = (
-                None
-                if oob == '-'
-                else OobData.from_ad(
+            legacy_context: OobLegacyContext | None
+            if oob == '-':
+                shared_data = None
+                legacy_context = OobLegacyContext()
+            else:
+                oob_data = OobData.from_ad(
                     AdvertisingData.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(oob))
-                ).shared_data
-            )
-            legacy_context = OobLegacyContext()
+                )
+                shared_data = oob_data.shared_data
+                legacy_context = oob_data.legacy_context
+                if legacy_context is None and not sc:
+                    print(color('OOB pairing in legacy mode requires TK', 'red'))
+                    return
+
             oob_contexts = PairingConfig.OobConfig(
                 our_context=our_oob_context,
                 peer_data=shared_data,
@@ -419,7 +429,9 @@ async def pair(
             print(color('@@@ OOB Data:', 'yellow'))
             if shared_data is None:
                 oob_data = OobData(
-                    address=device.random_address, shared_data=our_oob_context.share()
+                    address=device.random_address,
+                    shared_data=our_oob_context.share(),
+                    legacy_context=(None if sc else legacy_context),
                 )
                 print(
                     color(
@@ -427,7 +439,8 @@ async def pair(
                         'yellow',
                     )
                 )
-            print(color(f'@@@   TK={legacy_context.tk.hex()}', 'yellow'))
+            if legacy_context:
+                print(color(f'@@@   TK={legacy_context.tk.hex()}', 'yellow'))
             print(color('@@@-----------------------------------', 'yellow'))
         else:
             oob_contexts = None
@@ -498,39 +511,29 @@ async def pair(
                 if mode == 'dual':
                     flags |= AdvertisingData.Flags.SIMULTANEOUS_LE_BR_EDR_CAPABLE
 
-                ad_structs = [
-                    (
-                        AdvertisingData.FLAGS,
-                        bytes([flags]),
-                    ),
-                    (AdvertisingData.COMPLETE_LOCAL_NAME, 'Bumble'.encode()),
+                advertising_data_types: list[DataType] = [
+                    data_types.Flags(flags),
+                    data_types.CompleteLocalName('Bumble'),
                 ]
                 if service_uuids_16:
-                    ad_structs.append(
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_16_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS,
-                            b"".join(bytes(uuid) for uuid in service_uuids_16),
-                        )
+                    advertising_data_types.append(
+                        data_types.IncompleteListOf16BitServiceUUIDs(service_uuids_16)
                     )
                 if service_uuids_32:
-                    ad_structs.append(
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_32_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS,
-                            b"".join(bytes(uuid) for uuid in service_uuids_32),
-                        )
+                    advertising_data_types.append(
+                        data_types.IncompleteListOf32BitServiceUUIDs(service_uuids_32)
                     )
                 if service_uuids_128:
-                    ad_structs.append(
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_128_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS,
-                            b"".join(bytes(uuid) for uuid in service_uuids_128),
-                        )
+                    advertising_data_types.append(
+                        data_types.IncompleteListOf128BitServiceUUIDs(service_uuids_128)
                     )
 
                 if advertise_appearance:
                     advertise_appearance = advertise_appearance.upper()
                     try:
-                        advertise_appearance_int = int(advertise_appearance)
+                        appearance = data_types.Appearance.from_int(
+                            int(advertise_appearance)
+                        )
                     except ValueError:
                         category, subcategory = advertise_appearance.split('/')
                         try:
@@ -548,16 +551,12 @@ async def pair(
                         except ValueError:
                             print(color(f'Invalid subcategory {subcategory}', 'red'))
                             return
-                        advertise_appearance_int = int(
-                            Appearance(category_enum, subcategory_enum)
+                        appearance = data_types.Appearance(
+                            category_enum, subcategory_enum
                         )
-                    ad_structs.append(
-                        (
-                            AdvertisingData.APPEARANCE,
-                            struct.pack('<H', advertise_appearance_int),
-                        )
-                    )
-                device.advertising_data = bytes(AdvertisingData(ad_structs))
+
+                    advertising_data_types.append(appearance)
+                device.advertising_data = bytes(AdvertisingData(advertising_data_types))
                 await device.start_advertising(
                     auto_restart=True,
                     own_address_type=(
@@ -666,25 +665,25 @@ class LogHandler(logging.Handler):
 @click.argument('hci_transport')
 @click.argument('address-or-name', required=False)
 def main(
-    mode,
-    sc,
-    mitm,
-    bond,
-    ctkd,
-    advertising_address,
-    identity_address,
-    linger,
-    io,
-    oob,
-    prompt,
-    request,
-    print_keys,
-    keystore_file,
-    advertise_service_uuid,
-    advertise_appearance,
-    device_config,
-    hci_transport,
-    address_or_name,
+    mode: str,
+    sc: bool,
+    mitm: bool,
+    bond: bool,
+    ctkd: bool,
+    advertising_address: str,
+    identity_address: str,
+    linger: bool,
+    io: str,
+    oob: str,
+    prompt: bool,
+    request: bool,
+    print_keys: bool,
+    keystore_file: str,
+    advertise_service_uuid: str,
+    advertise_appearance: str,
+    device_config: str,
+    hci_transport: str,
+    address_or_name: str,
 ):
     # Setup logging
     log_handler = LogHandler()

apps/pandora_server.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import asyncio
-import click
-import logging
 import json
+import logging
+from typing import Any
 
-from bumble.pandora import PandoraDevice, Config, serve
-from typing import Dict, Any
+import click
+
+from bumble.pandora import Config, PandoraDevice, serve
 
 BUMBLE_SERVER_GRPC_PORT = 7999
 ROOTCANAL_PORT_CUTTLEFISH = 7300
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ ROOTCANAL_PORT_CUTTLEFISH = 7300
 @click.option(
     '--transport',
     help='HCI transport',
-    default=f'tcp-client:127.0.0.1:<rootcanal-port>',
+    default='tcp-client:127.0.0.1:<rootcanal-port>',
 )
 @click.option(
     '--config',
@@ -39,11 +40,11 @@ def main(grpc_port: int, rootcanal_port: int, transport: str, config: str) -> No
     asyncio.run(serve(device, config=server_config, port=grpc_port))
 
 
-def retrieve_config(config: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def retrieve_config(config: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not config:
         return {}
 
-    with open(config, 'r') as f:
+    with open(config) as f:
         return json.load(f)
 
 

apps/player/player.py

@@ -16,55 +16,49 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
-import asyncio.subprocess
-import os
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.a2dp import (
-    make_audio_source_service_sdp_records,
-    A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE,
     A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE,
     A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE,
+    A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE,
     AacFrame,
-    AacParser,
-    AacPacketSource,
     AacMediaCodecInformation,
-    SbcFrame,
-    SbcParser,
-    SbcPacketSource,
-    SbcMediaCodecInformation,
-    OpusPacket,
-    OpusParser,
-    OpusPacketSource,
+    AacPacketSource,
+    AacParser,
     OpusMediaCodecInformation,
+    OpusPacket,
+    OpusPacketSource,
+    OpusParser,
+    SbcFrame,
+    SbcMediaCodecInformation,
+    SbcPacketSource,
+    SbcParser,
+    make_audio_source_service_sdp_records,
 )
-from bumble.avrcp import Protocol as AvrcpProtocol
 from bumble.avdtp import (
-    find_avdtp_service_with_connection,
     AVDTP_AUDIO_MEDIA_TYPE,
     AVDTP_DELAY_REPORTING_SERVICE_CATEGORY,
     MediaCodecCapabilities,
     MediaPacketPump,
-    Protocol as AvdtpProtocol,
+    find_avdtp_service_with_connection,
 )
+from bumble.avdtp import Protocol as AvdtpProtocol
+from bumble.avrcp import Protocol as AvrcpProtocol
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.core import (
-    AdvertisingData,
-    ConnectionError as BumbleConnectionError,
-    DeviceClass,
-    PhysicalTransport,
-)
+from bumble.core import AdvertisingData, DeviceClass, PhysicalTransport
+from bumble.core import ConnectionError as BumbleConnectionError
 from bumble.device import Connection, Device, DeviceConfiguration
-from bumble.hci import Address, HCI_CONNECTION_ALREADY_EXISTS_ERROR, HCI_Constant
+from bumble.hci import HCI_CONNECTION_ALREADY_EXISTS_ERROR, Address, HCI_Constant
 from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
 from bumble.transport import open_transport
 from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -195,7 +189,7 @@ class Player:
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: str,
-        device_config: Optional[str],
+        device_config: str | None,
         authenticate: bool,
         encrypt: bool,
     ) -> None:
@@ -203,8 +197,8 @@ class Player:
         self.device_config = device_config
         self.authenticate = authenticate
         self.encrypt = encrypt
-        self.avrcp_protocol: Optional[AvrcpProtocol] = None
-        self.done: Optional[asyncio.Event]
+        self.avrcp_protocol: AvrcpProtocol | None = None
+        self.done: asyncio.Event | None
 
     async def run(self, workload) -> None:
         self.done = asyncio.Event()
@@ -319,7 +313,7 @@ class Player:
         codec_type: int,
         vendor_id: int,
         codec_id: int,
-        packet_source: Union[SbcPacketSource, AacPacketSource, OpusPacketSource],
+        packet_source: SbcPacketSource | AacPacketSource | OpusPacketSource,
         codec_capabilities: MediaCodecCapabilities,
     ):
         # Discover all endpoints on the remote device
@@ -385,11 +379,11 @@ class Player:
             print(f">>> {color(address.to_string(False), 'yellow')}:")
             print(f"  Device Class (raw): {class_of_device:06X}")
             major_class_name = DeviceClass.major_device_class_name(major_device_class)
-            print("  Device Major Class: " f"{major_class_name}")
+            print(f"  Device Major Class: {major_class_name}")
             minor_class_name = DeviceClass.minor_device_class_name(
                 major_device_class, minor_device_class
             )
-            print("  Device Minor Class: " f"{minor_class_name}")
+            print(f"  Device Minor Class: {minor_class_name}")
             print(
                 "  Device Services: "
                 f"{', '.join(DeviceClass.service_class_labels(service_classes))}"
@@ -424,7 +418,7 @@ class Player:
     async def play(
         self,
         device: Device,
-        address: Optional[str],
+        address: str | None,
         audio_format: str,
         audio_file: str,
     ) -> None:
@@ -453,7 +447,7 @@ class Player:
                     return input_file.read(byte_count)
 
                 # Obtain the codec capabilities from the stream
-                packet_source: Union[SbcPacketSource, AacPacketSource, OpusPacketSource]
+                packet_source: SbcPacketSource | AacPacketSource | OpusPacketSource
                 vendor_id = 0
                 codec_id = 0
                 if audio_format == "sbc":
@@ -599,7 +593,7 @@ def play(context, address, audio_format, audio_file):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get("BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL", "WARNING").upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging("WARNING")
     player_cli()
 
 

apps/rfcomm_bridge.py

@@ -16,21 +16,14 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import logging
-import os
 import time
-from typing import Optional
 
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
+from bumble import core, hci, rfcomm, transport, utils
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Device, DeviceConfiguration, Connection
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import hci
-from bumble import rfcomm
-from bumble import transport
-from bumble import utils
-
+from bumble.device import Connection, Device, DeviceConfiguration
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -88,14 +81,14 @@ class ServerBridge:
     def __init__(
         self, channel: int, uuid: str, trace: bool, tcp_host: str, tcp_port: int
     ) -> None:
-        self.device: Optional[Device] = None
+        self.device: Device | None = None
         self.channel = channel
         self.uuid = uuid
         self.tcp_host = tcp_host
         self.tcp_port = tcp_port
-        self.rfcomm_channel: Optional[rfcomm.DLC] = None
-        self.tcp_tracer: Optional[Tracer]
-        self.rfcomm_tracer: Optional[Tracer]
+        self.rfcomm_channel: rfcomm.DLC | None = None
+        self.tcp_tracer: Tracer | None
+        self.rfcomm_tracer: Tracer | None
 
         if trace:
             self.tcp_tracer = Tracer(color("RFCOMM->TCP", "cyan"))
@@ -248,14 +241,14 @@ class ClientBridge:
         self.tcp_port = tcp_port
         self.authenticate = authenticate
         self.encrypt = encrypt
-        self.device: Optional[Device] = None
-        self.connection: Optional[Connection] = None
-        self.rfcomm_client: Optional[rfcomm.Client]
-        self.rfcomm_mux: Optional[rfcomm.Multiplexer]
+        self.device: Device | None = None
+        self.connection: Connection | None = None
+        self.rfcomm_client: rfcomm.Client | None
+        self.rfcomm_mux: rfcomm.Multiplexer | None
         self.tcp_connected: bool = False
 
-        self.tcp_tracer: Optional[Tracer]
-        self.rfcomm_tracer: Optional[Tracer]
+        self.tcp_tracer: Tracer | None
+        self.rfcomm_tracer: Tracer | None
 
         if trace:
             self.tcp_tracer = Tracer(color("RFCOMM->TCP", "cyan"))
@@ -406,7 +399,7 @@ class ClientBridge:
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def run(device_config, hci_transport, bridge):
     print("<<< connecting to HCI...")
-    async with await transport.open_transport_or_link(hci_transport) as (
+    async with await transport.open_transport(hci_transport) as (
         hci_source,
         hci_sink,
     ):
@@ -428,7 +421,7 @@ async def run(device_config, hci_transport, bridge):
             await bridge.start(device)
 
             # Wait until the transport terminates
-            await hci_source.wait_for_termination()
+            await hci_source.terminated
         except core.ConnectionError as error:
             print(color(f"!!! Bluetooth connection failed: {error}", "red"))
         except Exception as error:
@@ -515,6 +508,6 @@ def client(context, bluetooth_address, tcp_host, tcp_port, authenticate, encrypt
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get("BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL", "WARNING").upper())
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging("WARNING")
     cli(obj={})  # pylint: disable=no-value-for-parameter

apps/scan.py

@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
-import logging
+
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
+from bumble import data_types
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.device import Device
-from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
+from bumble.device import Advertisement, Device, DeviceConfiguration
+from bumble.hci import HCI_LE_1M_PHY, HCI_LE_CODED_PHY, Address, HCI_Constant
 from bumble.keys import JsonKeyStore
 from bumble.smp import AddressResolver
-from bumble.device import Advertisement
-from bumble.hci import Address, HCI_Constant, HCI_LE_1M_PHY, HCI_LE_CODED_PHY
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -95,13 +95,22 @@ class AdvertisementPrinter:
         else:
             phy_info = ''
 
+        details = separator.join(
+            [
+                data_type.to_string(use_label=True)
+                for data_type in data_types.data_types_from_advertising_data(
+                    advertisement.data
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+
         print(
             f'>>> {color(address, address_color)} '
             f'[{color(address_type_string, type_color)}]{address_qualifier}'
             f'{resolution_qualifier}:{separator}'
             f'{phy_info}'
             f'RSSI:{advertisement.rssi:4} {rssi_bar}{separator}'
-            f'{advertisement.data.to_string(separator)}\n'
+            f'{details}\n'
         )
 
     def on_advertisement(self, advertisement):
@@ -127,7 +136,7 @@ async def scan(
     transport,
 ):
     print('<<< connecting to HCI...')
-    async with await open_transport_or_link(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
+    async with await open_transport(transport) as (hci_source, hci_sink):
         print('<<< connected')
 
         if device_config:
@@ -135,8 +144,14 @@ async def scan(
                 device_config, hci_source, hci_sink
             )
         else:
-            device = Device.with_hci(
-                'Bumble', 'F0:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5', hci_source, hci_sink
+            device = Device.from_config_with_hci(
+                DeviceConfiguration(
+                    name='Bumble',
+                    address=Address('F0:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5'),
+                    keystore='JsonKeyStore',
+                ),
+                hci_source,
+                hci_sink,
             )
 
         await device.power_on()
@@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ async def scan(
             scanning_phys=scanning_phys,
         )
 
-        await hci_source.wait_for_termination()
+        await hci_source.terminated
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -208,9 +223,7 @@ async def scan(
 @click.option(
     '--irk',
     metavar='<IRK_HEX>:<ADDRESS>',
-    help=(
-        'Use this IRK for resolving private addresses ' '(may be used more than once)'
-    ),
+    help=('Use this IRK for resolving private addresses (may be used more than once)'),
     multiple=True,
 )
 @click.option(
@@ -237,7 +250,7 @@ def main(
     device_config,
     transport,
 ):
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
     asyncio.run(
         scan(
             min_rssi,

apps/show.py

@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import datetime
+import importlib
 import logging
-import os
 import struct
 
 import click
 
-from bumble.colors import color
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble import hci
-from bumble.transport.common import PacketReader
+from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.helpers import PacketTracer
-
+from bumble.transport.common import PacketReader
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -154,9 +154,10 @@ class Printer:
 def main(format, vendor, filename):
     for vendor_name in vendor:
         if vendor_name == 'android':
-            import bumble.vendor.android.hci
+            # Prevent being deleted by linter.
+            importlib.import_module('bumble.vendor.android.hci')
         elif vendor_name == 'zephyr':
-            import bumble.vendor.zephyr.hci
+            importlib.import_module('bumble.vendor.zephyr.hci')
 
     input = open(filename, 'rb')
     if format == 'h4':
@@ -186,5 +187,5 @@ def main(format, vendor, filename):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
     main()  # pylint: disable=no-value-for-parameter

apps/speaker/speaker.html

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
           <tr><td>Codec</td><td><span id="codecText"></span></td></tr>
           <tr><td>Packets</td><td><span id="packetsReceivedText"></span></td></tr>
           <tr><td>Bytes</td><td><span id="bytesReceivedText"></span></td></tr>
+          <tr><td>Bitrate</td><td><span id="bitrate"></span></td></tr>
         </table>
       </td>
       <td>

apps/speaker/speaker.js

@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ let connectionText;
 let codecText;
 let packetsReceivedText;
 let bytesReceivedText;
+let bitrateText;
 let streamStateText;
 let connectionStateText;
 let controlsDiv;
 let audioOnButton;
-let mediaSource;
-let sourceBuffer;
-let audioElement;
+let audioDecoder;
+let audioCodec;
 let audioContext;
 let audioAnalyzer;
 let audioFrequencyBinCount;
 let audioFrequencyData;
+let nextAudioStartPosition = 0;
+let audioStartTime = 0;
 let packetsReceived = 0;
 let bytesReceived = 0;
 let audioState = "stopped";
@@ -29,20 +31,17 @@ let bandwidthCanvas;
 let bandwidthCanvasContext;
 let bandwidthBinCount;
 let bandwidthBins = [];
+let bitrateSamples = [];
 
 const FFT_WIDTH = 800;
 const FFT_HEIGHT = 256;
 const BANDWIDTH_WIDTH = 500;
 const BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT = 100;
-
-function hexToBytes(hex) {
-    return Uint8Array.from(hex.match(/.{1,2}/g).map((byte) => parseInt(byte, 16)));
-}
+const BITRATE_WINDOW = 30;
 
 function init() {
     initUI();
-    initMediaSource();
-    initAudioElement();
+    initAudioContext();
     initAnalyzer();
 
     connect();
@@ -56,6 +55,7 @@ function initUI() {
     codecText = document.getElementById("codecText");
     packetsReceivedText = document.getElementById("packetsReceivedText");
     bytesReceivedText = document.getElementById("bytesReceivedText");
+    bitrateText = document.getElementById("bitrate");
     streamStateText = document.getElementById("streamStateText");
     connectionStateText = document.getElementById("connectionStateText");
     audioSupportMessageText = document.getElementById("audioSupportMessageText");
@@ -67,17 +67,9 @@ function initUI() {
     requestAnimationFrame(onAnimationFrame);
 }
 
-function initMediaSource() {
-    mediaSource = new MediaSource();
-    mediaSource.onsourceopen = onMediaSourceOpen;
-    mediaSource.onsourceclose = onMediaSourceClose;
-    mediaSource.onsourceended = onMediaSourceEnd;
-}
-
-function initAudioElement() {
-    audioElement = document.getElementById("audio");
-    audioElement.src = URL.createObjectURL(mediaSource);
-    // audioElement.controls = true;
+function initAudioContext() {
+    audioContext = new AudioContext();
+    audioContext.onstatechange = () => console.log("AudioContext state:", audioContext.state);
 }
 
 function initAnalyzer() {
@@ -94,24 +86,16 @@ function initAnalyzer() {
     bandwidthCanvasContext = bandwidthCanvas.getContext('2d');
     bandwidthCanvasContext.fillStyle = "rgb(255, 255, 255)";
     bandwidthCanvasContext.fillRect(0, 0, BANDWIDTH_WIDTH, BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT);
-}
-
-function startAnalyzer() {
-    // FFT
-    if (audioElement.captureStream !== undefined) {
-        audioContext = new AudioContext();
-        audioAnalyzer = audioContext.createAnalyser();
-        audioAnalyzer.fftSize = 128;
-        audioFrequencyBinCount = audioAnalyzer.frequencyBinCount;
-        audioFrequencyData = new Uint8Array(audioFrequencyBinCount);
-        const stream = audioElement.captureStream();
-        const source = audioContext.createMediaStreamSource(stream);
-        source.connect(audioAnalyzer);
-    }
-
-    // Bandwidth
     bandwidthBinCount = BANDWIDTH_WIDTH / 2;
     bandwidthBins = [];
+    bitrateSamples = [];
+
+    audioAnalyzer = audioContext.createAnalyser();
+    audioAnalyzer.fftSize = 128;
+    audioFrequencyBinCount = audioAnalyzer.frequencyBinCount;
+    audioFrequencyData = new Uint8Array(audioFrequencyBinCount);
+
+    audioAnalyzer.connect(audioContext.destination)
 }
 
 function setConnectionText(message) {
@@ -148,7 +132,8 @@ function onAnimationFrame() {
     bandwidthCanvasContext.fillRect(0, 0, BANDWIDTH_WIDTH, BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT);
     bandwidthCanvasContext.fillStyle = `rgb(100, 100, 100)`;
     for (let t = 0; t < bandwidthBins.length; t++) {
-        const lineHeight = (bandwidthBins[t] / 1000) * BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT;
+        const bytesReceived = bandwidthBins[t]
+        const lineHeight = (bytesReceived / 1000) * BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT;
         bandwidthCanvasContext.fillRect(t * 2, BANDWIDTH_HEIGHT - lineHeight, 2, lineHeight);
     }
 
@@ -156,28 +141,14 @@ function onAnimationFrame() {
     requestAnimationFrame(onAnimationFrame);
 }
 
-function onMediaSourceOpen() {
-    console.log(this.readyState);
-    sourceBuffer = mediaSource.addSourceBuffer("audio/aac");
-}
-
-function onMediaSourceClose() {
-    console.log(this.readyState);
-}
-
-function onMediaSourceEnd() {
-    console.log(this.readyState);
-}
-
 async function startAudio() {
     try {
         console.log("starting audio...");
         audioOnButton.disabled = true;
         audioState = "starting";
-        await audioElement.play();
+        audioContext.resume();
         console.log("audio started");
         audioState = "playing";
-        startAnalyzer();
     } catch(error) {
         console.error(`play failed: ${error}`);
         audioState = "stopped";
@@ -185,12 +156,47 @@ async function startAudio() {
     }
 }
 
-function onAudioPacket(packet) {
-    if (audioState != "stopped") {
-        // Queue the audio packet.
-        sourceBuffer.appendBuffer(packet);
+function onDecodedAudio(audioData) {
+    const bufferSource = audioContext.createBufferSource()
+
+    const now = audioContext.currentTime;
+    let nextAudioStartTime = audioStartTime + (nextAudioStartPosition / audioData.sampleRate);
+    if (nextAudioStartTime < now) {
+        console.log("starting new audio time base")
+        audioStartTime = now;
+        nextAudioStartTime = now;
+        nextAudioStartPosition = 0;
+    } else {
+        console.log(`audio buffer scheduled in ${nextAudioStartTime - now}`)
     }
 
+    const audioBuffer = audioContext.createBuffer(
+        audioData.numberOfChannels,
+        audioData.numberOfFrames,
+        audioData.sampleRate
+    );
+
+    for (let channel = 0; channel < audioData.numberOfChannels; channel++) {
+        audioData.copyTo(
+            audioBuffer.getChannelData(channel),
+            {
+                planeIndex: channel,
+                format: "f32-planar"
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    bufferSource.buffer = audioBuffer;
+    bufferSource.connect(audioAnalyzer)
+    bufferSource.start(nextAudioStartTime);
+    nextAudioStartPosition += audioData.numberOfFrames;
+}
+
+function onCodecError(error) {
+    console.log("Codec error:", error)
+}
+
+async function onAudioPacket(packet) {
     packetsReceived += 1;
     packetsReceivedText.innerText = packetsReceived;
     bytesReceived += packet.byteLength;
@@ -200,6 +206,48 @@ function onAudioPacket(packet) {
     if (bandwidthBins.length > bandwidthBinCount) {
         bandwidthBins.shift();
     }
+    bitrateSamples[bitrateSamples.length] = {ts: Date.now(), bytes: packet.byteLength}
+    if (bitrateSamples.length > BITRATE_WINDOW) {
+        bitrateSamples.shift();
+    }
+    if (bitrateSamples.length >= 2) {
+        const windowBytes = bitrateSamples.reduce((accumulator, x) => accumulator + x.bytes, 0) - bitrateSamples[0].bytes;
+        const elapsed = bitrateSamples[bitrateSamples.length-1].ts - bitrateSamples[0].ts;
+        const bitrate = Math.floor(8 * windowBytes / elapsed)
+        bitrateText.innerText = `${bitrate} kb/s`
+    }
+
+    if (audioState == "stopped") {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (audioDecoder === undefined) {
+        let audioConfig;
+        if (audioCodec == 'aac') {
+            audioConfig = {
+                codec: 'mp4a.40.2',
+                sampleRate: 44100, // ignored
+                numberOfChannels: 2, // ignored
+            }
+        } else if (audioCodec == 'opus') {
+            audioConfig = {
+                codec: 'opus',
+                sampleRate: 48000, // ignored
+                numberOfChannels: 2, // ignored
+            }
+        }
+        audioDecoder = new AudioDecoder({ output: onDecodedAudio, error: onCodecError });
+        audioDecoder.configure(audioConfig)
+    }
+
+    const encodedAudio = new EncodedAudioChunk({
+        type: "key",
+        data: packet,
+        timestamp: 0,
+        transfer: [packet],
+    });
+
+    audioDecoder.decode(encodedAudio);
 }
 
 function onChannelOpen() {
@@ -249,16 +297,19 @@ function onChannelMessage(message) {
     }
 }
 
-function onHelloMessage(params) {
+async function onHelloMessage(params) {
     codecText.innerText = params.codec;
-    if (params.codec != "aac") {
-        audioOnButton.disabled = true;
-        audioSupportMessageText.innerText = "Only AAC can be played, audio will be disabled";
-        audioSupportMessageText.style.display = "inline-block";
-    } else {
+
+    if (params.codec == "aac" || params.codec == "opus") {
+        audioCodec = params.codec
         audioSupportMessageText.innerText = "";
         audioSupportMessageText.style.display = "none";
+    } else {
+        audioOnButton.disabled = true;
+        audioSupportMessageText.innerText = "Only AAC and Opus can be played, audio will be disabled";
+        audioSupportMessageText.style.display = "inline-block";
     }
+
     if (params.streamState) {
         setStreamState(params.streamState);
     }

apps/speaker/speaker.py

@@ -16,47 +16,48 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import asyncio.subprocess
-from importlib import resources
 import enum
 import json
-import os
 import logging
 import pathlib
 import subprocess
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
 import weakref
+from importlib import resources
 
-import click
 import aiohttp
+import click
 from aiohttp import web
 
 import bumble
-from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.core import PhysicalTransport, CommandTimeoutError
-from bumble.device import Connection, Device, DeviceConfiguration
-from bumble.hci import HCI_StatusError
-from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
-from bumble.sdp import ServiceAttribute
-from bumble.transport import open_transport
+import bumble.logging
+from bumble.a2dp import (
+    A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE,
+    A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE,
+    A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE,
+    AacMediaCodecInformation,
+    OpusMediaCodecInformation,
+    SbcMediaCodecInformation,
+    make_audio_sink_service_sdp_records,
+)
 from bumble.avdtp import (
     AVDTP_AUDIO_MEDIA_TYPE,
     Listener,
     MediaCodecCapabilities,
     Protocol,
 )
-from bumble.a2dp import (
-    make_audio_sink_service_sdp_records,
-    A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE,
-    A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE,
-    SbcMediaCodecInformation,
-    AacMediaCodecInformation,
-)
-from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 from bumble.codecs import AacAudioRtpPacket
+from bumble.colors import color
+from bumble.core import CommandTimeoutError, PhysicalTransport
+from bumble.device import Connection, Device, DeviceConfiguration
+from bumble.hci import HCI_StatusError
+from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
 from bumble.rtp import MediaPacket
-
+from bumble.sdp import ServiceAttribute
+from bumble.transport import open_transport
+from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -78,6 +79,8 @@ class AudioExtractor:
             return AacAudioExtractor()
         if codec == 'sbc':
             return SbcAudioExtractor()
+        if codec == 'opus':
+            return OpusAudioExtractor()
 
     def extract_audio(self, packet: MediaPacket) -> bytes:
         raise NotImplementedError()
@@ -102,6 +105,13 @@ class SbcAudioExtractor:
         return packet.payload[1:]
 
 
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class OpusAudioExtractor:
+    def extract_audio(self, packet: MediaPacket) -> bytes:
+        # TODO: parse fields
+        return packet.payload[1:]
+
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Output:
     async def start(self) -> None:
@@ -145,7 +155,7 @@ class QueuedOutput(Output):
 
     packets: asyncio.Queue
     extractor: AudioExtractor
-    packet_pump_task: Optional[asyncio.Task]
+    packet_pump_task: asyncio.Task | None
     started: bool
 
     def __init__(self, extractor):
@@ -219,8 +229,8 @@ class WebSocketOutput(QueuedOutput):
 class FfplayOutput(QueuedOutput):
     MAX_QUEUE_SIZE = 32768
 
-    subprocess: Optional[asyncio.subprocess.Process]
-    ffplay_task: Optional[asyncio.Task]
+    subprocess: asyncio.subprocess.Process | None
+    ffplay_task: asyncio.Task | None
 
     def __init__(self, codec: str) -> None:
         super().__init__(AudioExtractor.create(codec))
@@ -235,7 +245,7 @@ class FfplayOutput(QueuedOutput):
         await super().start()
 
         self.subprocess = await asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(
-            f'ffplay -f {self.codec} pipe:0',
+            f'ffplay -probesize 32 -f {self.codec} pipe:0',
             stdin=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
             stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
             stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
@@ -399,10 +409,24 @@ class Speaker:
         STARTED = 2
         SUSPENDED = 3
 
-    def __init__(self, device_config, transport, codec, discover, outputs, ui_port):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device_config,
+        transport,
+        codec,
+        sampling_frequencies,
+        bitrate,
+        vbr,
+        discover,
+        outputs,
+        ui_port,
+    ):
         self.device_config = device_config
         self.transport = transport
         self.codec = codec
+        self.sampling_frequencies = sampling_frequencies
+        self.bitrate = bitrate
+        self.vbr = vbr
         self.discover = discover
         self.ui_port = ui_port
         self.device = None
@@ -423,7 +447,7 @@ class Speaker:
         # Create an HTTP server for the UI
         self.ui_server = UiServer(speaker=self, port=ui_port)
 
-    def sdp_records(self) -> Dict[int, List[ServiceAttribute]]:
+    def sdp_records(self) -> dict[int, list[ServiceAttribute]]:
         service_record_handle = 0x00010001
         return {
             service_record_handle: make_audio_sink_service_sdp_records(
@@ -438,32 +462,56 @@ class Speaker:
         if self.codec == 'sbc':
             return self.sbc_codec_capabilities()
 
+        if self.codec == 'opus':
+            return self.opus_codec_capabilities()
+
         raise RuntimeError('unsupported codec')
 
     def aac_codec_capabilities(self) -> MediaCodecCapabilities:
+        supported_sampling_frequencies = AacMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency(0)
+        for sampling_frequency in self.sampling_frequencies or [
+            8000,
+            11025,
+            12000,
+            16000,
+            22050,
+            24000,
+            32000,
+            44100,
+            48000,
+        ]:
+            supported_sampling_frequencies |= (
+                AacMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.from_int(sampling_frequency)
+            )
         return MediaCodecCapabilities(
             media_type=AVDTP_AUDIO_MEDIA_TYPE,
             media_codec_type=A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE,
             media_codec_information=AacMediaCodecInformation(
                 object_type=AacMediaCodecInformation.ObjectType.MPEG_2_AAC_LC,
-                sampling_frequency=AacMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_48000
-                | AacMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_44100,
+                sampling_frequency=supported_sampling_frequencies,
                 channels=AacMediaCodecInformation.Channels.MONO
                 | AacMediaCodecInformation.Channels.STEREO,
-                vbr=1,
-                bitrate=256000,
+                vbr=1 if self.vbr else 0,
+                bitrate=self.bitrate or 256000,
             ),
         )
 
     def sbc_codec_capabilities(self) -> MediaCodecCapabilities:
+        supported_sampling_frequencies = SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency(0)
+        for sampling_frequency in self.sampling_frequencies or [
+            16000,
+            32000,
+            44100,
+            48000,
+        ]:
+            supported_sampling_frequencies |= (
+                SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.from_int(sampling_frequency)
+            )
         return MediaCodecCapabilities(
             media_type=AVDTP_AUDIO_MEDIA_TYPE,
             media_codec_type=A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE,
             media_codec_information=SbcMediaCodecInformation(
-                sampling_frequency=SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_48000
-                | SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_44100
-                | SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_32000
-                | SbcMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.SF_16000,
+                sampling_frequency=supported_sampling_frequencies,
                 channel_mode=SbcMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.MONO
                 | SbcMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.DUAL_CHANNEL
                 | SbcMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.STEREO
@@ -481,6 +529,25 @@ class Speaker:
             ),
         )
 
+    def opus_codec_capabilities(self) -> MediaCodecCapabilities:
+        supported_sampling_frequencies = OpusMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency(0)
+        for sampling_frequency in self.sampling_frequencies or [48000]:
+            supported_sampling_frequencies |= (
+                OpusMediaCodecInformation.SamplingFrequency.from_int(sampling_frequency)
+            )
+        return MediaCodecCapabilities(
+            media_type=AVDTP_AUDIO_MEDIA_TYPE,
+            media_codec_type=A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE,
+            media_codec_information=OpusMediaCodecInformation(
+                frame_size=OpusMediaCodecInformation.FrameSize.FS_10MS
+                | OpusMediaCodecInformation.FrameSize.FS_20MS,
+                channel_mode=OpusMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.MONO
+                | OpusMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.STEREO
+                | OpusMediaCodecInformation.ChannelMode.DUAL_MONO,
+                sampling_frequency=supported_sampling_frequencies,
+            ),
+        )
+
     async def dispatch_to_outputs(self, function):
         for output in self.outputs:
             await function(output)
@@ -659,7 +726,7 @@ class Speaker:
                 print("Waiting for connection...")
                 await self.advertise()
 
-            await hci_source.wait_for_termination()
+            await hci_source.terminated
 
         for output in self.outputs:
             await output.stop()
@@ -675,7 +742,26 @@ def speaker_cli(ctx, device_config):
 
 @click.command()
 @click.option(
-    '--codec', type=click.Choice(['sbc', 'aac']), default='aac', show_default=True
+    '--codec',
+    type=click.Choice(['sbc', 'aac', 'opus']),
+    default='aac',
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--sampling-frequency',
+    metavar='SAMPLING-FREQUENCY',
+    type=int,
+    multiple=True,
+    help='Enable a sampling frequency (may be specified more than once)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--bitrate',
+    metavar='BITRATE',
+    type=int,
+    help='Supported bitrate (AAC only)',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--vbr/--no-vbr', is_flag=True, default=True, help='Enable VBR (AAC only)'
 )
 @click.option(
     '--discover', is_flag=True, help='Discover remote endpoints once connected'
@@ -706,7 +792,16 @@ def speaker_cli(ctx, device_config):
 @click.option('--device-config', metavar='FILENAME', help='Device configuration file')
 @click.argument('transport')
 def speaker(
-    transport, codec, connect_address, discover, output, ui_port, device_config
+    transport,
+    codec,
+    sampling_frequency,
+    bitrate,
+    vbr,
+    connect_address,
+    discover,
+    output,
+    ui_port,
+    device_config,
 ):
     """Run the speaker."""
 
@@ -721,15 +816,23 @@ def speaker(
             output = list(filter(lambda x: x != '@ffplay', output))
 
     asyncio.run(
-        Speaker(device_config, transport, codec, discover, output, ui_port).run(
-            connect_address
-        )
+        Speaker(
+            device_config,
+            transport,
+            codec,
+            sampling_frequency,
+            bitrate,
+            vbr,
+            discover,
+            output,
+            ui_port,
+        ).run(connect_address)
     )
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
     speaker()
 
 

apps/unbond.py

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import asyncio
-import os
-import logging
+
 import click
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.device import Device
 from bumble.keys import JsonKeyStore
 from bumble.transport import open_transport
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def main(keystore_file, hci_transport, device_config, address):
     instantiated.
     If no address is passed, the existing pairing keys for all addresses are printed.
     """
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging()
 
     if not keystore_file and not hci_transport:
         print('either --keystore-file or --hci-transport must be specified.')

apps/usb_probe.py

@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-import os
-import logging
+from typing import Any
+
 import click
 import usb1
 
+import bumble.logging
 from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.transport.usb import load_libusb
 
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -168,13 +168,16 @@ def is_bluetooth_hci(device):
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @click.command()
 @click.option('--verbose', is_flag=True, default=False, help='Print more details')
-def main(verbose):
-    logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'WARNING').upper())
+@click.option('--hci-only', is_flag=True, default=False, help='only show HCI device')
+@click.option('--manufacturer', help='filter by manufacturer')
+@click.option('--product', help='filter by product')
+def main(verbose: bool, manufacturer: str, product: str, hci_only: bool):
+    bumble.logging.setup_basic_logging('WARNING')
 
     load_libusb()
     with usb1.USBContext() as context:
         bluetooth_device_count = 0
-        devices = {}
+        devices: dict[tuple[Any, Any], list[str | None]] = {}
 
         for device in context.getDeviceIterator(skip_on_error=True):
             device_class = device.getDeviceClass()
@@ -236,6 +239,14 @@ def main(verbose):
                         f'{basic_transport_name}/{device_serial_number}'
                     )
 
+            # Filter
+            if product and device_product != product:
+                continue
+            if manufacturer and device_manufacturer != manufacturer:
+                continue
+            if not is_bluetooth_hci(device) and hci_only:
+                continue
+
             # Print the results
             print(
                 color(

bumble/a2dp.py

@@ -17,37 +17,37 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 import dataclasses
 import enum
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Awaitable, Callable
-from typing_extensions import ClassVar, Self
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Awaitable, Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
 
+from typing_extensions import Self
 
+from bumble import utils
 from bumble.codecs import AacAudioRtpPacket
 from bumble.company_ids import COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS
-from bumble.sdp import (
-    DataElement,
-    ServiceAttribute,
-    SDP_PUBLIC_BROWSE_ROOT,
-    SDP_BROWSE_GROUP_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
-    SDP_SERVICE_RECORD_HANDLE_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
-    SDP_SERVICE_CLASS_ID_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
-    SDP_PROTOCOL_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
-    SDP_BLUETOOTH_PROFILE_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
-)
 from bumble.core import (
-    BT_L2CAP_PROTOCOL_ID,
-    BT_AUDIO_SOURCE_SERVICE,
-    BT_AUDIO_SINK_SERVICE,
-    BT_AVDTP_PROTOCOL_ID,
     BT_ADVANCED_AUDIO_DISTRIBUTION_SERVICE,
+    BT_AUDIO_SINK_SERVICE,
+    BT_AUDIO_SOURCE_SERVICE,
+    BT_AVDTP_PROTOCOL_ID,
+    BT_L2CAP_PROTOCOL_ID,
     name_or_number,
 )
 from bumble.rtp import MediaPacket
-
+from bumble.sdp import (
+    SDP_BLUETOOTH_PROFILE_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
+    SDP_BROWSE_GROUP_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
+    SDP_PROTOCOL_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
+    SDP_PUBLIC_BROWSE_ROOT,
+    SDP_SERVICE_CLASS_ID_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
+    SDP_SERVICE_RECORD_HANDLE_ATTRIBUTE_ID,
+    DataElement,
+    ServiceAttribute,
+)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -60,19 +60,18 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # fmt: off
 
-A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE            = 0x00
-A2DP_MPEG_1_2_AUDIO_CODEC_TYPE = 0x01
-A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE   = 0x02
-A2DP_ATRAC_FAMILY_CODEC_TYPE   = 0x03
-A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE       = 0xFF
+class CodecType(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    SBC            = 0x00
+    MPEG_1_2_AUDIO = 0x01
+    MPEG_2_4_AAC   = 0x02
+    ATRAC_FAMILY   = 0x03
+    NON_A2DP       = 0xFF
 
-A2DP_CODEC_TYPE_NAMES = {
-    A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE:            'A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE',
-    A2DP_MPEG_1_2_AUDIO_CODEC_TYPE: 'A2DP_MPEG_1_2_AUDIO_CODEC_TYPE',
-    A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE:   'A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE',
-    A2DP_ATRAC_FAMILY_CODEC_TYPE:   'A2DP_ATRAC_FAMILY_CODEC_TYPE',
-    A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE:       'A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE'
-}
+A2DP_SBC_CODEC_TYPE            = CodecType.SBC
+A2DP_MPEG_1_2_AUDIO_CODEC_TYPE = CodecType.MPEG_1_2_AUDIO
+A2DP_MPEG_2_4_AAC_CODEC_TYPE   = CodecType.MPEG_2_4_AAC
+A2DP_ATRAC_FAMILY_CODEC_TYPE   = CodecType.ATRAC_FAMILY
+A2DP_NON_A2DP_CODEC_TYPE       = CodecType.NON_A2DP
 
 
 SBC_SYNC_WORD = 0x9C
@@ -89,13 +88,6 @@ SBC_DUAL_CHANNEL_MODE         = 0x01
 SBC_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE       = 0x02
 SBC_JOINT_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE = 0x03
 
-SBC_CHANNEL_MODE_NAMES = {
-    SBC_MONO_CHANNEL_MODE:         'SBC_MONO_CHANNEL_MODE',
-    SBC_DUAL_CHANNEL_MODE:         'SBC_DUAL_CHANNEL_MODE',
-    SBC_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE:       'SBC_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE',
-    SBC_JOINT_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE: 'SBC_JOINT_STEREO_CHANNEL_MODE'
-}
-
 SBC_BLOCK_LENGTHS = [4, 8, 12, 16]
 
 SBC_SUBBANDS = [4, 8]
@@ -103,11 +95,6 @@ SBC_SUBBANDS = [4, 8]
 SBC_SNR_ALLOCATION_METHOD      = 0x00
 SBC_LOUDNESS_ALLOCATION_METHOD = 0x01
 
-SBC_ALLOCATION_METHOD_NAMES = {
-    SBC_SNR_ALLOCATION_METHOD:      'SBC_SNR_ALLOCATION_METHOD',
-    SBC_LOUDNESS_ALLOCATION_METHOD: 'SBC_LOUDNESS_ALLOCATION_METHOD'
-}
-
 SBC_MAX_FRAMES_IN_RTP_PAYLOAD = 15
 
 MPEG_2_4_AAC_SAMPLING_FREQUENCIES = [
@@ -130,13 +117,6 @@ MPEG_4_AAC_LC_OBJECT_TYPE       = 0x01
 MPEG_4_AAC_LTP_OBJECT_TYPE      = 0x02
 MPEG_4_AAC_SCALABLE_OBJECT_TYPE = 0x03
 
-MPEG_2_4_OBJECT_TYPE_NAMES = {
-    MPEG_2_AAC_LC_OBJECT_TYPE:       'MPEG_2_AAC_LC_OBJECT_TYPE',
-    MPEG_4_AAC_LC_OBJECT_TYPE:       'MPEG_4_AAC_LC_OBJECT_TYPE',
-    MPEG_4_AAC_LTP_OBJECT_TYPE:      'MPEG_4_AAC_LTP_OBJECT_TYPE',
-    MPEG_4_AAC_SCALABLE_OBJECT_TYPE: 'MPEG_4_AAC_SCALABLE_OBJECT_TYPE'
-}
-
 
 OPUS_MAX_FRAMES_IN_RTP_PAYLOAD = 15
 
@@ -260,9 +240,49 @@ def make_audio_sink_service_sdp_records(service_record_handle, version=(1, 3)):
     ]
 
 
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class MediaCodecInformation:
+    '''Base Media Codec Information.'''
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls, media_codec_type: int, data: bytes
+    ) -> MediaCodecInformation | bytes:
+        match media_codec_type:
+            case CodecType.SBC:
+                return SbcMediaCodecInformation.from_bytes(data)
+            case CodecType.MPEG_2_4_AAC:
+                return AacMediaCodecInformation.from_bytes(data)
+            case CodecType.NON_A2DP:
+                vendor_media_codec_information = (
+                    VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation.from_bytes(data)
+                )
+                if (
+                    vendor_class_map := A2DP_VENDOR_MEDIA_CODEC_INFORMATION_CLASSES.get(
+                        vendor_media_codec_information.vendor_id
+                    )
+                ) and (
+                    media_codec_information_class := vendor_class_map.get(
+                        vendor_media_codec_information.codec_id
+                    )
+                ):
+                    return media_codec_information_class.from_bytes(
+                        vendor_media_codec_information.value
+                    )
+        return vendor_media_codec_information
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes) -> Self:
+        del data  # Unused.
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @dataclasses.dataclass
-class SbcMediaCodecInformation:
+class SbcMediaCodecInformation(MediaCodecInformation):
     '''
     A2DP spec - 4.3.2 Codec Specific Information Elements
     '''
@@ -346,7 +366,7 @@ class SbcMediaCodecInformation:
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @dataclasses.dataclass
-class AacMediaCodecInformation:
+class AacMediaCodecInformation(MediaCodecInformation):
     '''
     A2DP spec - 4.5.2 Codec Specific Information Elements
     '''
@@ -428,7 +448,7 @@ class AacMediaCodecInformation:
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation:
+class VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation(MediaCodecInformation):
     '''
     A2DP spec - 4.7.2 Codec Specific Information Elements
     '''
@@ -452,7 +472,7 @@ class VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation:
                 'VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation(',
                 f'  vendor_id: {self.vendor_id:08X} ({name_or_number(COMPANY_IDENTIFIERS, self.vendor_id & 0xFFFF)})',
                 f'  codec_id:  {self.codec_id:04X}',
-                f'  value:     {self.value.hex()}' ')',
+                f'  value:     {self.value.hex()})',
             ]
         )
 
@@ -479,6 +499,12 @@ class OpusMediaCodecInformation(VendorSpecificMediaCodecInformation):
     class SamplingFrequency(enum.IntFlag):
         SF_48000 = 1 << 0
 
+        @classmethod
+        def from_int(cls, sampling_frequency: int) -> Self:
+            if sampling_frequency != 48000:
+                raise ValueError("no such sampling frequency")
+            return cls(1)
+
     VENDOR_ID: ClassVar[int] = 0x000000E0
     CODEC_ID: ClassVar[int] = 0x0001
 
@@ -642,7 +668,7 @@ class SbcPacketSource:
                     # Prepare for next packets
                     sequence_number += 1
                     sequence_number &= 0xFFFF
-                    sample_count += sum((frame.sample_count for frame in frames))
+                    sample_count += sum(frame.sample_count for frame in frames)
                     frames = [frame]
                     frames_size = len(frame.payload)
                 else:

bumble/at.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import List, Union
 
 from bumble import core
 
@@ -21,14 +20,14 @@ class AtParsingError(core.InvalidPacketError):
     """Error raised when parsing AT commands fails."""
 
 
-def tokenize_parameters(buffer: bytes) -> List[bytes]:
+def tokenize_parameters(buffer: bytes) -> list[bytes]:
     """Split input parameters into tokens.
     Removes space characters outside of double quote blocks:
     T-rec-V-25 - 5.2.1 Command line general format: "Space characters (IA5 2/0)
     are ignored [..], unless they are embedded in numeric or string constants"
     Raises AtParsingError in case of invalid input string."""
 
-    tokens = []
+    tokens: list[bytearray] = []
     in_quotes = False
     token = bytearray()
     for b in buffer:
@@ -36,54 +35,56 @@ def tokenize_parameters(buffer: bytes) -> List[bytes]:
 
         if in_quotes:
             token.extend(char)
-            if char == b'\"':
+            if char == b'"':
                 in_quotes = False
                 tokens.append(token[1:-1])
                 token = bytearray()
         else:
-            if char == b' ':
-                pass
-            elif char == b',' or char == b')':
-                tokens.append(token)
-                tokens.append(char)
-                token = bytearray()
-            elif char == b'(':
-                if len(token) > 0:
-                    raise AtParsingError("open_paren following regular character")
-                tokens.append(char)
-            elif char == b'"':
-                if len(token) > 0:
-                    raise AtParsingError("quote following regular character")
-                in_quotes = True
-                token.extend(char)
-            else:
-                token.extend(char)
+            match char:
+                case b' ':
+                    pass
+                case b',' | b')':
+                    tokens.append(token)
+                    tokens.append(char)
+                    token = bytearray()
+                case b'(':
+                    if len(token) > 0:
+                        raise AtParsingError("open_paren following regular character")
+                    tokens.append(char)
+                case b'"':
+                    if len(token) > 0:
+                        raise AtParsingError("quote following regular character")
+                    in_quotes = True
+                    token.extend(char)
+                case _:
+                    token.extend(char)
 
     tokens.append(token)
     return [bytes(token) for token in tokens if len(token) > 0]
 
 
-def parse_parameters(buffer: bytes) -> List[Union[bytes, list]]:
+def parse_parameters(buffer: bytes) -> list[bytes | list]:
     """Parse the parameters using the comma and parenthesis separators.
     Raises AtParsingError in case of invalid input string."""
 
     tokens = tokenize_parameters(buffer)
-    accumulator: List[list] = [[]]
-    current: Union[bytes, list] = bytes()
+    accumulator: list[list] = [[]]
+    current: bytes | list = b''
 
     for token in tokens:
-        if token == b',':
-            accumulator[-1].append(current)
-            current = bytes()
-        elif token == b'(':
-            accumulator.append([])
-        elif token == b')':
-            if len(accumulator) < 2:
-                raise AtParsingError("close_paren without matching open_paren")
-            accumulator[-1].append(current)
-            current = accumulator.pop()
-        else:
-            current = token
+        match token:
+            case b',':
+                accumulator[-1].append(current)
+                current = b''
+            case b'(':
+                accumulator.append([])
+            case b')':
+                if len(accumulator) < 2:
+                    raise AtParsingError("close_paren without matching open_paren")
+                accumulator[-1].append(current)
+                current = accumulator.pop()
+            case _:
+                current = token
 
     accumulator[-1].append(current)
     if len(accumulator) > 1:

bumble/audio/io.py

@@ -17,20 +17,17 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import asyncio
 import abc
-from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures
 import dataclasses
 import enum
 import logging
 import pathlib
-from typing import (
-    AsyncGenerator,
-    BinaryIO,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
 import sys
 import wave
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO
 
 from bumble.colors import color
 
@@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ class ThreadedAudioOutput(AudioOutput):
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(1)
+        self._thread_pool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(1)
         self._pcm_samples: asyncio.Queue[bytes] = asyncio.Queue()
         self._write_task = asyncio.create_task(self._write_loop())
 
@@ -230,8 +227,8 @@ class SoundDeviceAudioOutput(ThreadedAudioOutput):
 
         try:
             self._stream.write(pcm_samples)
-        except Exception as error:
-            print(f'Sound device error: {error}')
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception('Sound device error')
             raise
 
     def _close(self):
@@ -409,7 +406,7 @@ class ThreadedAudioInput(AudioInput):
     """Base class for AudioInput implementation where reading samples may block."""
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(1)
+        self._thread_pool = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(1)
         self._pcm_samples: asyncio.Queue[bytes] = asyncio.Queue()
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
@@ -549,5 +546,6 @@ class SoundDeviceAudioInput(ThreadedAudioInput):
         return bytes(pcm_buffer)
 
     def _close(self):
-        self._stream.stop()
-        self._stream = None
+        if self._stream:
+            self._stream.stop()
+            self._stream = None

bumble/avc.py

@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import enum
 import struct
-from typing import Dict, Type, Union, Tuple
 
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble import core, utils
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ class Frame:
 
     def to_bytes(
         self,
-        ctype_or_response: Union[CommandFrame.CommandType, ResponseFrame.ResponseCode],
+        ctype_or_response: CommandFrame.CommandType | ResponseFrame.ResponseCode,
     ) -> bytes:
         # TODO: support extended subunit types and ids.
         return (
@@ -213,11 +212,11 @@ class CommandFrame(Frame):
         NOTIFY = 0x03
         GENERAL_INQUIRY = 0x04
 
-    subclasses: Dict[Frame.OperationCode, Type[CommandFrame]] = {}
+    subclasses: dict[Frame.OperationCode, type[CommandFrame]] = {}
     ctype: CommandType
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> Tuple:
+    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> tuple:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __init__(
@@ -251,11 +250,11 @@ class ResponseFrame(Frame):
         CHANGED = 0x0D
         INTERIM = 0x0F
 
-    subclasses: Dict[Frame.OperationCode, Type[ResponseFrame]] = {}
+    subclasses: dict[Frame.OperationCode, type[ResponseFrame]] = {}
     response: ResponseCode
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> Tuple:
+    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> tuple:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __init__(
@@ -282,7 +281,7 @@ class VendorDependentFrame:
     vendor_dependent_data: bytes
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> Tuple:
+    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> tuple:
         return (
             struct.unpack(">I", b"\x00" + operands[:3])[0],
             operands[3:],
@@ -432,7 +431,7 @@ class PassThroughFrame:
     operation_data: bytes
 
     @staticmethod
-    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> Tuple:
+    def parse_operands(operands: bytes) -> tuple:
         return (
             PassThroughFrame.StateFlag(operands[0] >> 7),
             PassThroughFrame.OperationId(operands[0] & 0x7F),

bumble/avctp.py

@@ -16,15 +16,14 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-from enum import IntEnum
+
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Callable, cast, Dict, Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from enum import IntEnum
 
+from bumble import core, l2cap
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble import avc
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import l2cap
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -137,18 +136,18 @@ class MessageAssembler:
                 self.pid,
                 self.payload,
             )
-        except Exception as error:
-            logger.exception(color(f"!!! exception in callback: {error}", "red"))
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(color("!!! exception in callback", "red"))
 
         self.reset()
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Protocol:
-    CommandHandler = Callable[[int, avc.CommandFrame], None]
-    command_handlers: Dict[int, CommandHandler]  # Command handlers, by PID
-    ResponseHandler = Callable[[int, Optional[avc.ResponseFrame]], None]
-    response_handlers: Dict[int, ResponseHandler]  # Response handlers, by PID
+    CommandHandler = Callable[[int, bytes], None]
+    command_handlers: dict[int, CommandHandler]  # Command handlers, by PID
+    ResponseHandler = Callable[[int, bytes | None], None]
+    response_handlers: dict[int, ResponseHandler]  # Response handlers, by PID
     next_transaction_label: int
     message_assembler: MessageAssembler
 
@@ -205,20 +204,15 @@ class Protocol:
                 self.send_ipid(transaction_label, pid)
                 return
 
-            command_frame = cast(avc.CommandFrame, avc.Frame.from_bytes(payload))
-            self.command_handlers[pid](transaction_label, command_frame)
+            self.command_handlers[pid](transaction_label, payload)
         else:
             if pid not in self.response_handlers:
                 logger.warning(f"no response handler for PID {pid}")
                 return
 
             # By convention, for an ipid, send a None payload to the response handler.
-            if ipid:
-                response_frame = None
-            else:
-                response_frame = cast(avc.ResponseFrame, avc.Frame.from_bytes(payload))
-
-            self.response_handlers[pid](transaction_label, response_frame)
+            response_payload = None if ipid else payload
+            self.response_handlers[pid](transaction_label, response_payload)
 
     def send_message(
         self,
@@ -241,7 +235,7 @@ class Protocol:
             )
             + payload
         )
-        self.l2cap_channel.send_pdu(pdu)
+        self.l2cap_channel.write(pdu)
 
     def send_command(self, transaction_label: int, pid: int, payload: bytes) -> None:
         logger.debug(
@@ -263,7 +257,7 @@ class Protocol:
 
     def send_ipid(self, transaction_label: int, pid: int) -> None:
         logger.debug(
-            ">>> AVCTP ipid: " f"transaction_label={transaction_label}, " f"pid={pid}"
+            f">>> AVCTP ipid: transaction_label={transaction_label}, pid={pid}"
         )
         self.send_message(transaction_label, False, True, pid, b'')
 

bumble/bridge.py

@@ -37,7 +37,12 @@ class HCI_Bridge:
 
         def on_packet(self, packet):
             # Convert the packet bytes to an object
-            hci_packet = HCI_Packet.from_bytes(packet)
+            try:
+                hci_packet = HCI_Packet.from_bytes(packet)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning('forwarding unparsed packet as-is')
+                self.hci_sink.on_packet(packet)
+                return
 
             # Filter the packet
             if self.packet_filter is not None:
@@ -50,7 +55,10 @@ class HCI_Bridge:
                         return
 
             # Analyze the packet
-            self.trace(hci_packet)
+            try:
+                self.trace(hci_packet)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception('Exception while tracing packet')
 
             # Bridge the packet
             self.hci_sink.on_packet(packet)

bumble/codecs.py

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from bumble import core
@@ -161,23 +163,23 @@ class AacAudioRtpPacket:
             cls, reader: BitReader, channel_configuration: int, audio_object_type: int
         ) -> Self:
             # GASpecificConfig - ISO/EIC 14496-3 Table 4.1
-            frame_length_flag = reader.read(1)
+            reader.read(1)  # frame_length_flag
             depends_on_core_coder = reader.read(1)
             if depends_on_core_coder:
-                core_coder_delay = reader.read(14)
+                reader.read(14)  # core_coder_delay
             extension_flag = reader.read(1)
             if not channel_configuration:
                 raise core.InvalidPacketError('program_config_element not supported')
             if audio_object_type in (6, 20):
-                layer_nr = reader.read(3)
+                reader.read(3)  # layer_nr
             if extension_flag:
                 if audio_object_type == 22:
-                    num_of_sub_frame = reader.read(5)
-                layer_length = reader.read(11)
+                    reader.read(5)  # num_of_sub_frame
+                reader.read(11)  # layer_length
                 if audio_object_type in (17, 19, 20, 23):
-                    aac_section_data_resilience_flags = reader.read(1)
-                    aac_scale_factor_data_resilience_flags = reader.read(1)
-                    aac_spectral_data_resilience_flags = reader.read(1)
+                    reader.read(1)  # aac_section_data_resilience_flags
+                    reader.read(1)  # aac_scale_factor_data_resilience_flags
+                    reader.read(1)  # aac_spectral_data_resilience_flags
                 extension_flag_3 = reader.read(1)
                 if extension_flag_3 == 1:
                     raise core.InvalidPacketError('extensionFlag3 == 1 not supported')
@@ -362,10 +364,10 @@ class AacAudioRtpPacket:
             if audio_mux_version_a != 0:
                 raise core.InvalidPacketError('audioMuxVersionA != 0 not supported')
             if audio_mux_version == 1:
-                tara_buffer_fullness = AacAudioRtpPacket.read_latm_value(reader)
-            stream_cnt = 0
-            all_streams_same_time_framing = reader.read(1)
-            num_sub_frames = reader.read(6)
+                AacAudioRtpPacket.read_latm_value(reader)  # tara_buffer_fullness
+            # stream_cnt = 0
+            reader.read(1)  # all_streams_same_time_framing
+            reader.read(6)  # num_sub_frames
             num_program = reader.read(4)
             if num_program != 0:
                 raise core.InvalidPacketError('num_program != 0 not supported')
@@ -389,9 +391,9 @@ class AacAudioRtpPacket:
                 reader.skip(asc_len)
             frame_length_type = reader.read(3)
             if frame_length_type == 0:
-                latm_buffer_fullness = reader.read(8)
+                reader.read(8)  # latm_buffer_fullness
             elif frame_length_type == 1:
-                frame_length = reader.read(9)
+                reader.read(9)  # frame_length
             else:
                 raise core.InvalidPacketError(
                     f'frame_length_type {frame_length_type} not supported'
@@ -411,7 +413,7 @@ class AacAudioRtpPacket:
                             break
             crc_check_present = reader.read(1)
             if crc_check_present:
-                crc_checksum = reader.read(8)
+                reader.read(8)  # crc_checksum
 
             return cls(other_data_present, other_data_len_bits, audio_specific_config)
 

bumble/colors.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 # OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 
 from functools import partial
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
 
 class ColorError(ValueError):
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ STYLES = (
 )
 
 
-ColorSpec = Union[str, int]
+ColorSpec = str | int
 
 
 def _join(*values: ColorSpec) -> str:
@@ -56,16 +55,16 @@ def _color_code(spec: ColorSpec, base: int) -> str:
     elif isinstance(spec, int) and 0 <= spec <= 255:
         return _join(base + 8, 5, spec)
     else:
-        raise ColorError('Invalid color spec "%s"' % spec)
+        raise ColorError(f'Invalid color spec "{spec}"')
 
 
 def color(
     s: str,
-    fg: Optional[ColorSpec] = None,
-    bg: Optional[ColorSpec] = None,
-    style: Optional[str] = None,
+    fg: ColorSpec | None = None,
+    bg: ColorSpec | None = None,
+    style: str | None = None,
 ) -> str:
-    codes: List[ColorSpec] = []
+    codes: list[ColorSpec] = []
 
     if fg:
         codes.append(_color_code(fg, 30))
@@ -76,10 +75,10 @@ def color(
             if style_part in STYLES:
                 codes.append(STYLES.index(style_part))
             else:
-                raise ColorError('Invalid style "%s"' % style_part)
+                raise ColorError(f'Invalid style "{style_part}"')
 
     if codes:
-        return '\x1b[{0}m{1}\x1b[0m'.format(_join(*codes), s)
+        return f'\x1b[{_join(*codes)}m{s}\x1b[0m'
     else:
         return s
 

bumble/crypto/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright 2021-2022 Google LLC
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
 #
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
 #
@@ -12,12 +12,6 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Crypto support
-#
-# See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part H - 2.2 CRYPTOGRAPHIC TOOLBOX
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -25,20 +19,17 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
 import operator
-
 import secrets
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec import (
-    generate_private_key,
-    ECDH,
-    EllipticCurvePrivateKey,
-    EllipticCurvePublicNumbers,
-    EllipticCurvePrivateNumbers,
-    SECP256R1,
-)
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import cmac
-from typing import Tuple
 
+try:
+    from bumble.crypto.cryptography import EccKey, aes_cmac, e
+except ImportError:
+    logging.getLogger(__name__).debug(
+        "Unable to import cryptography, using built-in primitives."
+    )
+    from bumble.crypto.builtin import EccKey, aes_cmac, e  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+_EccKey = EccKey  # For the linter only
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -46,55 +37,6 @@ from typing import Tuple
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Classes
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class EccKey:
-    def __init__(self, private_key: EllipticCurvePrivateKey) -> None:
-        self.private_key = private_key
-
-    @classmethod
-    def generate(cls) -> EccKey:
-        private_key = generate_private_key(SECP256R1())
-        return cls(private_key)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_private_key_bytes(
-        cls, d_bytes: bytes, x_bytes: bytes, y_bytes: bytes
-    ) -> EccKey:
-        d = int.from_bytes(d_bytes, byteorder='big', signed=False)
-        x = int.from_bytes(x_bytes, byteorder='big', signed=False)
-        y = int.from_bytes(y_bytes, byteorder='big', signed=False)
-        private_key = EllipticCurvePrivateNumbers(
-            d, EllipticCurvePublicNumbers(x, y, SECP256R1())
-        ).private_key()
-        return cls(private_key)
-
-    @property
-    def x(self) -> bytes:
-        return (
-            self.private_key.public_key()
-            .public_numbers()
-            .x.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
-        )
-
-    @property
-    def y(self) -> bytes:
-        return (
-            self.private_key.public_key()
-            .public_numbers()
-            .y.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
-        )
-
-    def dh(self, public_key_x: bytes, public_key_y: bytes) -> bytes:
-        x = int.from_bytes(public_key_x, byteorder='big', signed=False)
-        y = int.from_bytes(public_key_y, byteorder='big', signed=False)
-        public_key = EllipticCurvePublicNumbers(x, y, SECP256R1()).public_key()
-        shared_key = self.private_key.exchange(ECDH(), public_key)
-
-        return shared_key
-
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Functions
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -132,19 +74,6 @@ def r() -> bytes:
     return secrets.token_bytes(16)
 
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def e(key: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
-    '''
-    AES-128 ECB, expecting byte-swapped inputs and producing a byte-swapped output.
-
-    See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.1 Security function e
-    '''
-
-    cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(reverse(key)), modes.ECB())
-    encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
-    return reverse(encryptor.update(reverse(data)))
-
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def ah(k: bytes, r: bytes) -> bytes:  # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
     '''
@@ -187,18 +116,6 @@ def s1(k: bytes, r1: bytes, r2: bytes) -> bytes:
     return e(k, r2[0:8] + r1[0:8])
 
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def aes_cmac(m: bytes, k: bytes) -> bytes:
-    '''
-    See Bluetooth spec, Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.5 FunctionAES-CMAC
-
-    NOTE: the input and output of this internal function are in big-endian byte order
-    '''
-    mac = cmac.CMAC(algorithms.AES(k))
-    mac.update(m)
-    return mac.finalize()
-
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def f4(u: bytes, v: bytes, x: bytes, z: bytes) -> bytes:
     '''
@@ -209,7 +126,7 @@ def f4(u: bytes, v: bytes, x: bytes, z: bytes) -> bytes:
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def f5(w: bytes, n1: bytes, n2: bytes, a1: bytes, a2: bytes) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]:
+def f5(w: bytes, n1: bytes, n2: bytes, a1: bytes, a2: bytes) -> tuple[bytes, bytes]:
     '''
     See Bluetooth spec, Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.7 LE Secure Connections Key Generation
     Function f5

bumble/crypto/builtin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# The implementation is modified from:
+# * AES - https://github.com/ricmoo/pyaes by Richard Moore under MIT License
+# * CMAC - https://github.com/pycrypto/pycrypto by contributors under pycrypto License.
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Built-in implementation of cryptography primitives.
+#
+# Note: It's very dangerous to use this library in the real world.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import secrets
+import struct
+
+from bumble import core
+
+
+def _compact_word(word: bytes) -> int:
+    return int.from_bytes(word, "big")
+
+
+def _shift_bytes(bs: bytes, xor_lsb: int = 0) -> bytes:
+    return ((int.from_bytes(bs, "big") << 1) ^ xor_lsb).to_bytes(len(bs) + 1, "big")[1:]
+
+
+def _xor(a: bytes, b: bytes) -> bytes:
+    return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a, b))
+
+
+# Based *largely* on the Rijndael implementation
+# See: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/FIPS/FIPS197/FIPS-197.pdf
+class _AES:
+    '''Encapsulates the AES block cipher.
+
+    You generally should not need this. Use the AESModeOfOperation classes
+    below instead.'''
+
+    # fmt: off
+    # Number of rounds by key size
+    _NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS = {16: 10, 24: 12, 32: 14}
+
+    # Round constant words
+    _RCON = [ 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36, 0x6c, 0xd8, 0xab, 0x4d, 0x9a, 0x2f, 0x5e, 0xbc, 0x63, 0xc6, 0x97, 0x35, 0x6a, 0xd4, 0xb3, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0xef, 0xc5, 0x91 ]
+
+    # S-box and Inverse S-box (S is for Substitution)
+    _S = [ 0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76, 0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0, 0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15, 0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75, 0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84, 0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf, 0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8, 0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2, 0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73, 0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb, 0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79, 0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08, 0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a, 0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e, 0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf, 0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16 ]
+    _S_INV =[ 0x52, 0x09, 0x6a, 0xd5, 0x30, 0x36, 0xa5, 0x38, 0xbf, 0x40, 0xa3, 0x9e, 0x81, 0xf3, 0xd7, 0xfb, 0x7c, 0xe3, 0x39, 0x82, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0xff, 0x87, 0x34, 0x8e, 0x43, 0x44, 0xc4, 0xde, 0xe9, 0xcb, 0x54, 0x7b, 0x94, 0x32, 0xa6, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x3d, 0xee, 0x4c, 0x95, 0x0b, 0x42, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x4e, 0x08, 0x2e, 0xa1, 0x66, 0x28, 0xd9, 0x24, 0xb2, 0x76, 0x5b, 0xa2, 0x49, 0x6d, 0x8b, 0xd1, 0x25, 0x72, 0xf8, 0xf6, 0x64, 0x86, 0x68, 0x98, 0x16, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0x5c, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x70, 0x48, 0x50, 0xfd, 0xed, 0xb9, 0xda, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x46, 0x57, 0xa7, 0x8d, 0x9d, 0x84, 0x90, 0xd8, 0xab, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x0a, 0xf7, 0xe4, 0x58, 0x05, 0xb8, 0xb3, 0x45, 0x06, 0xd0, 0x2c, 0x1e, 0x8f, 0xca, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0x02, 0xc1, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x03, 0x01, 0x13, 0x8a, 0x6b, 0x3a, 0x91, 0x11, 0x41, 0x4f, 0x67, 0xdc, 0xea, 0x97, 0xf2, 0xcf, 0xce, 0xf0, 0xb4, 0xe6, 0x73, 0x96, 0xac, 0x74, 0x22, 0xe7, 0xad, 0x35, 0x85, 0xe2, 0xf9, 0x37, 0xe8, 0x1c, 0x75, 0xdf, 0x6e, 0x47, 0xf1, 0x1a, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x89, 0x6f, 0xb7, 0x62, 0x0e, 0xaa, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x1b, 0xfc, 0x56, 0x3e, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xd2, 0x79, 0x20, 0x9a, 0xdb, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x78, 0xcd, 0x5a, 0xf4, 0x1f, 0xdd, 0xa8, 0x33, 0x88, 0x07, 0xc7, 0x31, 0xb1, 0x12, 0x10, 0x59, 0x27, 0x80, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x60, 0x51, 0x7f, 0xa9, 0x19, 0xb5, 0x4a, 0x0d, 0x2d, 0xe5, 0x7a, 0x9f, 0x93, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xef, 0xa0, 0xe0, 0x3b, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x2a, 0xf5, 0xb0, 0xc8, 0xeb, 0xbb, 0x3c, 0x83, 0x53, 0x99, 0x61, 0x17, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x7e, 0xba, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x26, 0xe1, 0x69, 0x14, 0x63, 0x55, 0x21, 0x0c, 0x7d ] 
+
+    # Transformations for encryption
+    _T1 = [ 0xc66363a5, 0xf87c7c84, 0xee777799, 0xf67b7b8d, 0xfff2f20d, 0xd66b6bbd, 0xde6f6fb1, 0x91c5c554, 0x60303050, 0x02010103, 0xce6767a9, 0x562b2b7d, 0xe7fefe19, 0xb5d7d762, 0x4dababe6, 0xec76769a, 0x8fcaca45, 0x1f82829d, 0x89c9c940, 0xfa7d7d87, 0xeffafa15, 0xb25959eb, 0x8e4747c9, 0xfbf0f00b, 0x41adadec, 0xb3d4d467, 0x5fa2a2fd, 0x45afafea, 0x239c9cbf, 0x53a4a4f7, 0xe4727296, 0x9bc0c05b, 0x75b7b7c2, 0xe1fdfd1c, 0x3d9393ae, 0x4c26266a, 0x6c36365a, 0x7e3f3f41, 0xf5f7f702, 0x83cccc4f, 0x6834345c, 0x51a5a5f4, 0xd1e5e534, 0xf9f1f108, 0xe2717193, 0xabd8d873, 0x62313153, 0x2a15153f, 0x0804040c, 0x95c7c752, 0x46232365, 0x9dc3c35e, 0x30181828, 0x379696a1, 0x0a05050f, 0x2f9a9ab5, 0x0e070709, 0x24121236, 0x1b80809b, 0xdfe2e23d, 0xcdebeb26, 0x4e272769, 0x7fb2b2cd, 0xea75759f, 0x1209091b, 0x1d83839e, 0x582c2c74, 0x341a1a2e, 0x361b1b2d, 0xdc6e6eb2, 0xb45a5aee, 0x5ba0a0fb, 0xa45252f6, 0x763b3b4d, 0xb7d6d661, 0x7db3b3ce, 0x5229297b, 0xdde3e33e, 0x5e2f2f71, 0x13848497, 0xa65353f5, 0xb9d1d168, 0x00000000, 0xc1eded2c, 0x40202060, 0xe3fcfc1f, 0x79b1b1c8, 0xb65b5bed, 0xd46a6abe, 0x8dcbcb46, 0x67bebed9, 0x7239394b, 0x944a4ade, 0x984c4cd4, 0xb05858e8, 0x85cfcf4a, 0xbbd0d06b, 0xc5efef2a, 0x4faaaae5, 0xedfbfb16, 0x864343c5, 0x9a4d4dd7, 0x66333355, 0x11858594, 0x8a4545cf, 0xe9f9f910, 0x04020206, 0xfe7f7f81, 0xa05050f0, 0x783c3c44, 0x259f9fba, 0x4ba8a8e3, 0xa25151f3, 0x5da3a3fe, 0x804040c0, 0x058f8f8a, 0x3f9292ad, 0x219d9dbc, 0x70383848, 0xf1f5f504, 0x63bcbcdf, 0x77b6b6c1, 0xafdada75, 0x42212163, 0x20101030, 0xe5ffff1a, 0xfdf3f30e, 0xbfd2d26d, 0x81cdcd4c, 0x180c0c14, 0x26131335, 0xc3ecec2f, 0xbe5f5fe1, 0x359797a2, 0x884444cc, 0x2e171739, 0x93c4c457, 0x55a7a7f2, 0xfc7e7e82, 0x7a3d3d47, 0xc86464ac, 0xba5d5de7, 0x3219192b, 0xe6737395, 0xc06060a0, 0x19818198, 0x9e4f4fd1, 0xa3dcdc7f, 0x44222266, 0x542a2a7e, 0x3b9090ab, 0x0b888883, 0x8c4646ca, 0xc7eeee29, 0x6bb8b8d3, 0x2814143c, 0xa7dede79, 0xbc5e5ee2, 0x160b0b1d, 0xaddbdb76, 0xdbe0e03b, 0x64323256, 0x743a3a4e, 0x140a0a1e, 0x924949db, 0x0c06060a, 0x4824246c, 0xb85c5ce4, 0x9fc2c25d, 0xbdd3d36e, 0x43acacef, 0xc46262a6, 0x399191a8, 0x319595a4, 0xd3e4e437, 0xf279798b, 0xd5e7e732, 0x8bc8c843, 0x6e373759, 0xda6d6db7, 0x018d8d8c, 0xb1d5d564, 0x9c4e4ed2, 0x49a9a9e0, 0xd86c6cb4, 0xac5656fa, 0xf3f4f407, 0xcfeaea25, 0xca6565af, 0xf47a7a8e, 0x47aeaee9, 0x10080818, 0x6fbabad5, 0xf0787888, 0x4a25256f, 0x5c2e2e72, 0x381c1c24, 0x57a6a6f1, 0x73b4b4c7, 0x97c6c651, 0xcbe8e823, 0xa1dddd7c, 0xe874749c, 0x3e1f1f21, 0x964b4bdd, 0x61bdbddc, 0x0d8b8b86, 0x0f8a8a85, 0xe0707090, 0x7c3e3e42, 0x71b5b5c4, 0xcc6666aa, 0x904848d8, 0x06030305, 0xf7f6f601, 0x1c0e0e12, 0xc26161a3, 0x6a35355f, 0xae5757f9, 0x69b9b9d0, 0x17868691, 0x99c1c158, 0x3a1d1d27, 0x279e9eb9, 0xd9e1e138, 0xebf8f813, 0x2b9898b3, 0x22111133, 0xd26969bb, 0xa9d9d970, 0x078e8e89, 0x339494a7, 0x2d9b9bb6, 0x3c1e1e22, 0x15878792, 0xc9e9e920, 0x87cece49, 0xaa5555ff, 0x50282878, 0xa5dfdf7a, 0x038c8c8f, 0x59a1a1f8, 0x09898980, 0x1a0d0d17, 0x65bfbfda, 0xd7e6e631, 0x844242c6, 0xd06868b8, 0x824141c3, 0x299999b0, 0x5a2d2d77, 0x1e0f0f11, 0x7bb0b0cb, 0xa85454fc, 0x6dbbbbd6, 0x2c16163a ]
+    _T2 = [ 0xa5c66363, 0x84f87c7c, 0x99ee7777, 0x8df67b7b, 0x0dfff2f2, 0xbdd66b6b, 0xb1de6f6f, 0x5491c5c5, 0x50603030, 0x03020101, 0xa9ce6767, 0x7d562b2b, 0x19e7fefe, 0x62b5d7d7, 0xe64dabab, 0x9aec7676, 0x458fcaca, 0x9d1f8282, 0x4089c9c9, 0x87fa7d7d, 0x15effafa, 0xebb25959, 0xc98e4747, 0x0bfbf0f0, 0xec41adad, 0x67b3d4d4, 0xfd5fa2a2, 0xea45afaf, 0xbf239c9c, 0xf753a4a4, 0x96e47272, 0x5b9bc0c0, 0xc275b7b7, 0x1ce1fdfd, 0xae3d9393, 0x6a4c2626, 0x5a6c3636, 0x417e3f3f, 0x02f5f7f7, 0x4f83cccc, 0x5c683434, 0xf451a5a5, 0x34d1e5e5, 0x08f9f1f1, 0x93e27171, 0x73abd8d8, 0x53623131, 0x3f2a1515, 0x0c080404, 0x5295c7c7, 0x65462323, 0x5e9dc3c3, 0x28301818, 0xa1379696, 0x0f0a0505, 0xb52f9a9a, 0x090e0707, 0x36241212, 0x9b1b8080, 0x3ddfe2e2, 0x26cdebeb, 0x694e2727, 0xcd7fb2b2, 0x9fea7575, 0x1b120909, 0x9e1d8383, 0x74582c2c, 0x2e341a1a, 0x2d361b1b, 0xb2dc6e6e, 0xeeb45a5a, 0xfb5ba0a0, 0xf6a45252, 0x4d763b3b, 0x61b7d6d6, 0xce7db3b3, 0x7b522929, 0x3edde3e3, 0x715e2f2f, 0x97138484, 0xf5a65353, 0x68b9d1d1, 0x00000000, 0x2cc1eded, 0x60402020, 0x1fe3fcfc, 0xc879b1b1, 0xedb65b5b, 0xbed46a6a, 0x468dcbcb, 0xd967bebe, 0x4b723939, 0xde944a4a, 0xd4984c4c, 0xe8b05858, 0x4a85cfcf, 0x6bbbd0d0, 0x2ac5efef, 0xe54faaaa, 0x16edfbfb, 0xc5864343, 0xd79a4d4d, 0x55663333, 0x94118585, 0xcf8a4545, 0x10e9f9f9, 0x06040202, 0x81fe7f7f, 0xf0a05050, 0x44783c3c, 0xba259f9f, 0xe34ba8a8, 0xf3a25151, 0xfe5da3a3, 0xc0804040, 0x8a058f8f, 0xad3f9292, 0xbc219d9d, 0x48703838, 0x04f1f5f5, 0xdf63bcbc, 0xc177b6b6, 0x75afdada, 0x63422121, 0x30201010, 0x1ae5ffff, 0x0efdf3f3, 0x6dbfd2d2, 0x4c81cdcd, 0x14180c0c, 0x35261313, 0x2fc3ecec, 0xe1be5f5f, 0xa2359797, 0xcc884444, 0x392e1717, 0x5793c4c4, 0xf255a7a7, 0x82fc7e7e, 0x477a3d3d, 0xacc86464, 0xe7ba5d5d, 0x2b321919, 0x95e67373, 0xa0c06060, 0x98198181, 0xd19e4f4f, 0x7fa3dcdc, 0x66442222, 0x7e542a2a, 0xab3b9090, 0x830b8888, 0xca8c4646, 0x29c7eeee, 0xd36bb8b8, 0x3c281414, 0x79a7dede, 0xe2bc5e5e, 0x1d160b0b, 0x76addbdb, 0x3bdbe0e0, 0x56643232, 0x4e743a3a, 0x1e140a0a, 0xdb924949, 0x0a0c0606, 0x6c482424, 0xe4b85c5c, 0x5d9fc2c2, 0x6ebdd3d3, 0xef43acac, 0xa6c46262, 0xa8399191, 0xa4319595, 0x37d3e4e4, 0x8bf27979, 0x32d5e7e7, 0x438bc8c8, 0x596e3737, 0xb7da6d6d, 0x8c018d8d, 0x64b1d5d5, 0xd29c4e4e, 0xe049a9a9, 0xb4d86c6c, 0xfaac5656, 0x07f3f4f4, 0x25cfeaea, 0xafca6565, 0x8ef47a7a, 0xe947aeae, 0x18100808, 0xd56fbaba, 0x88f07878, 0x6f4a2525, 0x725c2e2e, 0x24381c1c, 0xf157a6a6, 0xc773b4b4, 0x5197c6c6, 0x23cbe8e8, 0x7ca1dddd, 0x9ce87474, 0x213e1f1f, 0xdd964b4b, 0xdc61bdbd, 0x860d8b8b, 0x850f8a8a, 0x90e07070, 0x427c3e3e, 0xc471b5b5, 0xaacc6666, 0xd8904848, 0x05060303, 0x01f7f6f6, 0x121c0e0e, 0xa3c26161, 0x5f6a3535, 0xf9ae5757, 0xd069b9b9, 0x91178686, 0x5899c1c1, 0x273a1d1d, 0xb9279e9e, 0x38d9e1e1, 0x13ebf8f8, 0xb32b9898, 0x33221111, 0xbbd26969, 0x70a9d9d9, 0x89078e8e, 0xa7339494, 0xb62d9b9b, 0x223c1e1e, 0x92158787, 0x20c9e9e9, 0x4987cece, 0xffaa5555, 0x78502828, 0x7aa5dfdf, 0x8f038c8c, 0xf859a1a1, 0x80098989, 0x171a0d0d, 0xda65bfbf, 0x31d7e6e6, 0xc6844242, 0xb8d06868, 0xc3824141, 0xb0299999, 0x775a2d2d, 0x111e0f0f, 0xcb7bb0b0, 0xfca85454, 0xd66dbbbb, 0x3a2c1616 ]
+    _T3 = [ 0x63a5c663, 0x7c84f87c, 0x7799ee77, 0x7b8df67b, 0xf20dfff2, 0x6bbdd66b, 0x6fb1de6f, 0xc55491c5, 0x30506030, 0x01030201, 0x67a9ce67, 0x2b7d562b, 0xfe19e7fe, 0xd762b5d7, 0xabe64dab, 0x769aec76, 0xca458fca, 0x829d1f82, 0xc94089c9, 0x7d87fa7d, 0xfa15effa, 0x59ebb259, 0x47c98e47, 0xf00bfbf0, 0xadec41ad, 0xd467b3d4, 0xa2fd5fa2, 0xafea45af, 0x9cbf239c, 0xa4f753a4, 0x7296e472, 0xc05b9bc0, 0xb7c275b7, 0xfd1ce1fd, 0x93ae3d93, 0x266a4c26, 0x365a6c36, 0x3f417e3f, 0xf702f5f7, 0xcc4f83cc, 0x345c6834, 0xa5f451a5, 0xe534d1e5, 0xf108f9f1, 0x7193e271, 0xd873abd8, 0x31536231, 0x153f2a15, 0x040c0804, 0xc75295c7, 0x23654623, 0xc35e9dc3, 0x18283018, 0x96a13796, 0x050f0a05, 0x9ab52f9a, 0x07090e07, 0x12362412, 0x809b1b80, 0xe23ddfe2, 0xeb26cdeb, 0x27694e27, 0xb2cd7fb2, 0x759fea75, 0x091b1209, 0x839e1d83, 0x2c74582c, 0x1a2e341a, 0x1b2d361b, 0x6eb2dc6e, 0x5aeeb45a, 0xa0fb5ba0, 0x52f6a452, 0x3b4d763b, 0xd661b7d6, 0xb3ce7db3, 0x297b5229, 0xe33edde3, 0x2f715e2f, 0x84971384, 0x53f5a653, 0xd168b9d1, 0x00000000, 0xed2cc1ed, 0x20604020, 0xfc1fe3fc, 0xb1c879b1, 0x5bedb65b, 0x6abed46a, 0xcb468dcb, 0xbed967be, 0x394b7239, 0x4ade944a, 0x4cd4984c, 0x58e8b058, 0xcf4a85cf, 0xd06bbbd0, 0xef2ac5ef, 0xaae54faa, 0xfb16edfb, 0x43c58643, 0x4dd79a4d, 0x33556633, 0x85941185, 0x45cf8a45, 0xf910e9f9, 0x02060402, 0x7f81fe7f, 0x50f0a050, 0x3c44783c, 0x9fba259f, 0xa8e34ba8, 0x51f3a251, 0xa3fe5da3, 0x40c08040, 0x8f8a058f, 0x92ad3f92, 0x9dbc219d, 0x38487038, 0xf504f1f5, 0xbcdf63bc, 0xb6c177b6, 0xda75afda, 0x21634221, 0x10302010, 0xff1ae5ff, 0xf30efdf3, 0xd26dbfd2, 0xcd4c81cd, 0x0c14180c, 0x13352613, 0xec2fc3ec, 0x5fe1be5f, 0x97a23597, 0x44cc8844, 0x17392e17, 0xc45793c4, 0xa7f255a7, 0x7e82fc7e, 0x3d477a3d, 0x64acc864, 0x5de7ba5d, 0x192b3219, 0x7395e673, 0x60a0c060, 0x81981981, 0x4fd19e4f, 0xdc7fa3dc, 0x22664422, 0x2a7e542a, 0x90ab3b90, 0x88830b88, 0x46ca8c46, 0xee29c7ee, 0xb8d36bb8, 0x143c2814, 0xde79a7de, 0x5ee2bc5e, 0x0b1d160b, 0xdb76addb, 0xe03bdbe0, 0x32566432, 0x3a4e743a, 0x0a1e140a, 0x49db9249, 0x060a0c06, 0x246c4824, 0x5ce4b85c, 0xc25d9fc2, 0xd36ebdd3, 0xacef43ac, 0x62a6c462, 0x91a83991, 0x95a43195, 0xe437d3e4, 0x798bf279, 0xe732d5e7, 0xc8438bc8, 0x37596e37, 0x6db7da6d, 0x8d8c018d, 0xd564b1d5, 0x4ed29c4e, 0xa9e049a9, 0x6cb4d86c, 0x56faac56, 0xf407f3f4, 0xea25cfea, 0x65afca65, 0x7a8ef47a, 0xaee947ae, 0x08181008, 0xbad56fba, 0x7888f078, 0x256f4a25, 0x2e725c2e, 0x1c24381c, 0xa6f157a6, 0xb4c773b4, 0xc65197c6, 0xe823cbe8, 0xdd7ca1dd, 0x749ce874, 0x1f213e1f, 0x4bdd964b, 0xbddc61bd, 0x8b860d8b, 0x8a850f8a, 0x7090e070, 0x3e427c3e, 0xb5c471b5, 0x66aacc66, 0x48d89048, 0x03050603, 0xf601f7f6, 0x0e121c0e, 0x61a3c261, 0x355f6a35, 0x57f9ae57, 0xb9d069b9, 0x86911786, 0xc15899c1, 0x1d273a1d, 0x9eb9279e, 0xe138d9e1, 0xf813ebf8, 0x98b32b98, 0x11332211, 0x69bbd269, 0xd970a9d9, 0x8e89078e, 0x94a73394, 0x9bb62d9b, 0x1e223c1e, 0x87921587, 0xe920c9e9, 0xce4987ce, 0x55ffaa55, 0x28785028, 0xdf7aa5df, 0x8c8f038c, 0xa1f859a1, 0x89800989, 0x0d171a0d, 0xbfda65bf, 0xe631d7e6, 0x42c68442, 0x68b8d068, 0x41c38241, 0x99b02999, 0x2d775a2d, 0x0f111e0f, 0xb0cb7bb0, 0x54fca854, 0xbbd66dbb, 0x163a2c16 ]
+    _T4 = [ 0x6363a5c6, 0x7c7c84f8, 0x777799ee, 0x7b7b8df6, 0xf2f20dff, 0x6b6bbdd6, 0x6f6fb1de, 0xc5c55491, 0x30305060, 0x01010302, 0x6767a9ce, 0x2b2b7d56, 0xfefe19e7, 0xd7d762b5, 0xababe64d, 0x76769aec, 0xcaca458f, 0x82829d1f, 0xc9c94089, 0x7d7d87fa, 0xfafa15ef, 0x5959ebb2, 0x4747c98e, 0xf0f00bfb, 0xadadec41, 0xd4d467b3, 0xa2a2fd5f, 0xafafea45, 0x9c9cbf23, 0xa4a4f753, 0x727296e4, 0xc0c05b9b, 0xb7b7c275, 0xfdfd1ce1, 0x9393ae3d, 0x26266a4c, 0x36365a6c, 0x3f3f417e, 0xf7f702f5, 0xcccc4f83, 0x34345c68, 0xa5a5f451, 0xe5e534d1, 0xf1f108f9, 0x717193e2, 0xd8d873ab, 0x31315362, 0x15153f2a, 0x04040c08, 0xc7c75295, 0x23236546, 0xc3c35e9d, 0x18182830, 0x9696a137, 0x05050f0a, 0x9a9ab52f, 0x0707090e, 0x12123624, 0x80809b1b, 0xe2e23ddf, 0xebeb26cd, 0x2727694e, 0xb2b2cd7f, 0x75759fea, 0x09091b12, 0x83839e1d, 0x2c2c7458, 0x1a1a2e34, 0x1b1b2d36, 0x6e6eb2dc, 0x5a5aeeb4, 0xa0a0fb5b, 0x5252f6a4, 0x3b3b4d76, 0xd6d661b7, 0xb3b3ce7d, 0x29297b52, 0xe3e33edd, 0x2f2f715e, 0x84849713, 0x5353f5a6, 0xd1d168b9, 0x00000000, 0xeded2cc1, 0x20206040, 0xfcfc1fe3, 0xb1b1c879, 0x5b5bedb6, 0x6a6abed4, 0xcbcb468d, 0xbebed967, 0x39394b72, 0x4a4ade94, 0x4c4cd498, 0x5858e8b0, 0xcfcf4a85, 0xd0d06bbb, 0xefef2ac5, 0xaaaae54f, 0xfbfb16ed, 0x4343c586, 0x4d4dd79a, 0x33335566, 0x85859411, 0x4545cf8a, 0xf9f910e9, 0x02020604, 0x7f7f81fe, 0x5050f0a0, 0x3c3c4478, 0x9f9fba25, 0xa8a8e34b, 0x5151f3a2, 0xa3a3fe5d, 0x4040c080, 0x8f8f8a05, 0x9292ad3f, 0x9d9dbc21, 0x38384870, 0xf5f504f1, 0xbcbcdf63, 0xb6b6c177, 0xdada75af, 0x21216342, 0x10103020, 0xffff1ae5, 0xf3f30efd, 0xd2d26dbf, 0xcdcd4c81, 0x0c0c1418, 0x13133526, 0xecec2fc3, 0x5f5fe1be, 0x9797a235, 0x4444cc88, 0x1717392e, 0xc4c45793, 0xa7a7f255, 0x7e7e82fc, 0x3d3d477a, 0x6464acc8, 0x5d5de7ba, 0x19192b32, 0x737395e6, 0x6060a0c0, 0x81819819, 0x4f4fd19e, 0xdcdc7fa3, 0x22226644, 0x2a2a7e54, 0x9090ab3b, 0x8888830b, 0x4646ca8c, 0xeeee29c7, 0xb8b8d36b, 0x14143c28, 0xdede79a7, 0x5e5ee2bc, 0x0b0b1d16, 0xdbdb76ad, 0xe0e03bdb, 0x32325664, 0x3a3a4e74, 0x0a0a1e14, 0x4949db92, 0x06060a0c, 0x24246c48, 0x5c5ce4b8, 0xc2c25d9f, 0xd3d36ebd, 0xacacef43, 0x6262a6c4, 0x9191a839, 0x9595a431, 0xe4e437d3, 0x79798bf2, 0xe7e732d5, 0xc8c8438b, 0x3737596e, 0x6d6db7da, 0x8d8d8c01, 0xd5d564b1, 0x4e4ed29c, 0xa9a9e049, 0x6c6cb4d8, 0x5656faac, 0xf4f407f3, 0xeaea25cf, 0x6565afca, 0x7a7a8ef4, 0xaeaee947, 0x08081810, 0xbabad56f, 0x787888f0, 0x25256f4a, 0x2e2e725c, 0x1c1c2438, 0xa6a6f157, 0xb4b4c773, 0xc6c65197, 0xe8e823cb, 0xdddd7ca1, 0x74749ce8, 0x1f1f213e, 0x4b4bdd96, 0xbdbddc61, 0x8b8b860d, 0x8a8a850f, 0x707090e0, 0x3e3e427c, 0xb5b5c471, 0x6666aacc, 0x4848d890, 0x03030506, 0xf6f601f7, 0x0e0e121c, 0x6161a3c2, 0x35355f6a, 0x5757f9ae, 0xb9b9d069, 0x86869117, 0xc1c15899, 0x1d1d273a, 0x9e9eb927, 0xe1e138d9, 0xf8f813eb, 0x9898b32b, 0x11113322, 0x6969bbd2, 0xd9d970a9, 0x8e8e8907, 0x9494a733, 0x9b9bb62d, 0x1e1e223c, 0x87879215, 0xe9e920c9, 0xcece4987, 0x5555ffaa, 0x28287850, 0xdfdf7aa5, 0x8c8c8f03, 0xa1a1f859, 0x89898009, 0x0d0d171a, 0xbfbfda65, 0xe6e631d7, 0x4242c684, 0x6868b8d0, 0x4141c382, 0x9999b029, 0x2d2d775a, 0x0f0f111e, 0xb0b0cb7b, 0x5454fca8, 0xbbbbd66d, 0x16163a2c ]
+
+    # Transformations for decryption
+    _T5 = [ 0x51f4a750, 0x7e416553, 0x1a17a4c3, 0x3a275e96, 0x3bab6bcb, 0x1f9d45f1, 0xacfa58ab, 0x4be30393, 0x2030fa55, 0xad766df6, 0x88cc7691, 0xf5024c25, 0x4fe5d7fc, 0xc52acbd7, 0x26354480, 0xb562a38f, 0xdeb15a49, 0x25ba1b67, 0x45ea0e98, 0x5dfec0e1, 0xc32f7502, 0x814cf012, 0x8d4697a3, 0x6bd3f9c6, 0x038f5fe7, 0x15929c95, 0xbf6d7aeb, 0x955259da, 0xd4be832d, 0x587421d3, 0x49e06929, 0x8ec9c844, 0x75c2896a, 0xf48e7978, 0x99583e6b, 0x27b971dd, 0xbee14fb6, 0xf088ad17, 0xc920ac66, 0x7dce3ab4, 0x63df4a18, 0xe51a3182, 0x97513360, 0x62537f45, 0xb16477e0, 0xbb6bae84, 0xfe81a01c, 0xf9082b94, 0x70486858, 0x8f45fd19, 0x94de6c87, 0x527bf8b7, 0xab73d323, 0x724b02e2, 0xe31f8f57, 0x6655ab2a, 0xb2eb2807, 0x2fb5c203, 0x86c57b9a, 0xd33708a5, 0x302887f2, 0x23bfa5b2, 0x02036aba, 0xed16825c, 0x8acf1c2b, 0xa779b492, 0xf307f2f0, 0x4e69e2a1, 0x65daf4cd, 0x0605bed5, 0xd134621f, 0xc4a6fe8a, 0x342e539d, 0xa2f355a0, 0x058ae132, 0xa4f6eb75, 0x0b83ec39, 0x4060efaa, 0x5e719f06, 0xbd6e1051, 0x3e218af9, 0x96dd063d, 0xdd3e05ae, 0x4de6bd46, 0x91548db5, 0x71c45d05, 0x0406d46f, 0x605015ff, 0x1998fb24, 0xd6bde997, 0x894043cc, 0x67d99e77, 0xb0e842bd, 0x07898b88, 0xe7195b38, 0x79c8eedb, 0xa17c0a47, 0x7c420fe9, 0xf8841ec9, 0x00000000, 0x09808683, 0x322bed48, 0x1e1170ac, 0x6c5a724e, 0xfd0efffb, 0x0f853856, 0x3daed51e, 0x362d3927, 0x0a0fd964, 0x685ca621, 0x9b5b54d1, 0x24362e3a, 0x0c0a67b1, 0x9357e70f, 0xb4ee96d2, 0x1b9b919e, 0x80c0c54f, 0x61dc20a2, 0x5a774b69, 0x1c121a16, 0xe293ba0a, 0xc0a02ae5, 0x3c22e043, 0x121b171d, 0x0e090d0b, 0xf28bc7ad, 0x2db6a8b9, 0x141ea9c8, 0x57f11985, 0xaf75074c, 0xee99ddbb, 0xa37f60fd, 0xf701269f, 0x5c72f5bc, 0x44663bc5, 0x5bfb7e34, 0x8b432976, 0xcb23c6dc, 0xb6edfc68, 0xb8e4f163, 0xd731dcca, 0x42638510, 0x13972240, 0x84c61120, 0x854a247d, 0xd2bb3df8, 0xaef93211, 0xc729a16d, 0x1d9e2f4b, 0xdcb230f3, 0x0d8652ec, 0x77c1e3d0, 0x2bb3166c, 0xa970b999, 0x119448fa, 0x47e96422, 0xa8fc8cc4, 0xa0f03f1a, 0x567d2cd8, 0x223390ef, 0x87494ec7, 0xd938d1c1, 0x8ccaa2fe, 0x98d40b36, 0xa6f581cf, 0xa57ade28, 0xdab78e26, 0x3fadbfa4, 0x2c3a9de4, 0x5078920d, 0x6a5fcc9b, 0x547e4662, 0xf68d13c2, 0x90d8b8e8, 0x2e39f75e, 0x82c3aff5, 0x9f5d80be, 0x69d0937c, 0x6fd52da9, 0xcf2512b3, 0xc8ac993b, 0x10187da7, 0xe89c636e, 0xdb3bbb7b, 0xcd267809, 0x6e5918f4, 0xec9ab701, 0x834f9aa8, 0xe6956e65, 0xaaffe67e, 0x21bccf08, 0xef15e8e6, 0xbae79bd9, 0x4a6f36ce, 0xea9f09d4, 0x29b07cd6, 0x31a4b2af, 0x2a3f2331, 0xc6a59430, 0x35a266c0, 0x744ebc37, 0xfc82caa6, 0xe090d0b0, 0x33a7d815, 0xf104984a, 0x41ecdaf7, 0x7fcd500e, 0x1791f62f, 0x764dd68d, 0x43efb04d, 0xccaa4d54, 0xe49604df, 0x9ed1b5e3, 0x4c6a881b, 0xc12c1fb8, 0x4665517f, 0x9d5eea04, 0x018c355d, 0xfa877473, 0xfb0b412e, 0xb3671d5a, 0x92dbd252, 0xe9105633, 0x6dd64713, 0x9ad7618c, 0x37a10c7a, 0x59f8148e, 0xeb133c89, 0xcea927ee, 0xb761c935, 0xe11ce5ed, 0x7a47b13c, 0x9cd2df59, 0x55f2733f, 0x1814ce79, 0x73c737bf, 0x53f7cdea, 0x5ffdaa5b, 0xdf3d6f14, 0x7844db86, 0xcaaff381, 0xb968c43e, 0x3824342c, 0xc2a3405f, 0x161dc372, 0xbce2250c, 0x283c498b, 0xff0d9541, 0x39a80171, 0x080cb3de, 0xd8b4e49c, 0x6456c190, 0x7bcb8461, 0xd532b670, 0x486c5c74, 0xd0b85742 ]
+    _T6 = [ 0x5051f4a7, 0x537e4165, 0xc31a17a4, 0x963a275e, 0xcb3bab6b, 0xf11f9d45, 0xabacfa58, 0x934be303, 0x552030fa, 0xf6ad766d, 0x9188cc76, 0x25f5024c, 0xfc4fe5d7, 0xd7c52acb, 0x80263544, 0x8fb562a3, 0x49deb15a, 0x6725ba1b, 0x9845ea0e, 0xe15dfec0, 0x02c32f75, 0x12814cf0, 0xa38d4697, 0xc66bd3f9, 0xe7038f5f, 0x9515929c, 0xebbf6d7a, 0xda955259, 0x2dd4be83, 0xd3587421, 0x2949e069, 0x448ec9c8, 0x6a75c289, 0x78f48e79, 0x6b99583e, 0xdd27b971, 0xb6bee14f, 0x17f088ad, 0x66c920ac, 0xb47dce3a, 0x1863df4a, 0x82e51a31, 0x60975133, 0x4562537f, 0xe0b16477, 0x84bb6bae, 0x1cfe81a0, 0x94f9082b, 0x58704868, 0x198f45fd, 0x8794de6c, 0xb7527bf8, 0x23ab73d3, 0xe2724b02, 0x57e31f8f, 0x2a6655ab, 0x07b2eb28, 0x032fb5c2, 0x9a86c57b, 0xa5d33708, 0xf2302887, 0xb223bfa5, 0xba02036a, 0x5ced1682, 0x2b8acf1c, 0x92a779b4, 0xf0f307f2, 0xa14e69e2, 0xcd65daf4, 0xd50605be, 0x1fd13462, 0x8ac4a6fe, 0x9d342e53, 0xa0a2f355, 0x32058ae1, 0x75a4f6eb, 0x390b83ec, 0xaa4060ef, 0x065e719f, 0x51bd6e10, 0xf93e218a, 0x3d96dd06, 0xaedd3e05, 0x464de6bd, 0xb591548d, 0x0571c45d, 0x6f0406d4, 0xff605015, 0x241998fb, 0x97d6bde9, 0xcc894043, 0x7767d99e, 0xbdb0e842, 0x8807898b, 0x38e7195b, 0xdb79c8ee, 0x47a17c0a, 0xe97c420f, 0xc9f8841e, 0x00000000, 0x83098086, 0x48322bed, 0xac1e1170, 0x4e6c5a72, 0xfbfd0eff, 0x560f8538, 0x1e3daed5, 0x27362d39, 0x640a0fd9, 0x21685ca6, 0xd19b5b54, 0x3a24362e, 0xb10c0a67, 0x0f9357e7, 0xd2b4ee96, 0x9e1b9b91, 0x4f80c0c5, 0xa261dc20, 0x695a774b, 0x161c121a, 0x0ae293ba, 0xe5c0a02a, 0x433c22e0, 0x1d121b17, 0x0b0e090d, 0xadf28bc7, 0xb92db6a8, 0xc8141ea9, 0x8557f119, 0x4caf7507, 0xbbee99dd, 0xfda37f60, 0x9ff70126, 0xbc5c72f5, 0xc544663b, 0x345bfb7e, 0x768b4329, 0xdccb23c6, 0x68b6edfc, 0x63b8e4f1, 0xcad731dc, 0x10426385, 0x40139722, 0x2084c611, 0x7d854a24, 0xf8d2bb3d, 0x11aef932, 0x6dc729a1, 0x4b1d9e2f, 0xf3dcb230, 0xec0d8652, 0xd077c1e3, 0x6c2bb316, 0x99a970b9, 0xfa119448, 0x2247e964, 0xc4a8fc8c, 0x1aa0f03f, 0xd8567d2c, 0xef223390, 0xc787494e, 0xc1d938d1, 0xfe8ccaa2, 0x3698d40b, 0xcfa6f581, 0x28a57ade, 0x26dab78e, 0xa43fadbf, 0xe42c3a9d, 0x0d507892, 0x9b6a5fcc, 0x62547e46, 0xc2f68d13, 0xe890d8b8, 0x5e2e39f7, 0xf582c3af, 0xbe9f5d80, 0x7c69d093, 0xa96fd52d, 0xb3cf2512, 0x3bc8ac99, 0xa710187d, 0x6ee89c63, 0x7bdb3bbb, 0x09cd2678, 0xf46e5918, 0x01ec9ab7, 0xa8834f9a, 0x65e6956e, 0x7eaaffe6, 0x0821bccf, 0xe6ef15e8, 0xd9bae79b, 0xce4a6f36, 0xd4ea9f09, 0xd629b07c, 0xaf31a4b2, 0x312a3f23, 0x30c6a594, 0xc035a266, 0x37744ebc, 0xa6fc82ca, 0xb0e090d0, 0x1533a7d8, 0x4af10498, 0xf741ecda, 0x0e7fcd50, 0x2f1791f6, 0x8d764dd6, 0x4d43efb0, 0x54ccaa4d, 0xdfe49604, 0xe39ed1b5, 0x1b4c6a88, 0xb8c12c1f, 0x7f466551, 0x049d5eea, 0x5d018c35, 0x73fa8774, 0x2efb0b41, 0x5ab3671d, 0x5292dbd2, 0x33e91056, 0x136dd647, 0x8c9ad761, 0x7a37a10c, 0x8e59f814, 0x89eb133c, 0xeecea927, 0x35b761c9, 0xede11ce5, 0x3c7a47b1, 0x599cd2df, 0x3f55f273, 0x791814ce, 0xbf73c737, 0xea53f7cd, 0x5b5ffdaa, 0x14df3d6f, 0x867844db, 0x81caaff3, 0x3eb968c4, 0x2c382434, 0x5fc2a340, 0x72161dc3, 0x0cbce225, 0x8b283c49, 0x41ff0d95, 0x7139a801, 0xde080cb3, 0x9cd8b4e4, 0x906456c1, 0x617bcb84, 0x70d532b6, 0x74486c5c, 0x42d0b857 ]
+    _T7 = [ 0xa75051f4, 0x65537e41, 0xa4c31a17, 0x5e963a27, 0x6bcb3bab, 0x45f11f9d, 0x58abacfa, 0x03934be3, 0xfa552030, 0x6df6ad76, 0x769188cc, 0x4c25f502, 0xd7fc4fe5, 0xcbd7c52a, 0x44802635, 0xa38fb562, 0x5a49deb1, 0x1b6725ba, 0x0e9845ea, 0xc0e15dfe, 0x7502c32f, 0xf012814c, 0x97a38d46, 0xf9c66bd3, 0x5fe7038f, 0x9c951592, 0x7aebbf6d, 0x59da9552, 0x832dd4be, 0x21d35874, 0x692949e0, 0xc8448ec9, 0x896a75c2, 0x7978f48e, 0x3e6b9958, 0x71dd27b9, 0x4fb6bee1, 0xad17f088, 0xac66c920, 0x3ab47dce, 0x4a1863df, 0x3182e51a, 0x33609751, 0x7f456253, 0x77e0b164, 0xae84bb6b, 0xa01cfe81, 0x2b94f908, 0x68587048, 0xfd198f45, 0x6c8794de, 0xf8b7527b, 0xd323ab73, 0x02e2724b, 0x8f57e31f, 0xab2a6655, 0x2807b2eb, 0xc2032fb5, 0x7b9a86c5, 0x08a5d337, 0x87f23028, 0xa5b223bf, 0x6aba0203, 0x825ced16, 0x1c2b8acf, 0xb492a779, 0xf2f0f307, 0xe2a14e69, 0xf4cd65da, 0xbed50605, 0x621fd134, 0xfe8ac4a6, 0x539d342e, 0x55a0a2f3, 0xe132058a, 0xeb75a4f6, 0xec390b83, 0xefaa4060, 0x9f065e71, 0x1051bd6e, 0x8af93e21, 0x063d96dd, 0x05aedd3e, 0xbd464de6, 0x8db59154, 0x5d0571c4, 0xd46f0406, 0x15ff6050, 0xfb241998, 0xe997d6bd, 0x43cc8940, 0x9e7767d9, 0x42bdb0e8, 0x8b880789, 0x5b38e719, 0xeedb79c8, 0x0a47a17c, 0x0fe97c42, 0x1ec9f884, 0x00000000, 0x86830980, 0xed48322b, 0x70ac1e11, 0x724e6c5a, 0xfffbfd0e, 0x38560f85, 0xd51e3dae, 0x3927362d, 0xd9640a0f, 0xa621685c, 0x54d19b5b, 0x2e3a2436, 0x67b10c0a, 0xe70f9357, 0x96d2b4ee, 0x919e1b9b, 0xc54f80c0, 0x20a261dc, 0x4b695a77, 0x1a161c12, 0xba0ae293, 0x2ae5c0a0, 0xe0433c22, 0x171d121b, 0x0d0b0e09, 0xc7adf28b, 0xa8b92db6, 0xa9c8141e, 0x198557f1, 0x074caf75, 0xddbbee99, 0x60fda37f, 0x269ff701, 0xf5bc5c72, 0x3bc54466, 0x7e345bfb, 0x29768b43, 0xc6dccb23, 0xfc68b6ed, 0xf163b8e4, 0xdccad731, 0x85104263, 0x22401397, 0x112084c6, 0x247d854a, 0x3df8d2bb, 0x3211aef9, 0xa16dc729, 0x2f4b1d9e, 0x30f3dcb2, 0x52ec0d86, 0xe3d077c1, 0x166c2bb3, 0xb999a970, 0x48fa1194, 0x642247e9, 0x8cc4a8fc, 0x3f1aa0f0, 0x2cd8567d, 0x90ef2233, 0x4ec78749, 0xd1c1d938, 0xa2fe8cca, 0x0b3698d4, 0x81cfa6f5, 0xde28a57a, 0x8e26dab7, 0xbfa43fad, 0x9de42c3a, 0x920d5078, 0xcc9b6a5f, 0x4662547e, 0x13c2f68d, 0xb8e890d8, 0xf75e2e39, 0xaff582c3, 0x80be9f5d, 0x937c69d0, 0x2da96fd5, 0x12b3cf25, 0x993bc8ac, 0x7da71018, 0x636ee89c, 0xbb7bdb3b, 0x7809cd26, 0x18f46e59, 0xb701ec9a, 0x9aa8834f, 0x6e65e695, 0xe67eaaff, 0xcf0821bc, 0xe8e6ef15, 0x9bd9bae7, 0x36ce4a6f, 0x09d4ea9f, 0x7cd629b0, 0xb2af31a4, 0x23312a3f, 0x9430c6a5, 0x66c035a2, 0xbc37744e, 0xcaa6fc82, 0xd0b0e090, 0xd81533a7, 0x984af104, 0xdaf741ec, 0x500e7fcd, 0xf62f1791, 0xd68d764d, 0xb04d43ef, 0x4d54ccaa, 0x04dfe496, 0xb5e39ed1, 0x881b4c6a, 0x1fb8c12c, 0x517f4665, 0xea049d5e, 0x355d018c, 0x7473fa87, 0x412efb0b, 0x1d5ab367, 0xd25292db, 0x5633e910, 0x47136dd6, 0x618c9ad7, 0x0c7a37a1, 0x148e59f8, 0x3c89eb13, 0x27eecea9, 0xc935b761, 0xe5ede11c, 0xb13c7a47, 0xdf599cd2, 0x733f55f2, 0xce791814, 0x37bf73c7, 0xcdea53f7, 0xaa5b5ffd, 0x6f14df3d, 0xdb867844, 0xf381caaf, 0xc43eb968, 0x342c3824, 0x405fc2a3, 0xc372161d, 0x250cbce2, 0x498b283c, 0x9541ff0d, 0x017139a8, 0xb3de080c, 0xe49cd8b4, 0xc1906456, 0x84617bcb, 0xb670d532, 0x5c74486c, 0x5742d0b8 ]
+    _T8 = [ 0xf4a75051, 0x4165537e, 0x17a4c31a, 0x275e963a, 0xab6bcb3b, 0x9d45f11f, 0xfa58abac, 0xe303934b, 0x30fa5520, 0x766df6ad, 0xcc769188, 0x024c25f5, 0xe5d7fc4f, 0x2acbd7c5, 0x35448026, 0x62a38fb5, 0xb15a49de, 0xba1b6725, 0xea0e9845, 0xfec0e15d, 0x2f7502c3, 0x4cf01281, 0x4697a38d, 0xd3f9c66b, 0x8f5fe703, 0x929c9515, 0x6d7aebbf, 0x5259da95, 0xbe832dd4, 0x7421d358, 0xe0692949, 0xc9c8448e, 0xc2896a75, 0x8e7978f4, 0x583e6b99, 0xb971dd27, 0xe14fb6be, 0x88ad17f0, 0x20ac66c9, 0xce3ab47d, 0xdf4a1863, 0x1a3182e5, 0x51336097, 0x537f4562, 0x6477e0b1, 0x6bae84bb, 0x81a01cfe, 0x082b94f9, 0x48685870, 0x45fd198f, 0xde6c8794, 0x7bf8b752, 0x73d323ab, 0x4b02e272, 0x1f8f57e3, 0x55ab2a66, 0xeb2807b2, 0xb5c2032f, 0xc57b9a86, 0x3708a5d3, 0x2887f230, 0xbfa5b223, 0x036aba02, 0x16825ced, 0xcf1c2b8a, 0x79b492a7, 0x07f2f0f3, 0x69e2a14e, 0xdaf4cd65, 0x05bed506, 0x34621fd1, 0xa6fe8ac4, 0x2e539d34, 0xf355a0a2, 0x8ae13205, 0xf6eb75a4, 0x83ec390b, 0x60efaa40, 0x719f065e, 0x6e1051bd, 0x218af93e, 0xdd063d96, 0x3e05aedd, 0xe6bd464d, 0x548db591, 0xc45d0571, 0x06d46f04, 0x5015ff60, 0x98fb2419, 0xbde997d6, 0x4043cc89, 0xd99e7767, 0xe842bdb0, 0x898b8807, 0x195b38e7, 0xc8eedb79, 0x7c0a47a1, 0x420fe97c, 0x841ec9f8, 0x00000000, 0x80868309, 0x2bed4832, 0x1170ac1e, 0x5a724e6c, 0x0efffbfd, 0x8538560f, 0xaed51e3d, 0x2d392736, 0x0fd9640a, 0x5ca62168, 0x5b54d19b, 0x362e3a24, 0x0a67b10c, 0x57e70f93, 0xee96d2b4, 0x9b919e1b, 0xc0c54f80, 0xdc20a261, 0x774b695a, 0x121a161c, 0x93ba0ae2, 0xa02ae5c0, 0x22e0433c, 0x1b171d12, 0x090d0b0e, 0x8bc7adf2, 0xb6a8b92d, 0x1ea9c814, 0xf1198557, 0x75074caf, 0x99ddbbee, 0x7f60fda3, 0x01269ff7, 0x72f5bc5c, 0x663bc544, 0xfb7e345b, 0x4329768b, 0x23c6dccb, 0xedfc68b6, 0xe4f163b8, 0x31dccad7, 0x63851042, 0x97224013, 0xc6112084, 0x4a247d85, 0xbb3df8d2, 0xf93211ae, 0x29a16dc7, 0x9e2f4b1d, 0xb230f3dc, 0x8652ec0d, 0xc1e3d077, 0xb3166c2b, 0x70b999a9, 0x9448fa11, 0xe9642247, 0xfc8cc4a8, 0xf03f1aa0, 0x7d2cd856, 0x3390ef22, 0x494ec787, 0x38d1c1d9, 0xcaa2fe8c, 0xd40b3698, 0xf581cfa6, 0x7ade28a5, 0xb78e26da, 0xadbfa43f, 0x3a9de42c, 0x78920d50, 0x5fcc9b6a, 0x7e466254, 0x8d13c2f6, 0xd8b8e890, 0x39f75e2e, 0xc3aff582, 0x5d80be9f, 0xd0937c69, 0xd52da96f, 0x2512b3cf, 0xac993bc8, 0x187da710, 0x9c636ee8, 0x3bbb7bdb, 0x267809cd, 0x5918f46e, 0x9ab701ec, 0x4f9aa883, 0x956e65e6, 0xffe67eaa, 0xbccf0821, 0x15e8e6ef, 0xe79bd9ba, 0x6f36ce4a, 0x9f09d4ea, 0xb07cd629, 0xa4b2af31, 0x3f23312a, 0xa59430c6, 0xa266c035, 0x4ebc3774, 0x82caa6fc, 0x90d0b0e0, 0xa7d81533, 0x04984af1, 0xecdaf741, 0xcd500e7f, 0x91f62f17, 0x4dd68d76, 0xefb04d43, 0xaa4d54cc, 0x9604dfe4, 0xd1b5e39e, 0x6a881b4c, 0x2c1fb8c1, 0x65517f46, 0x5eea049d, 0x8c355d01, 0x877473fa, 0x0b412efb, 0x671d5ab3, 0xdbd25292, 0x105633e9, 0xd647136d, 0xd7618c9a, 0xa10c7a37, 0xf8148e59, 0x133c89eb, 0xa927eece, 0x61c935b7, 0x1ce5ede1, 0x47b13c7a, 0xd2df599c, 0xf2733f55, 0x14ce7918, 0xc737bf73, 0xf7cdea53, 0xfdaa5b5f, 0x3d6f14df, 0x44db8678, 0xaff381ca, 0x68c43eb9, 0x24342c38, 0xa3405fc2, 0x1dc37216, 0xe2250cbc, 0x3c498b28, 0x0d9541ff, 0xa8017139, 0x0cb3de08, 0xb4e49cd8, 0x56c19064, 0xcb84617b, 0x32b670d5, 0x6c5c7448, 0xb85742d0 ]
+
+    # Transformations for decryption key expansion
+    _U1 = [ 0x00000000, 0x0e090d0b, 0x1c121a16, 0x121b171d, 0x3824342c, 0x362d3927, 0x24362e3a, 0x2a3f2331, 0x70486858, 0x7e416553, 0x6c5a724e, 0x62537f45, 0x486c5c74, 0x4665517f, 0x547e4662, 0x5a774b69, 0xe090d0b0, 0xee99ddbb, 0xfc82caa6, 0xf28bc7ad, 0xd8b4e49c, 0xd6bde997, 0xc4a6fe8a, 0xcaaff381, 0x90d8b8e8, 0x9ed1b5e3, 0x8ccaa2fe, 0x82c3aff5, 0xa8fc8cc4, 0xa6f581cf, 0xb4ee96d2, 0xbae79bd9, 0xdb3bbb7b, 0xd532b670, 0xc729a16d, 0xc920ac66, 0xe31f8f57, 0xed16825c, 0xff0d9541, 0xf104984a, 0xab73d323, 0xa57ade28, 0xb761c935, 0xb968c43e, 0x9357e70f, 0x9d5eea04, 0x8f45fd19, 0x814cf012, 0x3bab6bcb, 0x35a266c0, 0x27b971dd, 0x29b07cd6, 0x038f5fe7, 0x0d8652ec, 0x1f9d45f1, 0x119448fa, 0x4be30393, 0x45ea0e98, 0x57f11985, 0x59f8148e, 0x73c737bf, 0x7dce3ab4, 0x6fd52da9, 0x61dc20a2, 0xad766df6, 0xa37f60fd, 0xb16477e0, 0xbf6d7aeb, 0x955259da, 0x9b5b54d1, 0x894043cc, 0x87494ec7, 0xdd3e05ae, 0xd33708a5, 0xc12c1fb8, 0xcf2512b3, 0xe51a3182, 0xeb133c89, 0xf9082b94, 0xf701269f, 0x4de6bd46, 0x43efb04d, 0x51f4a750, 0x5ffdaa5b, 0x75c2896a, 0x7bcb8461, 0x69d0937c, 0x67d99e77, 0x3daed51e, 0x33a7d815, 0x21bccf08, 0x2fb5c203, 0x058ae132, 0x0b83ec39, 0x1998fb24, 0x1791f62f, 0x764dd68d, 0x7844db86, 0x6a5fcc9b, 0x6456c190, 0x4e69e2a1, 0x4060efaa, 0x527bf8b7, 0x5c72f5bc, 0x0605bed5, 0x080cb3de, 0x1a17a4c3, 0x141ea9c8, 0x3e218af9, 0x302887f2, 0x223390ef, 0x2c3a9de4, 0x96dd063d, 0x98d40b36, 0x8acf1c2b, 0x84c61120, 0xaef93211, 0xa0f03f1a, 0xb2eb2807, 0xbce2250c, 0xe6956e65, 0xe89c636e, 0xfa877473, 0xf48e7978, 0xdeb15a49, 0xd0b85742, 0xc2a3405f, 0xccaa4d54, 0x41ecdaf7, 0x4fe5d7fc, 0x5dfec0e1, 0x53f7cdea, 0x79c8eedb, 0x77c1e3d0, 0x65daf4cd, 0x6bd3f9c6, 0x31a4b2af, 0x3fadbfa4, 0x2db6a8b9, 0x23bfa5b2, 0x09808683, 0x07898b88, 0x15929c95, 0x1b9b919e, 0xa17c0a47, 0xaf75074c, 0xbd6e1051, 0xb3671d5a, 0x99583e6b, 0x97513360, 0x854a247d, 0x8b432976, 0xd134621f, 0xdf3d6f14, 0xcd267809, 0xc32f7502, 0xe9105633, 0xe7195b38, 0xf5024c25, 0xfb0b412e, 0x9ad7618c, 0x94de6c87, 0x86c57b9a, 0x88cc7691, 0xa2f355a0, 0xacfa58ab, 0xbee14fb6, 0xb0e842bd, 0xea9f09d4, 0xe49604df, 0xf68d13c2, 0xf8841ec9, 0xd2bb3df8, 0xdcb230f3, 0xcea927ee, 0xc0a02ae5, 0x7a47b13c, 0x744ebc37, 0x6655ab2a, 0x685ca621, 0x42638510, 0x4c6a881b, 0x5e719f06, 0x5078920d, 0x0a0fd964, 0x0406d46f, 0x161dc372, 0x1814ce79, 0x322bed48, 0x3c22e043, 0x2e39f75e, 0x2030fa55, 0xec9ab701, 0xe293ba0a, 0xf088ad17, 0xfe81a01c, 0xd4be832d, 0xdab78e26, 0xc8ac993b, 0xc6a59430, 0x9cd2df59, 0x92dbd252, 0x80c0c54f, 0x8ec9c844, 0xa4f6eb75, 0xaaffe67e, 0xb8e4f163, 0xb6edfc68, 0x0c0a67b1, 0x02036aba, 0x10187da7, 0x1e1170ac, 0x342e539d, 0x3a275e96, 0x283c498b, 0x26354480, 0x7c420fe9, 0x724b02e2, 0x605015ff, 0x6e5918f4, 0x44663bc5, 0x4a6f36ce, 0x587421d3, 0x567d2cd8, 0x37a10c7a, 0x39a80171, 0x2bb3166c, 0x25ba1b67, 0x0f853856, 0x018c355d, 0x13972240, 0x1d9e2f4b, 0x47e96422, 0x49e06929, 0x5bfb7e34, 0x55f2733f, 0x7fcd500e, 0x71c45d05, 0x63df4a18, 0x6dd64713, 0xd731dcca, 0xd938d1c1, 0xcb23c6dc, 0xc52acbd7, 0xef15e8e6, 0xe11ce5ed, 0xf307f2f0, 0xfd0efffb, 0xa779b492, 0xa970b999, 0xbb6bae84, 0xb562a38f, 0x9f5d80be, 0x91548db5, 0x834f9aa8, 0x8d4697a3 ]
+    _U2 = [ 0x00000000, 0x0b0e090d, 0x161c121a, 0x1d121b17, 0x2c382434, 0x27362d39, 0x3a24362e, 0x312a3f23, 0x58704868, 0x537e4165, 0x4e6c5a72, 0x4562537f, 0x74486c5c, 0x7f466551, 0x62547e46, 0x695a774b, 0xb0e090d0, 0xbbee99dd, 0xa6fc82ca, 0xadf28bc7, 0x9cd8b4e4, 0x97d6bde9, 0x8ac4a6fe, 0x81caaff3, 0xe890d8b8, 0xe39ed1b5, 0xfe8ccaa2, 0xf582c3af, 0xc4a8fc8c, 0xcfa6f581, 0xd2b4ee96, 0xd9bae79b, 0x7bdb3bbb, 0x70d532b6, 0x6dc729a1, 0x66c920ac, 0x57e31f8f, 0x5ced1682, 0x41ff0d95, 0x4af10498, 0x23ab73d3, 0x28a57ade, 0x35b761c9, 0x3eb968c4, 0x0f9357e7, 0x049d5eea, 0x198f45fd, 0x12814cf0, 0xcb3bab6b, 0xc035a266, 0xdd27b971, 0xd629b07c, 0xe7038f5f, 0xec0d8652, 0xf11f9d45, 0xfa119448, 0x934be303, 0x9845ea0e, 0x8557f119, 0x8e59f814, 0xbf73c737, 0xb47dce3a, 0xa96fd52d, 0xa261dc20, 0xf6ad766d, 0xfda37f60, 0xe0b16477, 0xebbf6d7a, 0xda955259, 0xd19b5b54, 0xcc894043, 0xc787494e, 0xaedd3e05, 0xa5d33708, 0xb8c12c1f, 0xb3cf2512, 0x82e51a31, 0x89eb133c, 0x94f9082b, 0x9ff70126, 0x464de6bd, 0x4d43efb0, 0x5051f4a7, 0x5b5ffdaa, 0x6a75c289, 0x617bcb84, 0x7c69d093, 0x7767d99e, 0x1e3daed5, 0x1533a7d8, 0x0821bccf, 0x032fb5c2, 0x32058ae1, 0x390b83ec, 0x241998fb, 0x2f1791f6, 0x8d764dd6, 0x867844db, 0x9b6a5fcc, 0x906456c1, 0xa14e69e2, 0xaa4060ef, 0xb7527bf8, 0xbc5c72f5, 0xd50605be, 0xde080cb3, 0xc31a17a4, 0xc8141ea9, 0xf93e218a, 0xf2302887, 0xef223390, 0xe42c3a9d, 0x3d96dd06, 0x3698d40b, 0x2b8acf1c, 0x2084c611, 0x11aef932, 0x1aa0f03f, 0x07b2eb28, 0x0cbce225, 0x65e6956e, 0x6ee89c63, 0x73fa8774, 0x78f48e79, 0x49deb15a, 0x42d0b857, 0x5fc2a340, 0x54ccaa4d, 0xf741ecda, 0xfc4fe5d7, 0xe15dfec0, 0xea53f7cd, 0xdb79c8ee, 0xd077c1e3, 0xcd65daf4, 0xc66bd3f9, 0xaf31a4b2, 0xa43fadbf, 0xb92db6a8, 0xb223bfa5, 0x83098086, 0x8807898b, 0x9515929c, 0x9e1b9b91, 0x47a17c0a, 0x4caf7507, 0x51bd6e10, 0x5ab3671d, 0x6b99583e, 0x60975133, 0x7d854a24, 0x768b4329, 0x1fd13462, 0x14df3d6f, 0x09cd2678, 0x02c32f75, 0x33e91056, 0x38e7195b, 0x25f5024c, 0x2efb0b41, 0x8c9ad761, 0x8794de6c, 0x9a86c57b, 0x9188cc76, 0xa0a2f355, 0xabacfa58, 0xb6bee14f, 0xbdb0e842, 0xd4ea9f09, 0xdfe49604, 0xc2f68d13, 0xc9f8841e, 0xf8d2bb3d, 0xf3dcb230, 0xeecea927, 0xe5c0a02a, 0x3c7a47b1, 0x37744ebc, 0x2a6655ab, 0x21685ca6, 0x10426385, 0x1b4c6a88, 0x065e719f, 0x0d507892, 0x640a0fd9, 0x6f0406d4, 0x72161dc3, 0x791814ce, 0x48322bed, 0x433c22e0, 0x5e2e39f7, 0x552030fa, 0x01ec9ab7, 0x0ae293ba, 0x17f088ad, 0x1cfe81a0, 0x2dd4be83, 0x26dab78e, 0x3bc8ac99, 0x30c6a594, 0x599cd2df, 0x5292dbd2, 0x4f80c0c5, 0x448ec9c8, 0x75a4f6eb, 0x7eaaffe6, 0x63b8e4f1, 0x68b6edfc, 0xb10c0a67, 0xba02036a, 0xa710187d, 0xac1e1170, 0x9d342e53, 0x963a275e, 0x8b283c49, 0x80263544, 0xe97c420f, 0xe2724b02, 0xff605015, 0xf46e5918, 0xc544663b, 0xce4a6f36, 0xd3587421, 0xd8567d2c, 0x7a37a10c, 0x7139a801, 0x6c2bb316, 0x6725ba1b, 0x560f8538, 0x5d018c35, 0x40139722, 0x4b1d9e2f, 0x2247e964, 0x2949e069, 0x345bfb7e, 0x3f55f273, 0x0e7fcd50, 0x0571c45d, 0x1863df4a, 0x136dd647, 0xcad731dc, 0xc1d938d1, 0xdccb23c6, 0xd7c52acb, 0xe6ef15e8, 0xede11ce5, 0xf0f307f2, 0xfbfd0eff, 0x92a779b4, 0x99a970b9, 0x84bb6bae, 0x8fb562a3, 0xbe9f5d80, 0xb591548d, 0xa8834f9a, 0xa38d4697 ]
+    _U3 = [ 0x00000000, 0x0d0b0e09, 0x1a161c12, 0x171d121b, 0x342c3824, 0x3927362d, 0x2e3a2436, 0x23312a3f, 0x68587048, 0x65537e41, 0x724e6c5a, 0x7f456253, 0x5c74486c, 0x517f4665, 0x4662547e, 0x4b695a77, 0xd0b0e090, 0xddbbee99, 0xcaa6fc82, 0xc7adf28b, 0xe49cd8b4, 0xe997d6bd, 0xfe8ac4a6, 0xf381caaf, 0xb8e890d8, 0xb5e39ed1, 0xa2fe8cca, 0xaff582c3, 0x8cc4a8fc, 0x81cfa6f5, 0x96d2b4ee, 0x9bd9bae7, 0xbb7bdb3b, 0xb670d532, 0xa16dc729, 0xac66c920, 0x8f57e31f, 0x825ced16, 0x9541ff0d, 0x984af104, 0xd323ab73, 0xde28a57a, 0xc935b761, 0xc43eb968, 0xe70f9357, 0xea049d5e, 0xfd198f45, 0xf012814c, 0x6bcb3bab, 0x66c035a2, 0x71dd27b9, 0x7cd629b0, 0x5fe7038f, 0x52ec0d86, 0x45f11f9d, 0x48fa1194, 0x03934be3, 0x0e9845ea, 0x198557f1, 0x148e59f8, 0x37bf73c7, 0x3ab47dce, 0x2da96fd5, 0x20a261dc, 0x6df6ad76, 0x60fda37f, 0x77e0b164, 0x7aebbf6d, 0x59da9552, 0x54d19b5b, 0x43cc8940, 0x4ec78749, 0x05aedd3e, 0x08a5d337, 0x1fb8c12c, 0x12b3cf25, 0x3182e51a, 0x3c89eb13, 0x2b94f908, 0x269ff701, 0xbd464de6, 0xb04d43ef, 0xa75051f4, 0xaa5b5ffd, 0x896a75c2, 0x84617bcb, 0x937c69d0, 0x9e7767d9, 0xd51e3dae, 0xd81533a7, 0xcf0821bc, 0xc2032fb5, 0xe132058a, 0xec390b83, 0xfb241998, 0xf62f1791, 0xd68d764d, 0xdb867844, 0xcc9b6a5f, 0xc1906456, 0xe2a14e69, 0xefaa4060, 0xf8b7527b, 0xf5bc5c72, 0xbed50605, 0xb3de080c, 0xa4c31a17, 0xa9c8141e, 0x8af93e21, 0x87f23028, 0x90ef2233, 0x9de42c3a, 0x063d96dd, 0x0b3698d4, 0x1c2b8acf, 0x112084c6, 0x3211aef9, 0x3f1aa0f0, 0x2807b2eb, 0x250cbce2, 0x6e65e695, 0x636ee89c, 0x7473fa87, 0x7978f48e, 0x5a49deb1, 0x5742d0b8, 0x405fc2a3, 0x4d54ccaa, 0xdaf741ec, 0xd7fc4fe5, 0xc0e15dfe, 0xcdea53f7, 0xeedb79c8, 0xe3d077c1, 0xf4cd65da, 0xf9c66bd3, 0xb2af31a4, 0xbfa43fad, 0xa8b92db6, 0xa5b223bf, 0x86830980, 0x8b880789, 0x9c951592, 0x919e1b9b, 0x0a47a17c, 0x074caf75, 0x1051bd6e, 0x1d5ab367, 0x3e6b9958, 0x33609751, 0x247d854a, 0x29768b43, 0x621fd134, 0x6f14df3d, 0x7809cd26, 0x7502c32f, 0x5633e910, 0x5b38e719, 0x4c25f502, 0x412efb0b, 0x618c9ad7, 0x6c8794de, 0x7b9a86c5, 0x769188cc, 0x55a0a2f3, 0x58abacfa, 0x4fb6bee1, 0x42bdb0e8, 0x09d4ea9f, 0x04dfe496, 0x13c2f68d, 0x1ec9f884, 0x3df8d2bb, 0x30f3dcb2, 0x27eecea9, 0x2ae5c0a0, 0xb13c7a47, 0xbc37744e, 0xab2a6655, 0xa621685c, 0x85104263, 0x881b4c6a, 0x9f065e71, 0x920d5078, 0xd9640a0f, 0xd46f0406, 0xc372161d, 0xce791814, 0xed48322b, 0xe0433c22, 0xf75e2e39, 0xfa552030, 0xb701ec9a, 0xba0ae293, 0xad17f088, 0xa01cfe81, 0x832dd4be, 0x8e26dab7, 0x993bc8ac, 0x9430c6a5, 0xdf599cd2, 0xd25292db, 0xc54f80c0, 0xc8448ec9, 0xeb75a4f6, 0xe67eaaff, 0xf163b8e4, 0xfc68b6ed, 0x67b10c0a, 0x6aba0203, 0x7da71018, 0x70ac1e11, 0x539d342e, 0x5e963a27, 0x498b283c, 0x44802635, 0x0fe97c42, 0x02e2724b, 0x15ff6050, 0x18f46e59, 0x3bc54466, 0x36ce4a6f, 0x21d35874, 0x2cd8567d, 0x0c7a37a1, 0x017139a8, 0x166c2bb3, 0x1b6725ba, 0x38560f85, 0x355d018c, 0x22401397, 0x2f4b1d9e, 0x642247e9, 0x692949e0, 0x7e345bfb, 0x733f55f2, 0x500e7fcd, 0x5d0571c4, 0x4a1863df, 0x47136dd6, 0xdccad731, 0xd1c1d938, 0xc6dccb23, 0xcbd7c52a, 0xe8e6ef15, 0xe5ede11c, 0xf2f0f307, 0xfffbfd0e, 0xb492a779, 0xb999a970, 0xae84bb6b, 0xa38fb562, 0x80be9f5d, 0x8db59154, 0x9aa8834f, 0x97a38d46 ]
+    _U4 = [ 0x00000000, 0x090d0b0e, 0x121a161c, 0x1b171d12, 0x24342c38, 0x2d392736, 0x362e3a24, 0x3f23312a, 0x48685870, 0x4165537e, 0x5a724e6c, 0x537f4562, 0x6c5c7448, 0x65517f46, 0x7e466254, 0x774b695a, 0x90d0b0e0, 0x99ddbbee, 0x82caa6fc, 0x8bc7adf2, 0xb4e49cd8, 0xbde997d6, 0xa6fe8ac4, 0xaff381ca, 0xd8b8e890, 0xd1b5e39e, 0xcaa2fe8c, 0xc3aff582, 0xfc8cc4a8, 0xf581cfa6, 0xee96d2b4, 0xe79bd9ba, 0x3bbb7bdb, 0x32b670d5, 0x29a16dc7, 0x20ac66c9, 0x1f8f57e3, 0x16825ced, 0x0d9541ff, 0x04984af1, 0x73d323ab, 0x7ade28a5, 0x61c935b7, 0x68c43eb9, 0x57e70f93, 0x5eea049d, 0x45fd198f, 0x4cf01281, 0xab6bcb3b, 0xa266c035, 0xb971dd27, 0xb07cd629, 0x8f5fe703, 0x8652ec0d, 0x9d45f11f, 0x9448fa11, 0xe303934b, 0xea0e9845, 0xf1198557, 0xf8148e59, 0xc737bf73, 0xce3ab47d, 0xd52da96f, 0xdc20a261, 0x766df6ad, 0x7f60fda3, 0x6477e0b1, 0x6d7aebbf, 0x5259da95, 0x5b54d19b, 0x4043cc89, 0x494ec787, 0x3e05aedd, 0x3708a5d3, 0x2c1fb8c1, 0x2512b3cf, 0x1a3182e5, 0x133c89eb, 0x082b94f9, 0x01269ff7, 0xe6bd464d, 0xefb04d43, 0xf4a75051, 0xfdaa5b5f, 0xc2896a75, 0xcb84617b, 0xd0937c69, 0xd99e7767, 0xaed51e3d, 0xa7d81533, 0xbccf0821, 0xb5c2032f, 0x8ae13205, 0x83ec390b, 0x98fb2419, 0x91f62f17, 0x4dd68d76, 0x44db8678, 0x5fcc9b6a, 0x56c19064, 0x69e2a14e, 0x60efaa40, 0x7bf8b752, 0x72f5bc5c, 0x05bed506, 0x0cb3de08, 0x17a4c31a, 0x1ea9c814, 0x218af93e, 0x2887f230, 0x3390ef22, 0x3a9de42c, 0xdd063d96, 0xd40b3698, 0xcf1c2b8a, 0xc6112084, 0xf93211ae, 0xf03f1aa0, 0xeb2807b2, 0xe2250cbc, 0x956e65e6, 0x9c636ee8, 0x877473fa, 0x8e7978f4, 0xb15a49de, 0xb85742d0, 0xa3405fc2, 0xaa4d54cc, 0xecdaf741, 0xe5d7fc4f, 0xfec0e15d, 0xf7cdea53, 0xc8eedb79, 0xc1e3d077, 0xdaf4cd65, 0xd3f9c66b, 0xa4b2af31, 0xadbfa43f, 0xb6a8b92d, 0xbfa5b223, 0x80868309, 0x898b8807, 0x929c9515, 0x9b919e1b, 0x7c0a47a1, 0x75074caf, 0x6e1051bd, 0x671d5ab3, 0x583e6b99, 0x51336097, 0x4a247d85, 0x4329768b, 0x34621fd1, 0x3d6f14df, 0x267809cd, 0x2f7502c3, 0x105633e9, 0x195b38e7, 0x024c25f5, 0x0b412efb, 0xd7618c9a, 0xde6c8794, 0xc57b9a86, 0xcc769188, 0xf355a0a2, 0xfa58abac, 0xe14fb6be, 0xe842bdb0, 0x9f09d4ea, 0x9604dfe4, 0x8d13c2f6, 0x841ec9f8, 0xbb3df8d2, 0xb230f3dc, 0xa927eece, 0xa02ae5c0, 0x47b13c7a, 0x4ebc3774, 0x55ab2a66, 0x5ca62168, 0x63851042, 0x6a881b4c, 0x719f065e, 0x78920d50, 0x0fd9640a, 0x06d46f04, 0x1dc37216, 0x14ce7918, 0x2bed4832, 0x22e0433c, 0x39f75e2e, 0x30fa5520, 0x9ab701ec, 0x93ba0ae2, 0x88ad17f0, 0x81a01cfe, 0xbe832dd4, 0xb78e26da, 0xac993bc8, 0xa59430c6, 0xd2df599c, 0xdbd25292, 0xc0c54f80, 0xc9c8448e, 0xf6eb75a4, 0xffe67eaa, 0xe4f163b8, 0xedfc68b6, 0x0a67b10c, 0x036aba02, 0x187da710, 0x1170ac1e, 0x2e539d34, 0x275e963a, 0x3c498b28, 0x35448026, 0x420fe97c, 0x4b02e272, 0x5015ff60, 0x5918f46e, 0x663bc544, 0x6f36ce4a, 0x7421d358, 0x7d2cd856, 0xa10c7a37, 0xa8017139, 0xb3166c2b, 0xba1b6725, 0x8538560f, 0x8c355d01, 0x97224013, 0x9e2f4b1d, 0xe9642247, 0xe0692949, 0xfb7e345b, 0xf2733f55, 0xcd500e7f, 0xc45d0571, 0xdf4a1863, 0xd647136d, 0x31dccad7, 0x38d1c1d9, 0x23c6dccb, 0x2acbd7c5, 0x15e8e6ef, 0x1ce5ede1, 0x07f2f0f3, 0x0efffbfd, 0x79b492a7, 0x70b999a9, 0x6bae84bb, 0x62a38fb5, 0x5d80be9f, 0x548db591, 0x4f9aa883, 0x4697a38d ]
+    # fmt: on
+
+    def __init__(self, key: bytes) -> None:
+        if len(key) not in (16, 24, 32):
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(f'Invalid key size {len(key)}')
+
+        rounds = self._NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS[len(key)]
+
+        # Encryption round keys
+        self._ke = [[0] * 4 for i in range(rounds + 1)]
+
+        # Decryption round keys
+        self._kd = [[0] * 4 for i in range(rounds + 1)]
+
+        round_key_count = (rounds + 1) * 4
+        kc = len(key) // 4
+
+        # Convert the key into ints
+        tk = [struct.unpack('>i', key[i : i + 4])[0] for i in range(0, len(key), 4)]
+
+        # Copy values into round key arrays
+        for i in range(0, kc):
+            self._ke[i // 4][i % 4] = tk[i]
+            self._kd[rounds - (i // 4)][i % 4] = tk[i]
+
+        # Key expansion (FIPS-197 section 5.2)
+        r_con_pointer = 0
+        t = kc
+        while t < round_key_count:
+            tt = tk[kc - 1]
+            tk[0] ^= (
+                (self._S[(tt >> 16) & 0xFF] << 24)
+                ^ (self._S[(tt >> 8) & 0xFF] << 16)
+                ^ (self._S[tt & 0xFF] << 8)
+                ^ self._S[(tt >> 24) & 0xFF]
+                ^ (self._RCON[r_con_pointer] << 24)
+            )
+            r_con_pointer += 1
+
+            if kc != 8:
+                for i in range(1, kc):
+                    tk[i] ^= tk[i - 1]
+
+            # Key expansion for 256-bit keys is "slightly different" (FIPS-197)
+            else:
+                for i in range(1, kc // 2):
+                    tk[i] ^= tk[i - 1]
+                tt = tk[kc // 2 - 1]
+
+                tk[kc // 2] ^= (
+                    self._S[tt & 0xFF]
+                    ^ (self._S[(tt >> 8) & 0xFF] << 8)
+                    ^ (self._S[(tt >> 16) & 0xFF] << 16)
+                    ^ (self._S[(tt >> 24) & 0xFF] << 24)
+                )
+
+                for i in range(kc // 2 + 1, kc):
+                    tk[i] ^= tk[i - 1]
+
+            # Copy values into round key arrays
+            j = 0
+            while j < kc and t < round_key_count:
+                self._ke[t // 4][t % 4] = tk[j]
+                self._kd[rounds - (t // 4)][t % 4] = tk[j]
+                j += 1
+                t += 1
+
+        # Inverse-Cipher-ify the decryption round key (FIPS-197 section 5.3)
+        for r in range(1, rounds):
+            for j in range(0, 4):
+                tt = self._kd[r][j]
+                self._kd[r][j] = (
+                    self._U1[(tt >> 24) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._U2[(tt >> 16) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._U3[(tt >> 8) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._U4[tt & 0xFF]
+                )
+
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Encrypt a block of plain text using the AES block cipher."""
+
+        if len(plaintext) != 16:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(f'wrong block length {len(plaintext)}')
+
+        rounds = len(self._ke) - 1
+        (s1, s2, s3) = [1, 2, 3]
+        a = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+        # Convert plaintext to (ints ^ key)
+        t = [
+            (_compact_word(plaintext[4 * i : 4 * i + 4]) ^ self._ke[0][i])
+            for i in range(0, 4)
+        ]
+
+        # Apply round transforms
+        for r in range(1, rounds):
+            for i in range(0, 4):
+                a[i] = (
+                    self._T1[(t[i] >> 24) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T2[(t[(i + s1) % 4] >> 16) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T3[(t[(i + s2) % 4] >> 8) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T4[t[(i + s3) % 4] & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._ke[r][i]
+                )
+            t = copy.copy(a)
+
+        # The last round is special
+        result = []
+        for i in range(0, 4):
+            tt = self._ke[rounds][i]
+            result.append((self._S[(t[i] >> 24) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 24)) & 0xFF)
+            result.append((self._S[(t[(i + s1) % 4] >> 16) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 16)) & 0xFF)
+            result.append((self._S[(t[(i + s2) % 4] >> 8) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 8)) & 0xFF)
+            result.append((self._S[t[(i + s3) % 4] & 0xFF] ^ tt) & 0xFF)
+
+        return bytes(result)
+
+    def decrypt(self, cipher_text: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Decrypt a block of cipher text using the AES block cipher."""
+
+        if len(cipher_text) != 16:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(f'wrong block length {len(cipher_text)}')
+
+        rounds = len(self._kd) - 1
+        (s1, s2, s3) = [3, 2, 1]
+        a = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+        # Convert ciphertext to (ints ^ key)
+        t = [
+            (_compact_word(cipher_text[4 * i : 4 * i + 4]) ^ self._kd[0][i])
+            for i in range(0, 4)
+        ]
+
+        # Apply round transforms
+        for r in range(1, rounds):
+            for i in range(0, 4):
+                a[i] = (
+                    self._T5[(t[i] >> 24) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T6[(t[(i + s1) % 4] >> 16) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T7[(t[(i + s2) % 4] >> 8) & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._T8[t[(i + s3) % 4] & 0xFF]
+                    ^ self._kd[r][i]
+                )
+            t = copy.copy(a)
+
+        # The last round is special
+        result = []
+        for i in range(0, 4):
+            tt = self._kd[rounds][i]
+            result.append((self._S_INV[(t[i] >> 24) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 24)) & 0xFF)
+            result.append(
+                (self._S_INV[(t[(i + s1) % 4] >> 16) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 16)) & 0xFF
+            )
+            result.append(
+                (self._S_INV[(t[(i + s2) % 4] >> 8) & 0xFF] ^ (tt >> 8)) & 0xFF
+            )
+            result.append((self._S_INV[t[(i + s3) % 4] & 0xFF] ^ tt) & 0xFF)
+
+        return bytes(result)
+
+
+class _ECB:
+    def __init__(self, key: bytes):
+        self._aes = _AES(key)
+
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext: bytes) -> bytes:
+        return b"".join(
+            [
+                self._aes.encrypt(
+                    plaintext[offset : offset + 16].ljust(16, b"\x00")  # Pad 0.
+                )
+                for offset in range(0, len(plaintext), 16)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def decrypt(self, cipher_text: bytes) -> bytes:
+        return b"".join(
+            [
+                self._aes.encrypt(cipher_text[offset : offset + 16])
+                for offset in range(0, len(cipher_text), 16)
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+class _CBC:
+    def __init__(self, key: bytes, iv: bytes = bytes(16)) -> None:
+        if len(iv) != 16:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(
+                f'initialization vector must be 16 bytes, get {len(iv)}'
+            )
+        else:
+            self._last_cipher_block = iv
+        self._aes = _AES(key)
+
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext: bytes) -> bytes:
+        cipher_text = b""
+        for offset in range(0, len(plaintext), 16):
+            pre_cipher_block = _xor(
+                plaintext[offset : offset + 16], self._last_cipher_block
+            )
+            self._last_cipher_block = self._aes.encrypt(pre_cipher_block)
+            cipher_text += self._last_cipher_block
+        return cipher_text
+
+    def decrypt(self, cipher_text: bytes) -> bytes:
+        plaintext = b""
+        for offset in range(0, len(cipher_text), 16):
+            plaintext += _xor(
+                self._aes.decrypt(cipher_text[offset : offset + 16]),
+                self._last_cipher_block,
+            )
+            self._last_cipher_block = cipher_text[offset : offset + 16]
+
+        return plaintext
+
+
+class _CMAC:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        key: bytes,
+        msg: bytes = bytes(16),
+        mac_len: int = 16,
+        update_after_digest: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.digest_size = mac_len
+        self._key = key
+        self._block_size = bs = 16
+        self._mac_tag: bytes | None = None
+        self._update_after_digest = update_after_digest
+
+        # Section 5.3 of NIST SP 800 38B and Appendix B
+        if bs == 8:
+            const_Rb = 0x1B
+            self._max_size = 8 * (2**21)
+        elif bs == 16:
+            const_Rb = 0x87
+            self._max_size = 16 * (2**48)
+        else:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(
+                f"CMAC requires a cipher with a block size of 8 or 16 bytes, not {bs}"
+            )
+
+        # Compute sub-keys
+        zero_block = bytes(bs)
+        self._ecb = _ECB(key)
+        L = self._ecb.encrypt(zero_block)
+        if L[0] & 0x80:
+            self._k1 = _shift_bytes(L, const_Rb)
+        else:
+            self._k1 = _shift_bytes(L)
+        if self._k1[0] & 0x80:
+            self._k2 = _shift_bytes(self._k1, const_Rb)
+        else:
+            self._k2 = _shift_bytes(self._k1)
+
+        # Initialize CBC cipher with zero IV
+        self._cbc = _CBC(key, zero_block)
+
+        # Cache for outstanding data to authenticate
+        self._cache = bytearray(bs)
+        self._cache_n = 0
+
+        # Last piece of cipher text produced
+        self._last_ct = zero_block
+
+        # Last block that was encrypted with AES
+        self._last_pt: bytes | None = None
+
+        # Counter for total message size
+        self._data_size = 0
+
+        if msg:
+            self.update(msg)
+
+    def update(self, msg: bytes) -> _CMAC:
+        """Authenticate the next chunk of message.
+
+        Args:
+            data (byte string/byte array/memoryview): The next chunk of data
+        """
+
+        if self._mac_tag is not None and not self._update_after_digest:
+            raise core.InvalidStateError(
+                "update() cannot be called after digest() or verify()"
+            )
+
+        self._data_size += len(msg)
+        bs = self._block_size
+
+        if self._cache_n > 0:
+            filler = min(bs - self._cache_n, len(msg))
+            self._cache[self._cache_n : self._cache_n + filler] = msg[:filler]
+            self._cache_n += filler
+
+            if self._cache_n < bs:
+                return self
+
+            msg = msg[filler:]
+            self._update(self._cache)
+            self._cache_n = 0
+
+        remain = len(msg) % bs
+        if remain > 0:
+            self._update(msg[:-remain])
+            self._cache[:remain] = msg[-remain:]
+        else:
+            self._update(msg)
+        self._cache_n = remain
+        return self
+
+    def _update(self, data_block: bytes) -> None:
+        """Update a block aligned to the block boundary"""
+
+        bs = self._block_size
+        assert len(data_block) % bs == 0
+
+        if len(data_block) == 0:
+            return
+
+        ct = self._cbc.encrypt(data_block)
+        if len(data_block) == bs:
+            second_last = self._last_ct
+        else:
+            second_last = ct[-bs * 2 : -bs]
+        self._last_ct = ct[-bs:]
+        self._last_pt = _xor(second_last, data_block[-bs:])
+
+    def digest(self) -> bytes:
+        bs = self._block_size
+
+        if self._mac_tag is not None and not self._update_after_digest:
+            return self._mac_tag
+
+        if self._data_size > self._max_size:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError("MAC is unsafe for this message")
+
+        if self._cache_n == 0 and self._data_size > 0 and self._last_pt:
+            # Last block was full
+            pt = _xor(self._last_pt, self._k1)
+        else:
+            # Last block is partial (or message length is zero)
+            partial = self._cache[:]
+            partial[self._cache_n :] = b'\x80' + b'\x00' * (bs - self._cache_n - 1)
+            pt = _xor(_xor(self._last_ct, partial), self._k2)
+
+        self._mac_tag = self._ecb.encrypt(pt)[: self.digest_size]
+
+        return self._mac_tag
+
+
+# Define the original Point class for clarity and conversion purposes
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _Point:
+    """Represents a point on the elliptic curve in affine coordinates."""
+
+    curve: _EllipticCurve
+    x: int = 0
+    y: int = 0
+    infinite: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class _JacobianPoint:
+    """Represents a point on the elliptic curve in Jacobian coordinates."""
+
+    curve: _EllipticCurve
+    x: int = 1  # For point at infinity (1:1:0)
+    y: int = 1
+    z: int = 0  # z = 0 indicates point at infinity
+
+    @classmethod
+    def point_at_infinity(cls, curve: _EllipticCurve) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        return _JacobianPoint(curve=curve, x=1, y=1, z=0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_affine(cls, affine_point: _Point) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        if affine_point.infinite:
+            return _JacobianPoint.point_at_infinity(affine_point.curve)
+        # A simple conversion is (x, y, 1)
+        return _JacobianPoint(
+            curve=affine_point.curve, x=affine_point.x, y=affine_point.y, z=1
+        )
+
+    def to_affine(self) -> _Point:
+        if self.z == 0:
+            return _Point(infinite=True, curve=self.curve)
+
+        p = self.curve.p
+        inv_z = pow(self.z, -1, p)
+        affine_x = (self.x * inv_z**2) % p
+        affine_y = (self.y * inv_z**3) % p
+
+        return _Point(curve=self.curve, x=affine_x, y=affine_y, infinite=False)
+
+    def double(self) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        if self.z == 0 or self.y == 0:
+            return _JacobianPoint.point_at_infinity(self.curve)
+
+        s = 4 * self.x * self.y**2
+        m = 3 * self.x**2 + self.curve.a * self.z**4
+        x2 = m**2 - 2 * s
+        y2 = m * (s - x2) - 8 * self.y**4
+        z2 = 2 * self.y * self.z
+        p = self.curve.p
+
+        return _JacobianPoint(curve=self.curve, x=x2 % p, y=y2 % p, z=z2 % p)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: _JacobianPoint) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        if self.z == 0 and other.z == 0:
+            return _JacobianPoint.point_at_infinity(self.curve)
+        elif self.z == 0:
+            return other
+        elif other.z == 0:
+            return self
+
+        x1 = self.x
+        y1 = self.y
+        z1 = self.z
+        x2 = other.x
+        y2 = other.y
+        z2 = other.z
+        p = self.curve.p
+        u1 = (x1 * z2**2) % p
+        u2 = (x2 * z1**2) % p
+        s1 = (y1 * z2**3) % p
+        s2 = (y2 * z1**3) % p
+
+        if u1 == u2:
+            if s1 != s2:
+                return _JacobianPoint.point_at_infinity(self.curve)
+            else:
+                return self.double()
+        else:
+            h = u2 - u1
+            r = s2 - s1
+
+            h3 = h**3 % p
+            u1h2 = (u1 * h**2) % p
+            x3 = r**2 - h3 - 2 * u1h2
+            y3 = r * (u1h2 - x3) - s1 * h3
+            z3 = h * z1 * z2
+
+            return _JacobianPoint(self.curve, x3 % p, y3 % p, z3 % p)
+
+    def __mul__(self, k: int) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        addend = self
+        result = _JacobianPoint.point_at_infinity(self.curve)
+
+        while k > 0:
+            if k % 2 != 0:
+                result = result + addend
+            addend = addend.double()
+            k = k >> 1
+        return result
+
+    def __rmul__(self, k: int) -> _JacobianPoint:
+        return self * k
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _EllipticCurve:
+    p: int
+    a: int
+    b: int
+    n: int
+    g_x: int
+    g_y: int
+
+    _generator_jacobian: _JacobianPoint = dataclasses.field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        self._generator_jacobian = _JacobianPoint(
+            curve=self, x=self.g_x, y=self.g_y, z=1
+        )
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class PrivateKey:
+        key: int
+        curve: _EllipticCurve
+
+    def generate_private_key(self) -> PrivateKey:
+        """Generates a random private key."""
+        return self.PrivateKey(key=secrets.randbelow(self.n), curve=self)
+
+    def generate_public_key(self, private_key: int) -> _Point:
+        """Generates a public key from a private key using Jacobian coordinates for scalar multiplication."""
+        public_key_jacobian = self._generator_jacobian * private_key
+        return public_key_jacobian.to_affine()
+
+    def ecdh_shared_secret(self, private_key: int, other_public_key: _Point) -> bytes:
+        """Computes the shared secret using ECDH."""
+        other_public_key_jacobian = _JacobianPoint.from_affine(other_public_key)
+        shared_point_jacobian = other_public_key_jacobian * private_key
+        shared_point_affine = shared_point_jacobian.to_affine()
+        if shared_point_affine.infinite:
+            raise core.InvalidPacketError(
+                "Shared secret calculation resulted in the point at infinite"
+            )
+        return shared_point_affine.x.to_bytes(32, 'big')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def SECP256R1(cls) -> _EllipticCurve:
+        p = 0xFFFFFFFF00000001000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+        a = 0xFFFFFFFF00000001000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
+        b = 0x5AC635D8AA3A93E7B3EBBD55769886BC651D06B0CC53B0F63BCE3C3E27D2604B
+        n = 0xFFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBCE6FAADA7179E84F3B9CAC2FC632551  # Curve order
+        g_x = 0x6B17D1F2E12C4247F8BCE6E563A440F277037D812DEB33A0F4A13945D898C296
+        g_y = 0x4FE342E2FE1A7F9B8EE7EB4A7C0F9E162BCE33576B315ECECBB6406837BF51F5
+
+        return _EllipticCurve(p=p, a=a, b=b, n=n, g_x=g_x, g_y=g_y)
+
+
+class EccKey:
+    def __init__(self, private_key: _EllipticCurve.PrivateKey) -> None:
+        self.private_key = private_key
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def x(self) -> bytes:
+        return self.private_key.curve.generate_public_key(
+            self.private_key.key
+        ).x.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def y(self) -> bytes:
+        return self.private_key.curve.generate_public_key(
+            self.private_key.key
+        ).y.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
+
+    def dh(self, public_key_x: bytes, public_key_y: bytes) -> bytes:
+        x = int.from_bytes(public_key_x, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        y = int.from_bytes(public_key_y, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        return self.private_key.curve.ecdh_shared_secret(
+            self.private_key.key,
+            _Point(x=x, y=y, curve=self.private_key.curve),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate(cls) -> EccKey:
+        return EccKey(_EllipticCurve.SECP256R1().generate_private_key())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_private_key_bytes(cls, d_bytes: bytes) -> EccKey:
+        d = int.from_bytes(d_bytes, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        return EccKey(_EllipticCurve.PrivateKey(d, _EllipticCurve.SECP256R1()))
+
+
+def e(key: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    '''
+    AES-128 ECB, expecting byte-swapped inputs and producing a byte-swapped output.
+
+    See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.1 Security function e
+    '''
+
+    return _ECB(key[::-1]).encrypt(data[::-1])[::-1]
+
+
+def aes_cmac(m: bytes, k: bytes) -> bytes:
+    '''
+    See Bluetooth spec, Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.5 FunctionAES-CMAC
+
+    NOTE: the input and output of this internal function are in big-endian byte order
+    '''
+    return _CMAC(key=k, msg=m).digest()

bumble/crypto/cryptography.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import ciphers, cmac
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import algorithms, modes
+
+
+def e(key: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    '''
+    AES-128 ECB, expecting byte-swapped inputs and producing a byte-swapped output.
+
+    See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.1 Security function e
+    '''
+
+    cipher = ciphers.Cipher(algorithms.AES(key[::-1]), modes.ECB())
+    encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
+    return encryptor.update(data[::-1])[::-1]
+
+
+class EccKey:
+    def __init__(self, private_key: ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey) -> None:
+        self.private_key = private_key
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate(cls) -> EccKey:
+        return EccKey(ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1()))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_private_key_bytes(cls, d_bytes: bytes) -> EccKey:
+        d = int.from_bytes(d_bytes, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        return EccKey(ec.derive_private_key(d, ec.SECP256R1()))
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def x(self) -> bytes:
+        return (
+            self.private_key.public_key()
+            .public_numbers()
+            .x.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
+        )
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def y(self) -> bytes:
+        return (
+            self.private_key.public_key()
+            .public_numbers()
+            .y.to_bytes(32, byteorder='big')
+        )
+
+    def dh(self, public_key_x: bytes, public_key_y: bytes) -> bytes:
+        x = int.from_bytes(public_key_x, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        y = int.from_bytes(public_key_y, byteorder='big', signed=False)
+        return self.private_key.exchange(
+            ec.ECDH(),
+            ec.EllipticCurvePublicNumbers(x, y, ec.SECP256R1()).public_key(),
+        )
+
+
+def aes_cmac(m: bytes, k: bytes) -> bytes:
+    '''
+    See Bluetooth spec, Vol 3, Part H - 2.2.5 FunctionAES-CMAC
+
+    NOTE: the input and output of this internal function are in big-endian byte order
+    '''
+    mac = cmac.CMAC(algorithms.AES(k))
+    mac.update(m)
+    return mac.finalize()

bumble/decoder.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import Union
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -167,12 +166,12 @@ class G722Decoder:
         # The initial value in BLOCK 3H
         self._band[1].det = 8
 
-    def decode_frame(self, encoded_data: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> bytearray:
+    def decode_frame(self, encoded_data: bytes | bytearray) -> bytearray:
         result_array = bytearray(len(encoded_data) * 4)
         self.g722_decode(result_array, encoded_data)
         return result_array
 
-    def g722_decode(self, result_array, encoded_data: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+    def g722_decode(self, result_array, encoded_data: bytes | bytearray) -> int:
         """Decode the data frame using g722 decoder."""
         result_length = 0
 

bumble/drivers/__init__.py

@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ like loading firmware after a cold start.
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
 import pathlib
 import platform
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, Optional, Type, TYPE_CHECKING
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from bumble.drivers import rtk, intel
+from bumble.drivers import intel, rtk
 from bumble.drivers.common import Driver
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -40,14 +42,18 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Functions
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-async def get_driver_for_host(host: Host) -> Optional[Driver]:
+async def get_driver_for_host(host: Host) -> Driver | None:
     """Probe diver classes until one returns a valid instance for a host, or none is
     found.
     If a "driver" HCI metadata entry is present, only that driver class will be probed.
     """
-    driver_classes: Dict[str, Type[Driver]] = {"rtk": rtk.Driver, "intel": intel.Driver}
+    driver_classes: dict[str, type[Driver]] = {"rtk": rtk.Driver, "intel": intel.Driver}
     probe_list: Iterable[str]
     if driver_name := host.hci_metadata.get("driver"):
+        # The "driver" metadata may include runtime options after a '/' (for example
+        # "intel/ddc=..."). Keep only the base driver name (the portion before the
+        # first slash) so it matches a key in driver_classes (e.g. "intel").
+        driver_name = driver_name.split("/")[0]
         # Only probe a single driver
         probe_list = [driver_name]
     else:

bumble/drivers/common.py

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ Common types for drivers.
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import abc
 
-from bumble import core
-
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes

bumble/drivers/intel.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Loosely based on the Fuchsia OS implementation.
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import collections
 import dataclasses
@@ -28,12 +29,10 @@ import os
 import pathlib
 import platform
 import struct
-from typing import Any, Deque, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
-from bumble import core
+from bumble import core, hci, utils
 from bumble.drivers import common
-from bumble import hci
-from bumble import utils
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from bumble.host import Host
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 INTEL_USB_PRODUCTS = {
     (0x8087, 0x0032),  # AX210
+    (0x8087, 0x0033),  # AX211
     (0x8087, 0x0036),  # BE200
 }
 
@@ -89,54 +89,54 @@ HCI_INTEL_WRITE_BOOT_PARAMS_COMMAND = hci.hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x000E)
 hci.HCI_Command.register_commands(globals())
 
 
-@hci.HCI_Command.command(
-    fields=[
-        ("param0", 1),
-    ],
-    return_parameters_fields=[
-        ("status", hci.STATUS_SPEC),
-        ("tlv", "*"),
-    ],
-)
-class HCI_Intel_Read_Version_Command(hci.HCI_Command):
-    pass
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Read_Version_ReturnParameters(hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters):
+    tlv: bytes = hci.field(metadata=hci.metadata('*'))
 
 
-@hci.HCI_Command.command(
-    fields=[("data_type", 1), ("data", "*")],
-    return_parameters_fields=[
-        ("status", 1),
-    ],
-)
-class Hci_Intel_Secure_Send_Command(hci.HCI_Command):
-    pass
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(HCI_Intel_Read_Version_ReturnParameters)
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Read_Version_Command(
+    hci.HCI_SyncCommand[HCI_Intel_Read_Version_ReturnParameters]
+):
+    param0: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
 
 
-@hci.HCI_Command.command(
-    fields=[
-        ("reset_type", 1),
-        ("patch_enable", 1),
-        ("ddc_reload", 1),
-        ("boot_option", 1),
-        ("boot_address", 4),
-    ],
-    return_parameters_fields=[
-        ("data", "*"),
-    ],
-)
-class HCI_Intel_Reset_Command(hci.HCI_Command):
-    pass
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters)
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Hci_Intel_Secure_Send_Command(
+    hci.HCI_SyncCommand[hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters]
+):
+    data_type: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    data: bytes = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata("*"))
 
 
-@hci.HCI_Command.command(
-    fields=[("data", "*")],
-    return_parameters_fields=[
-        ("status", hci.STATUS_SPEC),
-        ("params", "*"),
-    ],
-)
-class Hci_Intel_Write_Device_Config_Command(hci.HCI_Command):
-    pass
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Reset_ReturnParameters(hci.HCI_ReturnParameters):
+    data: bytes = hci.field(metadata=hci.metadata('*'))
+
+
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(HCI_Intel_Reset_ReturnParameters)
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Reset_Command(hci.HCI_SyncCommand[HCI_Intel_Reset_ReturnParameters]):
+    reset_type: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    patch_enable: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    ddc_reload: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    boot_option: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    boot_address: int = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata(4))
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Write_Device_Config_ReturnParameters(hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters):
+    params: bytes = hci.field(metadata=hci.metadata('*'))
+
+
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(HCI_Intel_Write_Device_Config_ReturnParameters)
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class HCI_Intel_Write_Device_Config_Command(
+    hci.HCI_SyncCommand[HCI_Intel_Write_Device_Config_ReturnParameters]
+):
+    data: bytes = dataclasses.field(metadata=hci.metadata("*"))
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -201,50 +201,51 @@ def _parse_tlv(data: bytes) -> list[tuple[ValueType, Any]]:
         value = data[2 : 2 + value_length]
         typed_value: Any
 
-        if value_type == ValueType.END:
-            break
+        match value_type:
+            case ValueType.END:
+                break
 
-        if value_type in (ValueType.CNVI, ValueType.CNVR):
-            (v,) = struct.unpack("<I", value)
-            typed_value = (
-                (((v >> 0) & 0xF) << 12)
-                | (((v >> 4) & 0xF) << 0)
-                | (((v >> 8) & 0xF) << 4)
-                | (((v >> 24) & 0xF) << 8)
-            )
-        elif value_type == ValueType.HARDWARE_INFO:
-            (v,) = struct.unpack("<I", value)
-            typed_value = HardwareInfo(
-                HardwarePlatform((v >> 8) & 0xFF), HardwareVariant((v >> 16) & 0x3F)
-            )
-        elif value_type in (
-            ValueType.USB_VENDOR_ID,
-            ValueType.USB_PRODUCT_ID,
-            ValueType.DEVICE_REVISION,
-        ):
-            (typed_value,) = struct.unpack("<H", value)
-        elif value_type == ValueType.CURRENT_MODE_OF_OPERATION:
-            typed_value = ModeOfOperation(value[0])
-        elif value_type in (
-            ValueType.BUILD_TYPE,
-            ValueType.BUILD_NUMBER,
-            ValueType.SECURE_BOOT,
-            ValueType.OTP_LOCK,
-            ValueType.API_LOCK,
-            ValueType.DEBUG_LOCK,
-            ValueType.SECURE_BOOT_ENGINE_TYPE,
-        ):
-            typed_value = value[0]
-        elif value_type == ValueType.TIMESTAMP:
-            typed_value = Timestamp(value[0], value[1])
-        elif value_type == ValueType.FIRMWARE_BUILD:
-            typed_value = FirmwareBuild(value[0], Timestamp(value[1], value[2]))
-        elif value_type == ValueType.BLUETOOTH_ADDRESS:
-            typed_value = hci.Address(
-                value, address_type=hci.Address.PUBLIC_DEVICE_ADDRESS
-            )
-        else:
-            typed_value = value
+            case ValueType.CNVI | ValueType.CNVR:
+                (v,) = struct.unpack("<I", value)
+                typed_value = (
+                    (((v >> 0) & 0xF) << 12)
+                    | (((v >> 4) & 0xF) << 0)
+                    | (((v >> 8) & 0xF) << 4)
+                    | (((v >> 24) & 0xF) << 8)
+                )
+            case ValueType.HARDWARE_INFO:
+                (v,) = struct.unpack("<I", value)
+                typed_value = HardwareInfo(
+                    HardwarePlatform((v >> 8) & 0xFF), HardwareVariant((v >> 16) & 0x3F)
+                )
+            case (
+                ValueType.USB_VENDOR_ID
+                | ValueType.USB_PRODUCT_ID
+                | ValueType.DEVICE_REVISION
+            ):
+                (typed_value,) = struct.unpack("<H", value)
+            case ValueType.CURRENT_MODE_OF_OPERATION:
+                typed_value = ModeOfOperation(value[0])
+            case (
+                ValueType.BUILD_TYPE
+                | ValueType.BUILD_NUMBER
+                | ValueType.SECURE_BOOT
+                | ValueType.OTP_LOCK
+                | ValueType.API_LOCK
+                | ValueType.DEBUG_LOCK
+                | ValueType.SECURE_BOOT_ENGINE_TYPE
+            ):
+                typed_value = value[0]
+            case ValueType.TIMESTAMP:
+                typed_value = Timestamp(value[0], value[1])
+            case ValueType.FIRMWARE_BUILD:
+                typed_value = FirmwareBuild(value[0], Timestamp(value[1], value[2]))
+            case ValueType.BLUETOOTH_ADDRESS:
+                typed_value = hci.Address(
+                    value, address_type=hci.Address.PUBLIC_DEVICE_ADDRESS
+                )
+            case _:
+                typed_value = value
 
         result.append((value_type, typed_value))
         data = data[2 + value_length :]
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ class HardwareVariant(utils.OpenIntEnum):
     # This is a just a partial list.
     # Add other constants here as new hardware is encountered and tested.
     TYPHOON_PEAK = 0x17
+    GARFIELD_PEAK = 0x19
     GALE_PEAK = 0x1C
 
 
@@ -346,7 +348,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
     def __init__(self, host: Host) -> None:
         self.host = host
         self.max_in_flight_firmware_load_commands = 1
-        self.pending_firmware_load_commands: Deque[hci.HCI_Command] = (
+        self.pending_firmware_load_commands: collections.deque[hci.HCI_Command] = (
             collections.deque()
         )
         self.can_send_firmware_load_command = asyncio.Event()
@@ -355,8 +357,8 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
         self.reset_complete = asyncio.Event()
 
         # Parse configuration options from the driver name.
-        self.ddc_addon: Optional[bytes] = None
-        self.ddc_override: Optional[bytes] = None
+        self.ddc_addon: bytes | None = None
+        self.ddc_override: bytes | None = None
         driver = host.hci_metadata.get("driver")
         if driver is not None and driver.startswith("intel/"):
             for key, value in [
@@ -382,7 +384,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
 
         if (vendor_id, product_id) not in INTEL_USB_PRODUCTS:
             logger.debug(
-                f"USB device ({vendor_id:04X}, {product_id:04X}) " "not in known list"
+                f"USB device ({vendor_id:04X}, {product_id:04X}) not in known list"
             )
             return False
 
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             self.host.on_hci_event_packet(event)
             return
 
-        if not event.return_parameters == hci.HCI_SUCCESS:
+        if not event.return_parameters.status == hci.HCI_SUCCESS:
             raise DriverError("HCI_Command_Complete_Event error")
 
         if self.max_in_flight_firmware_load_commands != event.num_hci_command_packets:
@@ -461,6 +463,10 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             == ModeOfOperation.OPERATIONAL
         ):
             logger.debug("firmware already loaded")
+            # If the firmeare is already loaded, still attempt to load any
+            # device configuration (DDC). DDC can be applied independently of a
+            # firmware reload and may contain runtime overrides or patches.
+            await self.load_ddc_if_any()
             return
 
         # We only support some platforms and variants.
@@ -471,6 +477,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             raise DriverError("hardware platform not supported")
         if hardware_info.variant not in (
             HardwareVariant.TYPHOON_PEAK,
+            HardwareVariant.GARFIELD_PEAK,
             HardwareVariant.GALE_PEAK,
         ):
             raise DriverError("hardware variant not supported")
@@ -480,9 +487,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             raise DriverError("insufficient device info, missing CNVI or CNVR")
 
         firmware_base_name = (
-            "ibt-"
-            f"{device_info[ValueType.CNVI]:04X}-"
-            f"{device_info[ValueType.CNVR]:04X}"
+            f"ibt-{device_info[ValueType.CNVI]:04X}-{device_info[ValueType.CNVR]:04X}"
         )
         logger.debug(f"FW base name: {firmware_base_name}")
 
@@ -599,17 +604,39 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
         await self.reset_complete.wait()
         logger.debug("reset complete")
 
-        # Load the device config if there is one.
+        await self.load_ddc_if_any(firmware_base_name)
+
+    async def load_ddc_if_any(self, firmware_base_name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Check for and load any Device Data Configuration (DDC) blobs.
+
+        Args:
+            firmware_base_name: Base name of the selected firmware (e.g. "ibt-XXXX-YYYY").
+                                If None, don't attempt to look up a .ddc file that
+                                corresponds to the firmware image.
+        Priority:
+        1. If a ddc_override was provided via driver metadata, use it (highest priority).
+        2. Otherwise, if firmware_base_name is provided, attempt to find a .ddc file
+           that corresponds to the selected firmware image.
+        3. Finally, if a ddc_addon was provided, append/load it after the primary DDC.
+        """
+        # If an explicit DDC override was supplied, use it and skip file lookup.
         if self.ddc_override:
             logger.debug("loading overridden DDC")
             await self.load_device_config(self.ddc_override)
         else:
-            ddc_name = f"{firmware_base_name}.ddc"
-            ddc_path = _find_binary_path(ddc_name)
-            if ddc_path:
-                logger.debug(f"loading DDC from {ddc_path}")
-                ddc_data = ddc_path.read_bytes()
-                await self.load_device_config(ddc_data)
+            # Only attempt .ddc file lookup if a firmware_base_name was provided.
+            if firmware_base_name is None:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "no firmware_base_name provided; skipping .ddc file lookup"
+                )
+            else:
+                ddc_name = f"{firmware_base_name}.ddc"
+                ddc_path = _find_binary_path(ddc_name)
+                if ddc_path:
+                    logger.debug(f"loading DDC from {ddc_path}")
+                    ddc_data = ddc_path.read_bytes()
+                    await self.load_device_config(ddc_data)
         if self.ddc_addon:
             logger.debug("loading DDC addon")
             await self.load_device_config(self.ddc_addon)
@@ -618,8 +645,8 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
         while ddc_data:
             ddc_len = 1 + ddc_data[0]
             ddc_payload = ddc_data[:ddc_len]
-            await self.host.send_command(
-                Hci_Intel_Write_Device_Config_Command(data=ddc_payload)
+            await self.host.send_sync_command(
+                HCI_Intel_Write_Device_Config_Command(data=ddc_payload)
             )
             ddc_data = ddc_data[ddc_len:]
 
@@ -637,31 +664,34 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
 
     async def read_device_info(self) -> dict[ValueType, Any]:
         self.host.ready = True
-        response = await self.host.send_command(hci.HCI_Reset_Command())
-        if not (
-            isinstance(response, hci.HCI_Command_Complete_Event)
-            and response.return_parameters
-            in (hci.HCI_UNKNOWN_HCI_COMMAND_ERROR, hci.HCI_SUCCESS)
+        response1 = await self.host.send_sync_command_raw(hci.HCI_Reset_Command())
+        if not isinstance(
+            response1.return_parameters, hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters
+        ) or response1.return_parameters.status not in (
+            hci.HCI_UNKNOWN_HCI_COMMAND_ERROR,
+            hci.HCI_SUCCESS,
         ):
             # When the controller is in operational mode, the response is a
             # successful response.
             # When the controller is in bootloader mode,
             # HCI_UNKNOWN_HCI_COMMAND_ERROR is the expected response. Anything
             # else is a failure.
-            logger.warning(f"unexpected response: {response}")
+            logger.warning(f"unexpected response: {response1}")
             raise DriverError("unexpected HCI response")
 
         # Read the firmware version.
-        response = await self.host.send_command(
+        response2 = await self.host.send_sync_command_raw(
             HCI_Intel_Read_Version_Command(param0=0xFF)
         )
-        if not isinstance(response, hci.HCI_Command_Complete_Event):
-            raise DriverError("unexpected HCI response")
-
-        if response.return_parameters.status != 0:  # type: ignore
+        if (
+            not isinstance(
+                response2.return_parameters, HCI_Intel_Read_Version_ReturnParameters
+            )
+            or response2.return_parameters.status != 0
+        ):
             raise DriverError("HCI_Intel_Read_Version_Command error")
 
-        tlvs = _parse_tlv(response.return_parameters.tlv)  # type: ignore
+        tlvs = _parse_tlv(response2.return_parameters.tlv)  # type: ignore
 
         # Convert the list to a dict. That's Ok here because we only expect each type
         # to appear just once.

bumble/drivers/rtk.py

@@ -16,11 +16,8 @@ Support for Realtek USB dongles.
 Based on various online bits of information, including the Linux kernel.
 (see `drivers/bluetooth/btrtl.c`)
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Imports
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 import asyncio
 import enum
 import logging
@@ -29,21 +26,20 @@ import os
 import pathlib
 import platform
 import struct
-from typing import Tuple
 import weakref
 
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from bumble import core
-from bumble.hci import (
-    hci_vendor_command_op_code,
-    STATUS_SPEC,
-    HCI_SUCCESS,
-    HCI_Command,
-    HCI_Reset_Command,
-    HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command,
-)
+from bumble import core, hci
 from bumble.drivers import common
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from bumble.host import Host
+
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -86,6 +82,7 @@ class RtlProjectId(enum.IntEnum):
     PROJECT_ID_8852A = 18
     PROJECT_ID_8852B = 20
     PROJECT_ID_8852C = 25
+    PROJECT_ID_8761C = 51
 
 
 RTK_PROJECT_ID_TO_ROM = {
@@ -101,6 +98,7 @@ RTK_PROJECT_ID_TO_ROM = {
     18: RTK_ROM_LMP_8852A,
     20: RTK_ROM_LMP_8852A,
     25: RTK_ROM_LMP_8852A,
+    51: RTK_ROM_LMP_8761A,
 }
 
 # List of USB (VendorID, ProductID) for Realtek-based devices.
@@ -124,12 +122,19 @@ RTK_USB_PRODUCTS = {
     # Realtek 8761BUV
     (0x0B05, 0x190E),
     (0x0BDA, 0x8771),
+    (0x0BDA, 0x877B),
+    (0x0BDA, 0xA728),
+    (0x0BDA, 0xA729),
     (0x2230, 0x0016),
     (0x2357, 0x0604),
     (0x2550, 0x8761),
     (0x2B89, 0x8761),
+    (0x2C0A, 0x8761),
     (0x7392, 0xC611),
-    (0x0BDA, 0x877B),
+    # Realtek 8761CUV
+    (0x0B05, 0x1BF6),
+    (0x0BDA, 0xC761),
+    (0x7392, 0xF611),
     # Realtek 8821AE
     (0x0B05, 0x17DC),
     (0x13D3, 0x3414),
@@ -183,27 +188,42 @@ RTK_USB_PRODUCTS = {
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # HCI Commands
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-HCI_RTK_READ_ROM_VERSION_COMMAND = hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x6D)
-HCI_RTK_DOWNLOAD_COMMAND = hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x20)
-HCI_RTK_DROP_FIRMWARE_COMMAND = hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x66)
-HCI_Command.register_commands(globals())
+HCI_RTK_READ_ROM_VERSION_COMMAND = hci.hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x6D)
+HCI_RTK_DOWNLOAD_COMMAND = hci.hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x20)
+HCI_RTK_DROP_FIRMWARE_COMMAND = hci.hci_vendor_command_op_code(0x66)
+hci.HCI_Command.register_commands(globals())
 
 
-@HCI_Command.command(return_parameters_fields=[("status", STATUS_SPEC), ("version", 1)])
-class HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command(HCI_Command):
+@dataclass
+class HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters(hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters):
+    version: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters)
+@dataclass
+class HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command(
+    hci.HCI_SyncCommand[HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters]
+):
     pass
 
 
-@HCI_Command.command(
-    fields=[("index", 1), ("payload", RTK_FRAGMENT_LENGTH)],
-    return_parameters_fields=[("status", STATUS_SPEC), ("index", 1)],
-)
-class HCI_RTK_Download_Command(HCI_Command):
-    pass
+@dataclass
+class HCI_RTK_Download_ReturnParameters(hci.HCI_StatusReturnParameters):
+    index: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
 
 
-@HCI_Command.command()
-class HCI_RTK_Drop_Firmware_Command(HCI_Command):
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(HCI_RTK_Download_ReturnParameters)
+@dataclass
+class HCI_RTK_Download_Command(hci.HCI_SyncCommand[HCI_RTK_Download_ReturnParameters]):
+    index: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    payload: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(RTK_FRAGMENT_LENGTH))
+
+
+@hci.HCI_SyncCommand.sync_command(hci.HCI_GenericReturnParameters)
+@dataclass
+class HCI_RTK_Drop_Firmware_Command(
+    hci.HCI_SyncCommand[hci.HCI_GenericReturnParameters]
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -294,7 +314,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
     @dataclass
     class DriverInfo:
         rom: int
-        hci: Tuple[int, int]
+        hci: tuple[int, int]
         config_needed: bool
         has_rom_version: bool
         has_msft_ext: bool = False
@@ -368,6 +388,15 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             fw_name="rtl8761bu_fw.bin",
             config_name="rtl8761bu_config.bin",
         ),
+        # 8761CU
+        DriverInfo(
+            rom=RTK_ROM_LMP_8761A,
+            hci=(0x0E, 0x00),
+            config_needed=False,
+            has_rom_version=True,
+            fw_name="rtl8761cu_fw.bin",
+            config_name="rtl8761cu_config.bin",
+        ),
         # 8822C
         DriverInfo(
             rom=RTK_ROM_LMP_8822B,
@@ -425,9 +454,17 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
     @staticmethod
     def find_driver_info(hci_version, hci_subversion, lmp_subversion):
         for driver_info in Driver.DRIVER_INFOS:
-            if driver_info.rom == lmp_subversion and driver_info.hci == (
-                hci_subversion,
-                hci_version,
+            if driver_info.rom == lmp_subversion and (
+                driver_info.hci
+                == (
+                    hci_subversion,
+                    hci_version,
+                )
+                or driver_info.hci
+                == (
+                    hci_subversion,
+                    0x0,
+                )
             ):
                 return driver_info
 
@@ -472,7 +509,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
-    def check(host):
+    def check(host: Host) -> bool:
         if not host.hci_metadata:
             logger.debug("USB metadata not found")
             return False
@@ -489,29 +526,51 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
 
         if (vendor_id, product_id) not in RTK_USB_PRODUCTS:
             logger.debug(
-                f"USB device ({vendor_id:04X}, {product_id:04X}) " "not in known list"
+                f"USB device ({vendor_id:04X}, {product_id:04X}) not in known list"
             )
             return False
 
         return True
 
+    @staticmethod
+    async def get_loaded_firmware_version(host: Host) -> int | None:
+        response1 = await host.send_sync_command_raw(HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command())
+        if (
+            not isinstance(
+                response1.return_parameters, HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters
+            )
+            or response1.return_parameters.status != hci.HCI_SUCCESS
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        response2 = await host.send_sync_command(
+            hci.HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command()
+        )
+        return response2.hci_subversion << 16 | response2.lmp_subversion
+
     @classmethod
-    async def driver_info_for_host(cls, host):
+    async def driver_info_for_host(cls, host: Host) -> DriverInfo | None:
         try:
-            await host.send_command(
-                HCI_Reset_Command(),
-                check_result=True,
+            await host.send_sync_command(
+                hci.HCI_Reset_Command(),
                 response_timeout=cls.POST_RESET_DELAY,
             )
             host.ready = True  # Needed to let the host know the controller is ready.
         except asyncio.exceptions.TimeoutError:
             logger.warning("timeout waiting for hci reset, retrying")
-            await host.send_command(HCI_Reset_Command(), check_result=True)
+            await host.send_sync_command(hci.HCI_Reset_Command())
             host.ready = True
 
-        command = HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command()
-        response = await host.send_command(command, check_result=True)
-        if response.command_opcode != command.op_code:
+        response = await host.send_sync_command_raw(
+            hci.HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_Command()
+        )
+        if (
+            not isinstance(
+                response.return_parameters,
+                hci.HCI_Read_Local_Version_Information_ReturnParameters,
+            )
+            or response.return_parameters.status != hci.HCI_SUCCESS
+        ):
             logger.error("failed to probe local version information")
             return None
 
@@ -536,7 +595,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
         return driver_info
 
     @classmethod
-    async def for_host(cls, host, force=False):
+    async def for_host(cls, host: Host, force: bool = False):
         # Check that a driver is needed for this host
         if not force and not cls.check(host):
             return None
@@ -591,28 +650,35 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
 
         # TODO: load the firmware
 
-    async def download_for_rtl8723b(self):
+    async def download_for_rtl8723b(self) -> int | None:
         if self.driver_info.has_rom_version:
-            response = await self.host.send_command(
-                HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command(), check_result=True
+            response1 = await self.host.send_sync_command_raw(
+                HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command()
             )
-            if response.return_parameters.status != HCI_SUCCESS:
+            if (
+                not isinstance(
+                    response1.return_parameters,
+                    HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters,
+                )
+                or response1.return_parameters.status != hci.HCI_SUCCESS
+            ):
                 logger.warning("can't get ROM version")
-                return
-            rom_version = response.return_parameters.version
+                return None
+            rom_version = response1.return_parameters.version
             logger.debug(f"ROM version before download: {rom_version:04X}")
         else:
             rom_version = 0
 
         firmware = Firmware(self.firmware)
         logger.debug(f"firmware: project_id=0x{firmware.project_id:04X}")
+        logger.debug(f"firmware: version=0x{firmware.version:04X}")
         for patch in firmware.patches:
             if patch[0] == rom_version + 1:
                 logger.debug(f"using patch {patch[0]}")
                 break
         else:
             logger.warning("no valid patch found for rom version {rom_version}")
-            return
+            return None
 
         # Append the config if there is one.
         if self.config:
@@ -633,23 +699,28 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
             fragment_offset = fragment_index * RTK_FRAGMENT_LENGTH
             fragment = payload[fragment_offset : fragment_offset + RTK_FRAGMENT_LENGTH]
             logger.debug(f"downloading fragment {fragment_index}")
-            await self.host.send_command(
-                HCI_RTK_Download_Command(
-                    index=download_index, payload=fragment, check_result=True
-                )
+            await self.host.send_sync_command(
+                HCI_RTK_Download_Command(index=download_index, payload=fragment)
             )
 
         logger.debug("download complete!")
 
         # Read the version again
-        response = await self.host.send_command(
-            HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command(), check_result=True
+        response2 = await self.host.send_sync_command_raw(
+            HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_Command()
         )
-        if response.return_parameters.status != HCI_SUCCESS:
+        if (
+            not isinstance(
+                response2.return_parameters, HCI_RTK_Read_ROM_Version_ReturnParameters
+            )
+            or response2.return_parameters.status != hci.HCI_SUCCESS
+        ):
             logger.warning("can't get ROM version")
         else:
-            rom_version = response.return_parameters.version
-            logger.debug(f"ROM version after download: {rom_version:04X}")
+            rom_version = response2.return_parameters.version
+            logger.debug(f"ROM version after download: {rom_version:02X}")
+
+        return firmware.version
 
     async def download_firmware(self):
         if self.driver_info.rom == RTK_ROM_LMP_8723A:
@@ -668,7 +739,7 @@ class Driver(common.Driver):
 
     async def init_controller(self):
         await self.download_firmware()
-        await self.host.send_command(HCI_Reset_Command(), check_result=True)
+        await self.host.send_sync_command(hci.HCI_Reset_Command())
         logger.info(f"loaded FW image {self.driver_info.fw_name}")
 
 

bumble/gap.py

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2021-2022 Google LLC
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Imports
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-import logging
-import struct
-
-from bumble.gatt import (
-    Service,
-    Characteristic,
-    GATT_GENERIC_ACCESS_SERVICE,
-    GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_APPEARANCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
-)
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Logging
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Classes
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class GenericAccessService(Service):
-    def __init__(self, device_name, appearance=(0, 0)):
-        device_name_characteristic = Characteristic(
-            GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
-            Characteristic.Properties.READ,
-            Characteristic.READABLE,
-            device_name.encode('utf-8')[:248],
-        )
-
-        appearance_characteristic = Characteristic(
-            GATT_APPEARANCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
-            Characteristic.Properties.READ,
-            Characteristic.READABLE,
-            struct.pack('<H', (appearance[0] << 6) | appearance[1]),
-        )
-
-        super().__init__(
-            GATT_GENERIC_ACCESS_SERVICE,
-            [device_name_characteristic, appearance_characteristic],
-        )

bumble/gatt.py

@@ -23,15 +23,17 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import enum
 import functools
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, TypeVar, Union
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import ClassVar, TypeVar
 
+from bumble.att import Attribute, AttributeValue, AttributeValueV2
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.core import BaseBumbleError, UUID
-from bumble.att import Attribute, AttributeValue
+from bumble.core import UUID, BaseBumbleError
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Typing
@@ -226,7 +228,6 @@ GATT_MEDIA_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC                   = UUID.from_16_bits(0x
 GATT_MEDIA_CONTROL_POINT_OPCODES_SUPPORTED_CHARACTERISTIC = UUID.from_16_bits(0x2BA5, 'Media Control Point Opcodes Supported')
 GATT_SEARCH_RESULTS_OBJECT_ID_CHARACTERISTIC              = UUID.from_16_bits(0x2BA6, 'Search Results Object ID')
 GATT_SEARCH_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC                  = UUID.from_16_bits(0x2BA7, 'Search Control Point')
-GATT_CONTENT_CONTROL_ID_CHARACTERISTIC                    = UUID.from_16_bits(0x2BBA, 'Content Control Id')
 
 # Telephone Bearer Service (TBS)
 GATT_BEARER_PROVIDER_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC                      = UUID.from_16_bits(0x2BB3, 'Bearer Provider Name')
@@ -350,12 +351,12 @@ class Service(Attribute):
     '''
 
     uuid: UUID
-    characteristics: List[Characteristic]
-    included_services: List[Service]
+    characteristics: list[Characteristic]
+    included_services: list[Service]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        uuid: Union[str, UUID],
+        uuid: str | UUID,
         characteristics: Iterable[Characteristic],
         primary=True,
         included_services: Iterable[Service] = (),
@@ -378,7 +379,7 @@ class Service(Attribute):
         self.characteristics = list(characteristics)
         self.primary = primary
 
-    def get_advertising_data(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    def get_advertising_data(self) -> bytes | None:
         """
         Get Service specific advertising data
         Defined by each Service, default value is empty
@@ -402,7 +403,7 @@ class TemplateService(Service):
     to expose their UUID as a class property
     '''
 
-    UUID: UUID
+    UUID: ClassVar[UUID]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -474,7 +475,7 @@ class Characteristic(Attribute[_T]):
                 # The check for `p.name is not None` here is needed because for InFlag
                 # enums, the .name property can be None, when the enum value is 0,
                 # so the type hint for .name is Optional[str].
-                enum_list: List[str] = [p.name for p in cls if p.name is not None]
+                enum_list: list[str] = [p.name for p in cls if p.name is not None]
                 enum_list_str = ",".join(enum_list)
                 raise TypeError(
                     f"Characteristic.Properties::from_string() error:\nExpected a string containing any of the keys, separated by , or |: {enum_list_str}\nGot: {properties_str}"
@@ -502,10 +503,10 @@ class Characteristic(Attribute[_T]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        uuid: Union[str, bytes, UUID],
+        uuid: str | bytes | UUID,
         properties: Characteristic.Properties,
-        permissions: Union[str, Attribute.Permissions],
-        value: Union[AttributeValue[_T], _T, None] = None,
+        permissions: str | Attribute.Permissions,
+        value: AttributeValue[_T] | _T | None = None,
         descriptors: Sequence[Descriptor] = (),
     ):
         super().__init__(uuid, permissions, value)
@@ -578,12 +579,8 @@ class Descriptor(Attribute):
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         if isinstance(self.value, bytes):
             value_str = self.value.hex()
-        elif isinstance(self.value, CharacteristicValue):
-            value = self.value.read(None)
-            if isinstance(value, bytes):
-                value_str = value.hex()
-            else:
-                value_str = '<async>'
+        elif isinstance(self.value, (AttributeValue, AttributeValueV2)):
+            value_str = '<dynamic>'
         else:
             value_str = '<...>'
         return (

bumble/gatt_adapters.py

@@ -20,23 +20,15 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-import struct
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    Generic,
-    Iterable,
-    Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Type,
-    TypeVar,
-)
 
+import struct
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import Any, Generic, Literal, TypeVar
+
+from bumble import utils
 from bumble.core import InvalidOperationError
 from bumble.gatt import Characteristic
 from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy
-from bumble import utils
-
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Typing
@@ -83,8 +75,8 @@ class DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(CharacteristicAdapter[_T]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         characteristic: Characteristic,
-        encode: Optional[Callable[[_T], bytes]] = None,
-        decode: Optional[Callable[[bytes], _T]] = None,
+        encode: Callable[[_T], bytes] | None = None,
+        decode: Callable[[bytes], _T] | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(characteristic)
         self.encode = encode
@@ -110,8 +102,8 @@ class DelegatedCharacteristicProxyAdapter(CharacteristicProxyAdapter[_T]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         characteristic_proxy: CharacteristicProxy,
-        encode: Optional[Callable[[_T], bytes]] = None,
-        decode: Optional[Callable[[bytes], _T]] = None,
+        encode: Callable[[_T], bytes] | None = None,
+        decode: Callable[[bytes], _T] | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(characteristic_proxy)
         self.encode = encode
@@ -270,7 +262,7 @@ class SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(CharacteristicAdapter[_T2]):
     `to_bytes` and `__bytes__` methods, respectively.
     '''
 
-    def __init__(self, characteristic: Characteristic, cls: Type[_T2]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, characteristic: Characteristic, cls: type[_T2]) -> None:
         super().__init__(characteristic)
         self.cls = cls
 
@@ -289,7 +281,7 @@ class SerializableCharacteristicProxyAdapter(CharacteristicProxyAdapter[_T2]):
     '''
 
     def __init__(
-        self, characteristic_proxy: CharacteristicProxy, cls: Type[_T2]
+        self, characteristic_proxy: CharacteristicProxy, cls: type[_T2]
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(characteristic_proxy)
         self.cls = cls
@@ -311,7 +303,7 @@ class EnumCharacteristicAdapter(CharacteristicAdapter[_T3]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         characteristic: Characteristic,
-        cls: Type[_T3],
+        cls: type[_T3],
         length: int,
         byteorder: Literal['little', 'big'] = 'little',
     ):
@@ -347,7 +339,7 @@ class EnumCharacteristicProxyAdapter(CharacteristicProxyAdapter[_T3]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         characteristic_proxy: CharacteristicProxy,
-        cls: Type[_T3],
+        cls: type[_T3],
         length: int,
         byteorder: Literal['little', 'big'] = 'little',
     ):
@@ -370,5 +362,4 @@ class EnumCharacteristicProxyAdapter(CharacteristicProxyAdapter[_T3]):
 
     def decode_value(self, value: bytes) -> _T3:
         int_value = int.from_bytes(value, self.byteorder)
-        a = self.cls(int_value)
         return self.cls(int_value)

bumble/gatt_client.py

@@ -24,72 +24,47 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
+import functools
 import logging
 import struct
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import (
-    Any,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Generic,
-    Iterable,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
-    Type,
-    TypeVar,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    ClassVar,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    overload,
 )
 
+from typing_extensions import Self
 
+from bumble import att, core, l2cap, utils
 from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.hci import HCI_Constant
-from bumble.att import (
-    ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR,
-    ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_LONG_ERROR,
-    ATT_CID,
-    ATT_DEFAULT_MTU,
-    ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE,
-    ATT_INVALID_OFFSET_ERROR,
-    ATT_PDU,
-    ATT_RESPONSES,
-    ATT_Exchange_MTU_Request,
-    ATT_Find_By_Type_Value_Request,
-    ATT_Find_Information_Request,
-    ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation,
-    ATT_Read_Blob_Request,
-    ATT_Read_By_Group_Type_Request,
-    ATT_Read_By_Type_Request,
-    ATT_Read_Request,
-    ATT_Write_Command,
-    ATT_Write_Request,
-    ATT_Error,
-)
-from bumble import utils
-from bumble import core
 from bumble.core import UUID, InvalidStateError
 from bumble.gatt import (
     GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
     GATT_CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIGURATION_DESCRIPTOR,
+    GATT_INCLUDE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
     GATT_PRIMARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
     GATT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT,
     GATT_SECONDARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
-    GATT_INCLUDE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
     Characteristic,
     ClientCharacteristicConfigurationBits,
     InvalidServiceError,
     TemplateService,
 )
+from bumble.hci import HCI_Constant
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from bumble import device as device_module
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Typing
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from bumble.device import Connection
-
 _T = TypeVar('_T')
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -149,8 +124,8 @@ class AttributeProxy(utils.EventEmitter, Generic[_T]):
 
 class ServiceProxy(AttributeProxy):
     uuid: UUID
-    characteristics: List[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
-    included_services: List[ServiceProxy]
+    characteristics: list[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
+    included_services: list[ServiceProxy]
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_client(service_class, client: Client, service_uuid: UUID):
@@ -199,8 +174,8 @@ class ServiceProxy(AttributeProxy):
 
 class CharacteristicProxy(AttributeProxy[_T]):
     properties: Characteristic.Properties
-    descriptors: List[DescriptorProxy]
-    subscribers: Dict[Any, Callable[[_T], Any]]
+    descriptors: list[DescriptorProxy]
+    subscribers: dict[Any, Callable[[_T], Any]]
 
     EVENT_UPDATE = "update"
 
@@ -219,7 +194,7 @@ class CharacteristicProxy(AttributeProxy[_T]):
         self.descriptors_discovered = False
         self.subscribers = {}  # Map from subscriber to proxy subscriber
 
-    def get_descriptor(self, descriptor_type: UUID) -> Optional[DescriptorProxy]:
+    def get_descriptor(self, descriptor_type: UUID) -> DescriptorProxy | None:
         for descriptor in self.descriptors:
             if descriptor.type == descriptor_type:
                 return descriptor
@@ -231,7 +206,7 @@ class CharacteristicProxy(AttributeProxy[_T]):
 
     async def subscribe(
         self,
-        subscriber: Optional[Callable[[_T], Any]] = None,
+        subscriber: Callable[[_T], Any] | None = None,
         prefer_notify: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         if subscriber is not None:
@@ -277,10 +252,10 @@ class ProfileServiceProxy:
     Base class for profile-specific service proxies
     '''
 
-    SERVICE_CLASS: Type[TemplateService]
+    SERVICE_CLASS: ClassVar[type[TemplateService]]
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_client(cls, client: Client) -> Optional[ProfileServiceProxy]:
+    def from_client(cls, client: Client) -> Self | None:
         return ServiceProxy.from_client(cls, client, cls.SERVICE_CLASS.UUID)
 
 
@@ -288,19 +263,17 @@ class ProfileServiceProxy:
 # GATT Client
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Client:
-    services: List[ServiceProxy]
-    cached_values: Dict[int, Tuple[datetime, bytes]]
-    notification_subscribers: Dict[
-        int, Set[Union[CharacteristicProxy, Callable[[bytes], Any]]]
+    services: list[ServiceProxy]
+    cached_values: dict[int, tuple[datetime, bytes]]
+    notification_subscribers: dict[
+        int, set[CharacteristicProxy | Callable[[bytes], Any]]
     ]
-    indication_subscribers: Dict[
-        int, Set[Union[CharacteristicProxy, Callable[[bytes], Any]]]
-    ]
-    pending_response: Optional[asyncio.futures.Future[ATT_PDU]]
-    pending_request: Optional[ATT_PDU]
+    indication_subscribers: dict[int, set[CharacteristicProxy | Callable[[bytes], Any]]]
+    pending_response: asyncio.futures.Future[att.ATT_PDU] | None
+    pending_request: att.ATT_PDU | None
 
-    def __init__(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
-        self.connection = connection
+    def __init__(self, bearer: att.Bearer) -> None:
+        self.bearer = bearer
         self.mtu_exchange_done = False
         self.request_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(1)
         self.pending_request = None
@@ -310,21 +283,76 @@ class Client:
         self.services = []
         self.cached_values = {}
 
-        connection.on(connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, self.on_disconnection)
+        if att.is_enhanced_bearer(bearer):
+            bearer.on(bearer.EVENT_CLOSE, self.on_disconnection)
+            self._bearer_id = (
+                f'[0x{bearer.connection.handle:04X}|CID=0x{bearer.source_cid:04X}]'
+            )
+            self.connection = bearer.connection
+        else:
+            bearer.on(bearer.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, self.on_disconnection)
+            self._bearer_id = f'[0x{bearer.handle:04X}]'
+            self.connection = bearer
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_eatt(
+        cls,
+        connection: device_module.Connection,
+        spec: l2cap.LeCreditBasedChannelSpec | None = None,
+    ) -> Client: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_eatt(
+        cls,
+        connection: device_module.Connection,
+        spec: l2cap.LeCreditBasedChannelSpec | None = None,
+        count: int = 1,
+    ) -> list[Client]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_eatt(
+        cls,
+        connection: device_module.Connection,
+        spec: l2cap.LeCreditBasedChannelSpec | None = None,
+        count: int = 1,
+    ) -> list[Client] | Client:
+        channels = await connection.device.l2cap_channel_manager.create_enhanced_credit_based_channels(
+            connection,
+            spec or l2cap.LeCreditBasedChannelSpec(psm=att.EATT_PSM),
+            count,
+        )
+
+        def on_pdu(client: Client, pdu: bytes):
+            client.on_gatt_pdu(att.ATT_PDU.from_bytes(pdu))
+
+        clients = [cls(channel) for channel in channels]
+        for channel, client in zip(channels, clients):
+            channel.sink = functools.partial(on_pdu, client)
+            channel.att_mtu = att.ATT_DEFAULT_MTU
+        return clients[0] if count == 1 else clients
+
+    @property
+    def mtu(self) -> int:
+        return self.bearer.att_mtu
+
+    @mtu.setter
+    def mtu(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.bearer.on_att_mtu_update(value)
 
     def send_gatt_pdu(self, pdu: bytes) -> None:
-        self.connection.send_l2cap_pdu(ATT_CID, pdu)
+        if att.is_enhanced_bearer(self.bearer):
+            self.bearer.write(pdu)
+        else:
+            self.bearer.send_l2cap_pdu(att.ATT_CID, pdu)
 
-    async def send_command(self, command: ATT_PDU) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'GATT Command from client: [0x{self.connection.handle:04X}] {command}'
-        )
+    async def send_command(self, command: att.ATT_PDU) -> None:
+        logger.debug(f'GATT Command from client: {self._bearer_id} {command}')
         self.send_gatt_pdu(bytes(command))
 
-    async def send_request(self, request: ATT_PDU):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'GATT Request from client: [0x{self.connection.handle:04X}] {request}'
-        )
+    async def send_request(self, request: att.ATT_PDU):
+        logger.debug(f'GATT Request from client: {self._bearer_id} {request}')
 
         # Wait until we can send (only one pending command at a time for the connection)
         response = None
@@ -350,41 +378,42 @@ class Client:
 
         return response
 
-    def send_confirmation(self, confirmation: ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'GATT Confirmation from client: [0x{self.connection.handle:04X}] '
-            f'{confirmation}'
-        )
+    def send_confirmation(
+        self, confirmation: att.ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation
+    ) -> None:
+        logger.debug(f'GATT Confirmation from client: {self._bearer_id} {confirmation}')
         self.send_gatt_pdu(bytes(confirmation))
 
     async def request_mtu(self, mtu: int) -> int:
         # Check the range
-        if mtu < ATT_DEFAULT_MTU:
-            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(f'MTU must be >= {ATT_DEFAULT_MTU}')
+        if mtu < att.ATT_DEFAULT_MTU:
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(f'MTU must be >= {att.ATT_DEFAULT_MTU}')
         if mtu > 0xFFFF:
             raise core.InvalidArgumentError('MTU must be <= 0xFFFF')
 
         # We can only send one request per connection
         if self.mtu_exchange_done:
-            return self.connection.att_mtu
+            return self.mtu
 
         # Send the request
         self.mtu_exchange_done = True
-        response = await self.send_request(ATT_Exchange_MTU_Request(client_rx_mtu=mtu))
-        if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-            raise ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
+        response = await self.send_request(
+            att.ATT_Exchange_MTU_Request(client_rx_mtu=mtu)
+        )
+        if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+            raise att.ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
 
         # Compute the final MTU
-        self.connection.att_mtu = min(mtu, response.server_rx_mtu)
+        self.mtu = min(mtu, response.server_rx_mtu)
 
-        return self.connection.att_mtu
+        return self.mtu
 
-    def get_services_by_uuid(self, uuid: UUID) -> List[ServiceProxy]:
+    def get_services_by_uuid(self, uuid: UUID) -> list[ServiceProxy]:
         return [service for service in self.services if service.uuid == uuid]
 
     def get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-        self, uuid: UUID, service: Optional[ServiceProxy] = None
-    ) -> List[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]:
+        self, uuid: UUID, service: ServiceProxy | None = None
+    ) -> list[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]:
         services = [service] if service else self.services
         return [
             c
@@ -392,13 +421,14 @@ class Client:
             if c.uuid == uuid
         ]
 
-    def get_attribute_grouping(self, attribute_handle: int) -> Optional[
-        Union[
-            ServiceProxy,
-            Tuple[ServiceProxy, CharacteristicProxy],
-            Tuple[ServiceProxy, CharacteristicProxy, DescriptorProxy],
-        ]
-    ]:
+    def get_attribute_grouping(
+        self, attribute_handle: int
+    ) -> (
+        ServiceProxy
+        | tuple[ServiceProxy, CharacteristicProxy]
+        | tuple[ServiceProxy, CharacteristicProxy, DescriptorProxy]
+        | None
+    ):
         """
         Get the attribute(s) associated with an attribute handle
         """
@@ -429,7 +459,7 @@ class Client:
         if not already_known:
             self.services.append(service)
 
-    async def discover_services(self, uuids: Iterable[UUID] = ()) -> List[ServiceProxy]:
+    async def discover_services(self, uuids: Iterable[UUID] = ()) -> list[ServiceProxy]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.4.1 Discover All Primary Services
         '''
@@ -437,7 +467,7 @@ class Client:
         services = []
         while starting_handle < 0xFFFF:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Read_By_Group_Type_Request(
+                att.ATT_Read_By_Group_Type_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle,
                     ending_handle=0xFFFF,
                     attribute_group_type=GATT_PRIMARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
@@ -448,14 +478,14 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while discovering services: '
                         f'{HCI_Constant.error_name(response.error_code)}'
                     )
-                    raise ATT_Error(
+                    raise att.ATT_Error(
                         error_code=response.error_code,
                         message='Unexpected error while discovering services',
                     )
@@ -501,7 +531,7 @@ class Client:
 
         return services
 
-    async def discover_service(self, uuid: Union[str, UUID]) -> List[ServiceProxy]:
+    async def discover_service(self, uuid: str | UUID) -> list[ServiceProxy]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.4.2 Discover Primary Service by Service UUID
         '''
@@ -514,7 +544,7 @@ class Client:
         services = []
         while starting_handle < 0xFFFF:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Find_By_Type_Value_Request(
+                att.ATT_Find_By_Type_Value_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle,
                     ending_handle=0xFFFF,
                     attribute_type=GATT_PRIMARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
@@ -526,8 +556,8 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while discovering services: '
@@ -572,7 +602,7 @@ class Client:
 
     async def discover_included_services(
         self, service: ServiceProxy
-    ) -> List[ServiceProxy]:
+    ) -> list[ServiceProxy]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.5.1 Find Included Services
         '''
@@ -580,10 +610,10 @@ class Client:
         starting_handle = service.handle
         ending_handle = service.end_group_handle
 
-        included_services: List[ServiceProxy] = []
+        included_services: list[ServiceProxy] = []
         while starting_handle <= ending_handle:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
+                att.ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle,
                     ending_handle=ending_handle,
                     attribute_type=GATT_INCLUDE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
@@ -594,14 +624,14 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while discovering included services: '
                         f'{HCI_Constant.error_name(response.error_code)}'
                     )
-                    raise ATT_Error(
+                    raise att.ATT_Error(
                         error_code=response.error_code,
                         message='Unexpected error while discovering included services',
                     )
@@ -635,8 +665,8 @@ class Client:
         return included_services
 
     async def discover_characteristics(
-        self, uuids, service: Optional[ServiceProxy]
-    ) -> List[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]:
+        self, uuids, service: ServiceProxy | None
+    ) -> list[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.6.1 Discover All Characteristics of a Service and 4.6.2
         Discover Characteristics by UUID
@@ -649,15 +679,15 @@ class Client:
         services = [service] if service else self.services
 
         # Perform characteristic discovery for each service
-        discovered_characteristics: List[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = []
+        discovered_characteristics: list[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = []
         for service in services:
             starting_handle = service.handle
             ending_handle = service.end_group_handle
 
-            characteristics: List[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = []
+            characteristics: list[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = []
             while starting_handle <= ending_handle:
                 response = await self.send_request(
-                    ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
+                    att.ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
                         starting_handle=starting_handle,
                         ending_handle=ending_handle,
                         attribute_type=GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
@@ -668,14 +698,14 @@ class Client:
                     return []
 
                 # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-                if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                    if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+                if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                    if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                         # Unexpected end
                         logger.warning(
                             '!!! unexpected error while discovering characteristics: '
                             f'{HCI_Constant.error_name(response.error_code)}'
                         )
-                        raise ATT_Error(
+                        raise att.ATT_Error(
                             error_code=response.error_code,
                             message='Unexpected error while discovering characteristics',
                         )
@@ -722,10 +752,10 @@ class Client:
 
     async def discover_descriptors(
         self,
-        characteristic: Optional[CharacteristicProxy] = None,
-        start_handle: Optional[int] = None,
-        end_handle: Optional[int] = None,
-    ) -> List[DescriptorProxy]:
+        characteristic: CharacteristicProxy | None = None,
+        start_handle: int | None = None,
+        end_handle: int | None = None,
+    ) -> list[DescriptorProxy]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.7.1 Discover All Characteristic Descriptors
         '''
@@ -738,10 +768,10 @@ class Client:
         else:
             return []
 
-        descriptors: List[DescriptorProxy] = []
+        descriptors: list[DescriptorProxy] = []
         while starting_handle <= ending_handle:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Find_Information_Request(
+                att.ATT_Find_Information_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle, ending_handle=ending_handle
                 )
             )
@@ -750,8 +780,8 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while discovering descriptors: '
@@ -787,7 +817,7 @@ class Client:
 
         return descriptors
 
-    async def discover_attributes(self) -> List[AttributeProxy[bytes]]:
+    async def discover_attributes(self) -> list[AttributeProxy[bytes]]:
         '''
         Discover all attributes, regardless of type
         '''
@@ -796,7 +826,7 @@ class Client:
         attributes = []
         while True:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Find_Information_Request(
+                att.ATT_Find_Information_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle, ending_handle=ending_handle
                 )
             )
@@ -804,8 +834,8 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while discovering attributes: '
@@ -833,7 +863,7 @@ class Client:
     async def subscribe(
         self,
         characteristic: CharacteristicProxy,
-        subscriber: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        subscriber: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
         prefer_notify: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         # If we haven't already discovered the descriptors for this characteristic,
@@ -883,7 +913,7 @@ class Client:
     async def unsubscribe(
         self,
         characteristic: CharacteristicProxy,
-        subscriber: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        subscriber: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         '''
@@ -948,7 +978,7 @@ class Client:
             await self.write_value(cccd, b'\x00\x00', with_response=True)
 
     async def read_value(
-        self, attribute: Union[int, AttributeProxy], no_long_read: bool = False
+        self, attribute: int | AttributeProxy, no_long_read: bool = False
     ) -> bytes:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.8.1 Read Characteristic Value
@@ -959,39 +989,41 @@ class Client:
         # Send a request to read
         attribute_handle = attribute if isinstance(attribute, int) else attribute.handle
         response = await self.send_request(
-            ATT_Read_Request(attribute_handle=attribute_handle)
+            att.ATT_Read_Request(attribute_handle=attribute_handle)
         )
         if response is None:
             raise TimeoutError('read timeout')
-        if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-            raise ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
+        if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+            raise att.ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
 
         # If the value is the max size for the MTU, try to read more unless the caller
         # specifically asked not to do that
         attribute_value = response.attribute_value
-        if not no_long_read and len(attribute_value) == self.connection.att_mtu - 1:
+        if not no_long_read and len(attribute_value) == self.mtu - 1:
             logger.debug('using READ BLOB to get the rest of the value')
             offset = len(attribute_value)
             while True:
                 response = await self.send_request(
-                    ATT_Read_Blob_Request(
+                    att.ATT_Read_Blob_Request(
                         attribute_handle=attribute_handle, value_offset=offset
                     )
                 )
                 if response is None:
                     raise TimeoutError('read timeout')
-                if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
                     if response.error_code in (
-                        ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_LONG_ERROR,
-                        ATT_INVALID_OFFSET_ERROR,
+                        att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_LONG_ERROR,
+                        att.ATT_INVALID_OFFSET_ERROR,
                     ):
                         break
-                    raise ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
+                    raise att.ATT_Error(
+                        error_code=response.error_code, message=response
+                    )
 
                 part = response.part_attribute_value
                 attribute_value += part
 
-                if len(part) < self.connection.att_mtu - 1:
+                if len(part) < self.mtu - 1:
                     break
 
                 offset += len(part)
@@ -1001,8 +1033,8 @@ class Client:
         return attribute_value
 
     async def read_characteristics_by_uuid(
-        self, uuid: UUID, service: Optional[ServiceProxy]
-    ) -> List[bytes]:
+        self, uuid: UUID, service: ServiceProxy | None
+    ) -> list[bytes]:
         '''
         See Vol 3, Part G - 4.8.2 Read Using Characteristic UUID
         '''
@@ -1017,7 +1049,7 @@ class Client:
         characteristics_values = []
         while starting_handle <= ending_handle:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
+                att.ATT_Read_By_Type_Request(
                     starting_handle=starting_handle,
                     ending_handle=ending_handle,
                     attribute_type=uuid,
@@ -1028,8 +1060,8 @@ class Client:
                 return []
 
             # Check if we reached the end of the iteration
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                if response.error_code != ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                if response.error_code != att.ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR:
                     # Unexpected end
                     logger.warning(
                         '!!! unexpected error while reading characteristics: '
@@ -1059,7 +1091,7 @@ class Client:
 
     async def write_value(
         self,
-        attribute: Union[int, AttributeProxy],
+        attribute: int | AttributeProxy,
         value: bytes,
         with_response: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1074,28 +1106,27 @@ class Client:
         attribute_handle = attribute if isinstance(attribute, int) else attribute.handle
         if with_response:
             response = await self.send_request(
-                ATT_Write_Request(
+                att.ATT_Write_Request(
                     attribute_handle=attribute_handle, attribute_value=value
                 )
             )
-            if response.op_code == ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
-                raise ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
+            if response.op_code == att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+                raise att.ATT_Error(error_code=response.error_code, message=response)
         else:
             await self.send_command(
-                ATT_Write_Command(
+                att.ATT_Write_Command(
                     attribute_handle=attribute_handle, attribute_value=value
                 )
             )
 
-    def on_disconnection(self, _) -> None:
+    def on_disconnection(self, *args) -> None:
+        del args  # unused.
         if self.pending_response and not self.pending_response.done():
             self.pending_response.cancel()
 
-    def on_gatt_pdu(self, att_pdu: ATT_PDU) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'GATT Response to client: [0x{self.connection.handle:04X}] {att_pdu}'
-        )
-        if att_pdu.op_code in ATT_RESPONSES:
+    def on_gatt_pdu(self, att_pdu: att.ATT_PDU) -> None:
+        logger.debug(f'GATT Response to client: {self._bearer_id} {att_pdu}')
+        if att_pdu.op_code in att.ATT_RESPONSES:
             if self.pending_request is None:
                 # Not expected!
                 logger.warning('!!! unexpected response, there is no pending request')
@@ -1103,7 +1134,7 @@ class Client:
 
             # The response should match the pending request unless it is
             # an error response
-            if att_pdu.op_code != ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
+            if att_pdu.op_code != att.Opcode.ATT_ERROR_RESPONSE:
                 expected_response_name = self.pending_request.name.replace(
                     '_REQUEST', '_RESPONSE'
                 )
@@ -1124,14 +1155,15 @@ class Client:
             else:
                 logger.warning(
                     color(
-                        '--- Ignoring GATT Response from '
-                        f'[0x{self.connection.handle:04X}]: ',
+                        '--- Ignoring GATT Response from ' f'{self._bearer_id}: ',
                         'red',
                     )
                     + str(att_pdu)
                 )
 
-    def on_att_handle_value_notification(self, notification):
+    def on_att_handle_value_notification(
+        self, notification: att.ATT_Handle_Value_Notification
+    ):
         # Call all subscribers
         subscribers = self.notification_subscribers.get(
             notification.attribute_handle, set()
@@ -1146,7 +1178,9 @@ class Client:
             else:
                 subscriber.emit(subscriber.EVENT_UPDATE, notification.attribute_value)
 
-    def on_att_handle_value_indication(self, indication):
+    def on_att_handle_value_indication(
+        self, indication: att.ATT_Handle_Value_Indication
+    ):
         # Call all subscribers
         subscribers = self.indication_subscribers.get(
             indication.attribute_handle, set()
@@ -1162,7 +1196,7 @@ class Client:
                 subscriber.emit(subscriber.EVENT_UPDATE, indication.attribute_value)
 
         # Confirm that we received the indication
-        self.send_confirmation(ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation())
+        self.send_confirmation(att.ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation())
 
     def cache_value(self, attribute_handle: int, value: bytes) -> None:
         self.cached_values[attribute_handle] = (

bumble/helpers.py

@@ -17,44 +17,36 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
 import datetime
-from typing import cast, Any, Optional
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
+from typing import Any, cast
 
-from bumble import avc
-from bumble import avctp
-from bumble import avdtp
-from bumble import avrcp
-from bumble import crypto
-from bumble import rfcomm
-from bumble import sdp
-from bumble.colors import color
+from bumble import avc, avctp, avdtp, avrcp, crypto, rfcomm, sdp
 from bumble.att import ATT_CID, ATT_PDU
-from bumble.smp import SMP_CID, SMP_Command
+from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.core import name_or_number
-from bumble.l2cap import (
-    L2CAP_PDU,
-    L2CAP_CONNECTION_REQUEST,
-    L2CAP_CONNECTION_RESPONSE,
-    L2CAP_SIGNALING_CID,
-    L2CAP_LE_SIGNALING_CID,
-    L2CAP_Control_Frame,
-    L2CAP_Connection_Request,
-    L2CAP_Connection_Response,
-)
 from bumble.hci import (
-    Address,
-    HCI_EVENT_PACKET,
     HCI_ACL_DATA_PACKET,
     HCI_DISCONNECTION_COMPLETE_EVENT,
-    HCI_AclDataPacketAssembler,
-    HCI_Packet,
-    HCI_Event,
+    HCI_EVENT_PACKET,
+    Address,
     HCI_AclDataPacket,
+    HCI_AclDataPacketAssembler,
     HCI_Disconnection_Complete_Event,
+    HCI_Event,
+    HCI_Packet,
 )
-
+from bumble.l2cap import (
+    L2CAP_LE_SIGNALING_CID,
+    L2CAP_PDU,
+    L2CAP_SIGNALING_CID,
+    CommandCode,
+    L2CAP_Connection_Request,
+    L2CAP_Connection_Response,
+    L2CAP_Control_Frame,
+)
+from bumble.smp import SMP_CID, SMP_Command
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -78,7 +70,7 @@ AVCTP_PID_NAMES = {avrcp.AVRCP_PID: 'AVRCP'}
 class PacketTracer:
     class AclStream:
         psms: MutableMapping[int, int]
-        peer: Optional[PacketTracer.AclStream]
+        peer: PacketTracer.AclStream | None
         avdtp_assemblers: MutableMapping[int, avdtp.MessageAssembler]
         avctp_assemblers: MutableMapping[int, avctp.MessageAssembler]
 
@@ -106,14 +98,14 @@ class PacketTracer:
                 self.analyzer.emit(control_frame)
 
                 # Check if this signals a new channel
-                if control_frame.code == L2CAP_CONNECTION_REQUEST:
+                if control_frame.code == CommandCode.L2CAP_CONNECTION_REQUEST:
                     connection_request = cast(L2CAP_Connection_Request, control_frame)
                     self.psms[connection_request.source_cid] = connection_request.psm
-                elif control_frame.code == L2CAP_CONNECTION_RESPONSE:
+                elif control_frame.code == CommandCode.L2CAP_CONNECTION_RESPONSE:
                     connection_response = cast(L2CAP_Connection_Response, control_frame)
                     if (
                         connection_response.result
-                        == L2CAP_Connection_Response.CONNECTION_SUCCESSFUL
+                        == L2CAP_Connection_Response.Result.CONNECTION_SUCCESSFUL
                     ):
                         if self.peer and (
                             psm := self.peer.psms.get(connection_response.source_cid)
@@ -209,7 +201,7 @@ class PacketTracer:
             self.label = label
             self.emit_message = emit_message
             self.acl_streams = {}  # ACL streams, by connection handle
-            self.packet_timestamp: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None
+            self.packet_timestamp: datetime.datetime | None = None
 
         def start_acl_stream(self, connection_handle: int) -> PacketTracer.AclStream:
             logger.info(
@@ -238,7 +230,7 @@ class PacketTracer:
                 self.peer.end_acl_stream(connection_handle)
 
         def on_packet(
-            self, timestamp: Optional[datetime.datetime], packet: HCI_Packet
+            self, timestamp: datetime.datetime | None, packet: HCI_Packet
         ) -> None:
             self.packet_timestamp = timestamp
             self.emit(packet)
@@ -270,7 +262,7 @@ class PacketTracer:
         self,
         packet: HCI_Packet,
         direction: int = 0,
-        timestamp: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        timestamp: datetime.datetime | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if direction == 0:
             self.host_to_controller_analyzer.on_packet(timestamp, packet)

bumble/hfp.py

@@ -17,50 +17,35 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import collections
 import collections.abc
-import logging
-import asyncio
 import dataclasses
 import enum
-import traceback
+import logging
 import re
-from typing import (
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Union,
-    Set,
-    Any,
-    Optional,
-    Type,
-    Tuple,
-    ClassVar,
-    Iterable,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
+import traceback
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Literal, overload
+
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
-from bumble import at
-from bumble import device
-from bumble import rfcomm
-from bumble import sdp
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble import at, device, rfcomm, sdp, utils
 from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble.core import (
-    ProtocolError,
     BT_GENERIC_AUDIO_SERVICE,
-    BT_HANDSFREE_SERVICE,
     BT_HANDSFREE_AUDIO_GATEWAY_SERVICE,
+    BT_HANDSFREE_SERVICE,
     BT_L2CAP_PROTOCOL_ID,
     BT_RFCOMM_PROTOCOL_ID,
+    ProtocolError,
 )
 from bumble.hci import (
-    HCI_Enhanced_Setup_Synchronous_Connection_Command,
-    CodingFormat,
     CodecID,
+    CodingFormat,
+    HCI_Enhanced_Setup_Synchronous_Connection_Command,
 )
 
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -96,7 +81,7 @@ class HfpProtocol:
 
         dlc.sink = self.feed
 
-    def feed(self, data: Union[bytes, str]) -> None:
+    def feed(self, data: bytes | str) -> None:
         # Convert the data to a string if needed
         if isinstance(data, bytes):
             data = data.decode('utf-8')
@@ -340,8 +325,8 @@ class CallInfo:
     status: CallInfoStatus
     mode: CallInfoMode
     multi_party: CallInfoMultiParty
-    number: Optional[str] = None
-    type: Optional[int] = None
+    number: str | None = None
+    type: int | None = None
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -369,13 +354,13 @@ class CallLineIdentification:
 
     number: str
     type: int
-    subaddr: Optional[str] = None
-    satype: Optional[int] = None
-    alpha: Optional[str] = None
-    cli_validity: Optional[int] = None
+    subaddr: str | None = None
+    satype: int | None = None
+    alpha: str | None = None
+    cli_validity: int | None = None
 
     @classmethod
-    def parse_from(cls: Type[Self], parameters: List[bytes]) -> Self:
+    def parse_from(cls, parameters: list[bytes]) -> Self:
         return cls(
             number=parameters[0].decode(),
             type=int(parameters[1]),
@@ -435,61 +420,6 @@ class CmeError(enum.IntEnum):
 # Hands-Free Control Interoperability Requirements
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# Response codes.
-RESPONSE_CODES = {
-    "+APLSIRI",
-    "+BAC",
-    "+BCC",
-    "+BCS",
-    "+BIA",
-    "+BIEV",
-    "+BIND",
-    "+BINP",
-    "+BLDN",
-    "+BRSF",
-    "+BTRH",
-    "+BVRA",
-    "+CCWA",
-    "+CHLD",
-    "+CHUP",
-    "+CIND",
-    "+CLCC",
-    "+CLIP",
-    "+CMEE",
-    "+CMER",
-    "+CNUM",
-    "+COPS",
-    "+IPHONEACCEV",
-    "+NREC",
-    "+VGM",
-    "+VGS",
-    "+VTS",
-    "+XAPL",
-    "A",
-    "D",
-}
-
-# Unsolicited responses and statuses.
-UNSOLICITED_CODES = {
-    "+APLSIRI",
-    "+BCS",
-    "+BIND",
-    "+BSIR",
-    "+BTRH",
-    "+BVRA",
-    "+CCWA",
-    "+CIEV",
-    "+CLIP",
-    "+VGM",
-    "+VGS",
-    "BLACKLISTED",
-    "BUSY",
-    "DELAYED",
-    "NO ANSWER",
-    "NO CARRIER",
-    "RING",
-}
-
 # Status codes
 STATUS_CODES = {
     "+CME ERROR",
@@ -505,9 +435,9 @@ STATUS_CODES = {
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class HfConfiguration:
-    supported_hf_features: List[HfFeature]
-    supported_hf_indicators: List[HfIndicator]
-    supported_audio_codecs: List[AudioCodec]
+    supported_hf_features: collections.abc.Sequence[HfFeature]
+    supported_hf_indicators: collections.abc.Sequence[HfIndicator]
+    supported_audio_codecs: collections.abc.Sequence[AudioCodec]
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -535,7 +465,7 @@ class AtResponse:
     parameters: list
 
     @classmethod
-    def parse_from(cls: Type[Self], buffer: bytearray) -> Self:
+    def parse_from(cls: type[Self], buffer: bytearray) -> Self:
         code_and_parameters = buffer.split(b':')
         parameters = (
             code_and_parameters[1] if len(code_and_parameters) > 1 else bytearray()
@@ -563,7 +493,7 @@ class AtCommand:
     )
 
     @classmethod
-    def parse_from(cls: Type[Self], buffer: bytearray) -> Self:
+    def parse_from(cls: type[Self], buffer: bytearray) -> Self:
         if not (match := cls._PARSE_PATTERN.fullmatch(buffer.decode())):
             if buffer.startswith(b'ATA'):
                 return cls(code='A', sub_code=AtCommand.SubCode.NONE, parameters=[])
@@ -598,9 +528,9 @@ class AgIndicatorState:
     """
 
     indicator: AgIndicator
-    supported_values: Set[int]
+    supported_values: set[int]
     current_status: int
-    index: Optional[int] = None
+    index: int | None = None
     enabled: bool = True
 
     @property
@@ -613,17 +543,17 @@ class AgIndicatorState:
             supported_values_text = (
                 f'({",".join(str(v) for v in self.supported_values)})'
             )
-        return f'(\"{self.indicator.value}\",{supported_values_text})'
+        return f'("{self.indicator.value}",{supported_values_text})'
 
     @classmethod
-    def call(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def call(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default call indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.CALL, supported_values={0, 1}, current_status=0
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def callsetup(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def callsetup(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default callsetup indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.CALL_SETUP,
@@ -632,7 +562,7 @@ class AgIndicatorState:
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def callheld(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def callheld(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default call indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.CALL_HELD,
@@ -641,14 +571,14 @@ class AgIndicatorState:
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def service(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def service(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default service indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.SERVICE, supported_values={0, 1}, current_status=0
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def signal(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def signal(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default signal indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.SIGNAL,
@@ -657,14 +587,14 @@ class AgIndicatorState:
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def roam(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def roam(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default roam indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.CALL, supported_values={0, 1}, current_status=0
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def battchg(cls: Type[Self]) -> Self:
+    def battchg(cls: type[Self]) -> Self:
         """Default battery charge indicator state."""
         return cls(
             indicator=AgIndicator.BATTERY_CHARGE,
@@ -732,22 +662,19 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
         """Termination signal for run() loop."""
 
     supported_hf_features: int
-    supported_audio_codecs: List[AudioCodec]
+    supported_audio_codecs: list[AudioCodec]
 
     supported_ag_features: int
-    supported_ag_call_hold_operations: List[CallHoldOperation]
+    supported_ag_call_hold_operations: list[CallHoldOperation]
 
-    ag_indicators: List[AgIndicatorState]
-    hf_indicators: Dict[HfIndicator, HfIndicatorState]
+    ag_indicators: list[AgIndicatorState]
+    hf_indicators: dict[HfIndicator, HfIndicatorState]
 
     dlc: rfcomm.DLC
     command_lock: asyncio.Lock
-    if TYPE_CHECKING:
-        response_queue: asyncio.Queue[AtResponse]
-        unsolicited_queue: asyncio.Queue[Optional[AtResponse]]
-    else:
-        response_queue: asyncio.Queue
-        unsolicited_queue: asyncio.Queue
+    pending_command: str | None = None
+    response_queue: asyncio.Queue[AtResponse]
+    unsolicited_queue: asyncio.Queue[AtResponse | None]
     read_buffer: bytearray
     active_codec: AudioCodec
 
@@ -769,7 +696,7 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
 
         # Build local features.
         self.supported_hf_features = sum(configuration.supported_hf_features)
-        self.supported_audio_codecs = configuration.supported_audio_codecs
+        self.supported_audio_codecs = list(configuration.supported_audio_codecs)
 
         self.hf_indicators = {
             indicator: HfIndicatorState(indicator=indicator)
@@ -820,23 +747,46 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
             self.read_buffer = self.read_buffer[trailer + 2 :]
 
             # Forward the received code to the correct queue.
-            if self.command_lock.locked() and (
-                response.code in STATUS_CODES or response.code in RESPONSE_CODES
+            if self.pending_command and (
+                response.code in STATUS_CODES or response.code in self.pending_command
             ):
                 self.response_queue.put_nowait(response)
-            elif response.code in UNSOLICITED_CODES:
-                self.unsolicited_queue.put_nowait(response)
             else:
-                logger.warning(
-                    f"dropping unexpected response with code '{response.code}'"
-                )
+                self.unsolicited_queue.put_nowait(response)
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute_command(
+        self,
+        cmd: str,
+        timeout: float = 1.0,
+        *,
+        response_type: Literal[AtResponseType.NONE] = AtResponseType.NONE,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute_command(
+        self,
+        cmd: str,
+        timeout: float = 1.0,
+        *,
+        response_type: Literal[AtResponseType.SINGLE],
+    ) -> AtResponse: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute_command(
+        self,
+        cmd: str,
+        timeout: float = 1.0,
+        *,
+        response_type: Literal[AtResponseType.MULTIPLE],
+    ) -> list[AtResponse]: ...
 
     async def execute_command(
         self,
         cmd: str,
         timeout: float = 1.0,
         response_type: AtResponseType = AtResponseType.NONE,
-    ) -> Union[None, AtResponse, List[AtResponse]]:
+    ) -> None | AtResponse | list[AtResponse]:
         """
         Sends an AT command and wait for the peer response.
         Wait for the AT responses sent by the peer, to the status code.
@@ -850,27 +800,34 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
             asyncio.TimeoutError: the status is not received after a timeout (default 1 second).
             ProtocolError: the status is not OK.
         """
-        async with self.command_lock:
-            logger.debug(f">>> {cmd}")
-            self.dlc.write(cmd + '\r')
-            responses: List[AtResponse] = []
+        try:
+            async with self.command_lock:
+                self.pending_command = cmd
+                logger.debug(f">>> {cmd}")
+                self.dlc.write(cmd + '\r')
+                responses: list[AtResponse] = []
 
-            while True:
-                result = await asyncio.wait_for(
-                    self.response_queue.get(), timeout=timeout
-                )
-                if result.code == 'OK':
-                    if response_type == AtResponseType.SINGLE and len(responses) != 1:
-                        raise HfpProtocolError("NO ANSWER")
+                while True:
+                    result = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                        self.response_queue.get(), timeout=timeout
+                    )
+                    if result.code == 'OK':
+                        if (
+                            response_type == AtResponseType.SINGLE
+                            and len(responses) != 1
+                        ):
+                            raise HfpProtocolError("NO ANSWER")
 
-                    if response_type == AtResponseType.MULTIPLE:
-                        return responses
-                    if response_type == AtResponseType.SINGLE:
-                        return responses[0]
-                    return None
-                if result.code in STATUS_CODES:
-                    raise HfpProtocolError(result.code)
-                responses.append(result)
+                        if response_type == AtResponseType.MULTIPLE:
+                            return responses
+                        if response_type == AtResponseType.SINGLE:
+                            return responses[0]
+                        return None
+                    if result.code in STATUS_CODES:
+                        raise HfpProtocolError(result.code)
+                    responses.append(result)
+        finally:
+            self.pending_command = None
 
     async def initiate_slc(self):
         """4.2.1 Service Level Connection Initialization."""
@@ -1073,7 +1030,7 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
         # code, with the value indicating (call=0).
         await self.execute_command("AT+CHUP")
 
-    async def query_current_calls(self) -> List[CallInfo]:
+    async def query_current_calls(self) -> list[CallInfo]:
         """4.32.1 Query List of Current Calls in AG.
 
         Return:
@@ -1082,7 +1039,6 @@ class HfProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
         responses = await self.execute_command(
             "AT+CLCC", response_type=AtResponseType.MULTIPLE
         )
-        assert isinstance(responses, list)
 
         calls = []
         for response in responses:
@@ -1204,27 +1160,27 @@ class AgProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
     EVENT_MICROPHONE_VOLUME = "microphone_volume"
 
     supported_hf_features: int
-    supported_hf_indicators: Set[HfIndicator]
-    supported_audio_codecs: List[AudioCodec]
+    supported_hf_indicators: set[HfIndicator]
+    supported_audio_codecs: list[AudioCodec]
 
     supported_ag_features: int
-    supported_ag_call_hold_operations: List[CallHoldOperation]
+    supported_ag_call_hold_operations: list[CallHoldOperation]
 
-    ag_indicators: List[AgIndicatorState]
+    ag_indicators: list[AgIndicatorState]
     hf_indicators: collections.OrderedDict[HfIndicator, HfIndicatorState]
 
     dlc: rfcomm.DLC
 
     read_buffer: bytearray
     active_codec: AudioCodec
-    calls: List[CallInfo]
+    calls: list[CallInfo]
 
     indicator_report_enabled: bool
     inband_ringtone_enabled: bool
     cme_error_enabled: bool
     cli_notification_enabled: bool
     call_waiting_enabled: bool
-    _remained_slc_setup_features: Set[HfFeature]
+    _remained_slc_setup_features: set[HfFeature]
 
     def __init__(self, dlc: rfcomm.DLC, configuration: AgConfiguration) -> None:
         super().__init__()
@@ -1367,7 +1323,7 @@ class AgProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
             logger.warning(f'AG indicator {indicator} is disabled')
 
         indicator_state.current_status = value
-        self.send_response(f'+CIEV: {index+1},{value}')
+        self.send_response(f'+CIEV: {index + 1},{value}')
 
     async def negotiate_codec(self, codec: AudioCodec) -> None:
         """Starts codec negotiation."""
@@ -1427,13 +1383,13 @@ class AgProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
         self.emit(self.EVENT_VOICE_RECOGNITION, VoiceRecognitionState(int(vrec)))
 
     def _on_chld(self, operation_code: bytes) -> None:
-        call_index: Optional[int] = None
+        call_index: int | None = None
         if len(operation_code) > 1:
             call_index = int(operation_code[1:])
             operation_code = operation_code[:1] + b'x'
         try:
             operation = CallHoldOperation(operation_code.decode())
-        except:
+        except Exception:
             logger.error(f'Invalid operation: {operation_code.decode()}')
             self.send_cme_error(CmeError.OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED)
             return
@@ -1497,8 +1453,8 @@ class AgProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
     def _on_cmer(
         self,
         mode: bytes,
-        keypad: Optional[bytes] = None,
-        display: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        keypad: bytes | None = None,
+        display: bytes | None = None,
         indicator: bytes = b'',
     ) -> None:
         if (
@@ -1605,7 +1561,7 @@ class AgProtocol(utils.EventEmitter):
 
     def _on_clcc(self) -> None:
         for call in self.calls:
-            number_text = f',\"{call.number}\"' if call.number is not None else ''
+            number_text = f',"{call.number}"' if call.number is not None else ''
             type_text = f',{call.type}' if call.type is not None else ''
             response = (
                 f'+CLCC: {call.index}'
@@ -1694,7 +1650,7 @@ def make_hf_sdp_records(
     rfcomm_channel: int,
     configuration: HfConfiguration,
     version: ProfileVersion = ProfileVersion.V1_8,
-) -> List[sdp.ServiceAttribute]:
+) -> list[sdp.ServiceAttribute]:
     """
     Generates the SDP record for HFP Hands-Free support.
 
@@ -1780,7 +1736,7 @@ def make_ag_sdp_records(
     rfcomm_channel: int,
     configuration: AgConfiguration,
     version: ProfileVersion = ProfileVersion.V1_8,
-) -> List[sdp.ServiceAttribute]:
+) -> list[sdp.ServiceAttribute]:
     """
     Generates the SDP record for HFP Audio-Gateway support.
 
@@ -1860,7 +1816,7 @@ def make_ag_sdp_records(
 
 async def find_hf_sdp_record(
     connection: device.Connection,
-) -> Optional[Tuple[int, ProfileVersion, HfSdpFeature]]:
+) -> tuple[int, ProfileVersion, HfSdpFeature] | None:
     """Searches a Hands-Free SDP record from remote device.
 
     Args:
@@ -1880,9 +1836,9 @@ async def find_hf_sdp_record(
             ],
         )
         for attribute_lists in search_result:
-            channel: Optional[int] = None
-            version: Optional[ProfileVersion] = None
-            features: Optional[HfSdpFeature] = None
+            channel: int | None = None
+            version: ProfileVersion | None = None
+            features: HfSdpFeature | None = None
             for attribute in attribute_lists:
                 # The layout is [[L2CAP_PROTOCOL], [RFCOMM_PROTOCOL, RFCOMM_CHANNEL]].
                 if attribute.id == sdp.SDP_PROTOCOL_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID:
@@ -1912,7 +1868,7 @@ async def find_hf_sdp_record(
 
 async def find_ag_sdp_record(
     connection: device.Connection,
-) -> Optional[Tuple[int, ProfileVersion, AgSdpFeature]]:
+) -> tuple[int, ProfileVersion, AgSdpFeature] | None:
     """Searches an Audio-Gateway SDP record from remote device.
 
     Args:
@@ -1931,9 +1887,9 @@ async def find_ag_sdp_record(
             ],
         )
         for attribute_lists in search_result:
-            channel: Optional[int] = None
-            version: Optional[ProfileVersion] = None
-            features: Optional[AgSdpFeature] = None
+            channel: int | None = None
+            version: ProfileVersion | None = None
+            features: AgSdpFeature | None = None
             for attribute in attribute_lists:
                 # The layout is [[L2CAP_PROTOCOL], [RFCOMM_PROTOCOL, RFCOMM_CHANNEL]].
                 if attribute.id == sdp.SDP_PROTOCOL_DESCRIPTOR_LIST_ATTRIBUTE_ID:
@@ -2010,7 +1966,7 @@ class EscoParameters:
     transmit_codec_frame_size: int = 60
     receive_codec_frame_size: int = 60
 
-    def asdict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def asdict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         # dataclasses.asdict() will recursively deep-copy the entire object,
         # which is expensive and breaks CodingFormat object, so let it simply copy here.
         return self.__dict__

bumble/hid.py

@@ -16,22 +16,20 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-import logging
-import enum
-import struct
 
+import enum
+import logging
+import struct
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Optional, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
 from typing_extensions import override
 
-from bumble import l2cap
-from bumble import device
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble import device, l2cap, utils
 from bumble.core import InvalidStateError, ProtocolError
 from bumble.hci import Address
 
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -197,9 +195,9 @@ class SendHandshakeMessage(Message):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class HID(ABC, utils.EventEmitter):
-    l2cap_ctrl_channel: Optional[l2cap.ClassicChannel] = None
-    l2cap_intr_channel: Optional[l2cap.ClassicChannel] = None
-    connection: Optional[device.Connection] = None
+    l2cap_ctrl_channel: l2cap.ClassicChannel | None = None
+    l2cap_intr_channel: l2cap.ClassicChannel | None = None
+    connection: device.Connection | None = None
 
     EVENT_INTERRUPT_DATA = "interrupt_data"
     EVENT_CONTROL_DATA = "control_data"
@@ -214,38 +212,46 @@ class HID(ABC, utils.EventEmitter):
 
     def __init__(self, device: device.Device, role: Role) -> None:
         super().__init__()
-        self.remote_device_bd_address: Optional[Address] = None
+        self.remote_device_bd_address: Address | None = None
         self.device = device
         self.role = role
 
         # Register ourselves with the L2CAP channel manager
-        device.register_l2cap_server(HID_CONTROL_PSM, self.on_l2cap_connection)
-        device.register_l2cap_server(HID_INTERRUPT_PSM, self.on_l2cap_connection)
+        device.create_l2cap_server(
+            l2cap.ClassicChannelSpec(HID_CONTROL_PSM), self.on_l2cap_connection
+        )
+        device.create_l2cap_server(
+            l2cap.ClassicChannelSpec(HID_INTERRUPT_PSM), self.on_l2cap_connection
+        )
 
         device.on(device.EVENT_CONNECTION, self.on_device_connection)
 
     async def connect_control_channel(self) -> None:
+        if not self.connection:
+            raise InvalidStateError("Connection is not established!")
         # Create a new L2CAP connection - control channel
         try:
-            channel = await self.device.l2cap_channel_manager.connect(
-                self.connection, HID_CONTROL_PSM
+            channel = await self.connection.create_l2cap_channel(
+                l2cap.ClassicChannelSpec(HID_CONTROL_PSM)
             )
             channel.sink = self.on_ctrl_pdu
             self.l2cap_ctrl_channel = channel
         except ProtocolError:
-            logging.exception(f'L2CAP connection failed.')
+            logging.exception('L2CAP connection failed.')
             raise
 
     async def connect_interrupt_channel(self) -> None:
+        if not self.connection:
+            raise InvalidStateError("Connection is not established!")
         # Create a new L2CAP connection - interrupt channel
         try:
-            channel = await self.device.l2cap_channel_manager.connect(
-                self.connection, HID_INTERRUPT_PSM
+            channel = await self.connection.create_l2cap_channel(
+                l2cap.ClassicChannelSpec(HID_INTERRUPT_PSM)
             )
             channel.sink = self.on_intr_pdu
             self.l2cap_intr_channel = channel
         except ProtocolError:
-            logging.exception(f'L2CAP connection failed.')
+            logging.exception('L2CAP connection failed.')
             raise
 
     async def disconnect_interrupt_channel(self) -> None:
@@ -306,11 +312,11 @@ class HID(ABC, utils.EventEmitter):
 
     def send_pdu_on_ctrl(self, msg: bytes) -> None:
         assert self.l2cap_ctrl_channel
-        self.l2cap_ctrl_channel.send_pdu(msg)
+        self.l2cap_ctrl_channel.write(msg)
 
     def send_pdu_on_intr(self, msg: bytes) -> None:
         assert self.l2cap_intr_channel
-        self.l2cap_intr_channel.send_pdu(msg)
+        self.l2cap_intr_channel.write(msg)
 
     def send_data(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         if self.role == HID.Role.HOST:
@@ -347,10 +353,10 @@ class Device(HID):
         data: bytes = b''
         status: int = 0
 
-    get_report_cb: Optional[Callable[[int, int, int], GetSetStatus]] = None
-    set_report_cb: Optional[Callable[[int, int, int, bytes], GetSetStatus]] = None
-    get_protocol_cb: Optional[Callable[[], GetSetStatus]] = None
-    set_protocol_cb: Optional[Callable[[int], GetSetStatus]] = None
+    get_report_cb: Callable[[int, int, int], GetSetStatus] | None = None
+    set_report_cb: Callable[[int, int, int, bytes], GetSetStatus] | None = None
+    get_protocol_cb: Callable[[], GetSetStatus] | None = None
+    set_protocol_cb: Callable[[int], GetSetStatus] | None = None
 
     def __init__(self, device: device.Device) -> None:
         super().__init__(device, HID.Role.DEVICE)

bumble/keys.py

@@ -21,16 +21,19 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import dataclasses
+import json
 import logging
 import os
-import json
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Any
+import pathlib
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
-from bumble.colors import color
 from bumble import hci
+from bumble.colors import color
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from bumble.device import Device
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ class PairingKeys:
     class Key:
         value: bytes
         authenticated: bool = False
-        ediv: Optional[int] = None
-        rand: Optional[bytes] = None
+        ediv: int | None = None
+        rand: bytes | None = None
 
         @classmethod
         def from_dict(cls, key_dict: dict[str, Any]) -> PairingKeys.Key:
@@ -72,17 +75,17 @@ class PairingKeys:
 
             return key_dict
 
-    address_type: Optional[hci.AddressType] = None
-    ltk: Optional[Key] = None
-    ltk_central: Optional[Key] = None
-    ltk_peripheral: Optional[Key] = None
-    irk: Optional[Key] = None
-    csrk: Optional[Key] = None
-    link_key: Optional[Key] = None  # Classic
-    link_key_type: Optional[int] = None  # Classic
+    address_type: hci.AddressType | None = None
+    ltk: Key | None = None
+    ltk_central: Key | None = None
+    ltk_peripheral: Key | None = None
+    irk: Key | None = None
+    csrk: Key | None = None
+    link_key: Key | None = None  # Classic
+    link_key_type: int | None = None  # Classic
 
     @classmethod
-    def key_from_dict(cls, keys_dict: dict[str, Any], key_name: str) -> Optional[Key]:
+    def key_from_dict(cls, keys_dict: dict[str, Any], key_name: str) -> Key | None:
         key_dict = keys_dict.get(key_name)
         if key_dict is None:
             return None
@@ -154,10 +157,10 @@ class KeyStore:
     async def update(self, name: str, keys: PairingKeys) -> None:
         pass
 
-    async def get(self, _name: str) -> Optional[PairingKeys]:
+    async def get(self, _name: str) -> PairingKeys | None:
         return None
 
-    async def get_all(self) -> List[Tuple[str, PairingKeys]]:
+    async def get_all(self) -> list[tuple[str, PairingKeys]]:
         return []
 
     async def delete_all(self) -> None:
@@ -246,33 +249,30 @@ class JsonKeyStore(KeyStore):
     DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = '__DEFAULT__'
     DEFAULT_BASE_NAME = "keys"
 
-    def __init__(self, namespace, filename=None):
-        self.namespace = namespace if namespace is not None else self.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE
+    def __init__(
+        self, namespace: str | None = None, filename: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.namespace = namespace or self.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE
 
-        if filename is None:
-            # Use a default for the current user
-
-            # Import here because this may not exist on all platforms
-            # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
-            import appdirs
-
-            self.directory_name = os.path.join(
-                appdirs.user_data_dir(self.APP_NAME, self.APP_AUTHOR), self.KEYS_DIR
-            )
-            base_name = self.DEFAULT_BASE_NAME if namespace is None else self.namespace
-            json_filename = (
-                f'{base_name}.json'.lower().replace(':', '-').replace('/p', '-p')
-            )
-            self.filename = os.path.join(self.directory_name, json_filename)
+        if filename:
+            self.filename = pathlib.Path(filename).resolve()
+            self.directory_name = self.filename.parent
         else:
-            self.filename = filename
-            self.directory_name = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(self.filename))
+            import platformdirs  # Deferred import
 
-        logger.debug(f'JSON keystore: {self.filename}')
+            base_dir = platformdirs.user_data_path(self.APP_NAME, self.APP_AUTHOR)
+            self.directory_name = base_dir / self.KEYS_DIR
+
+            base_name = self.namespace if namespace else self.DEFAULT_BASE_NAME
+            safe_name = base_name.lower().replace(':', '-').replace('/', '-')
+
+            self.filename = self.directory_name / f"{safe_name}.json"
+
+        logger.debug('JSON keystore: %s', self.filename)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_device(
-        cls: Type[Self], device: Device, filename: Optional[str] = None
+        cls: type[Self], device: Device, filename: str | None = None
     ) -> Self:
         if not filename:
             # Extract the filename from the config if there is one
@@ -291,11 +291,13 @@ class JsonKeyStore(KeyStore):
 
         return cls(namespace, filename)
 
-    async def load(self):
+    async def load(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, Any]]], dict[str, dict[str, Any]]]:
         # Try to open the file, without failing. If the file does not exist, it
         # will be created upon saving.
         try:
-            with open(self.filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as json_file:
+            with open(self.filename, encoding='utf-8') as json_file:
                 db = json.load(json_file)
         except FileNotFoundError:
             db = {}
@@ -310,17 +312,17 @@ class JsonKeyStore(KeyStore):
             return next(iter(db.items()))
 
         # Finally, just create an empty key map for the namespace
-        key_map = {}
+        key_map: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
         db[self.namespace] = key_map
         return (db, key_map)
 
-    async def save(self, db):
+    async def save(self, db: dict[str, dict[str, dict[str, Any]]]) -> None:
         # Create the directory if it doesn't exist
-        if not os.path.exists(self.directory_name):
-            os.makedirs(self.directory_name, exist_ok=True)
+        if not self.directory_name.exists():
+            self.directory_name.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
         # Save to a temporary file
-        temp_filename = self.filename + '.tmp'
+        temp_filename = self.filename.with_name(self.filename.name + ".tmp")
         with open(temp_filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as output:
             json.dump(db, output, sort_keys=True, indent=4)
 
@@ -332,21 +334,21 @@ class JsonKeyStore(KeyStore):
         del key_map[name]
         await self.save(db)
 
-    async def update(self, name, keys):
+    async def update(self, name: str, keys: PairingKeys) -> None:
         db, key_map = await self.load()
         key_map.setdefault(name, {}).update(keys.to_dict())
         await self.save(db)
 
-    async def get_all(self):
+    async def get_all(self) -> list[tuple[str, PairingKeys]]:
         _, key_map = await self.load()
         return [(name, PairingKeys.from_dict(keys)) for (name, keys) in key_map.items()]
 
-    async def delete_all(self):
+    async def delete_all(self) -> None:
         db, key_map = await self.load()
         key_map.clear()
         await self.save(db)
 
-    async def get(self, name: str) -> Optional[PairingKeys]:
+    async def get(self, name: str) -> PairingKeys | None:
         _, key_map = await self.load()
         if name not in key_map:
             return None
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ class JsonKeyStore(KeyStore):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class MemoryKeyStore(KeyStore):
-    all_keys: Dict[str, PairingKeys]
+    all_keys: dict[str, PairingKeys]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.all_keys = {}
@@ -368,8 +370,8 @@ class MemoryKeyStore(KeyStore):
     async def update(self, name: str, keys: PairingKeys) -> None:
         self.all_keys[name] = keys
 
-    async def get(self, name: str) -> Optional[PairingKeys]:
+    async def get(self, name: str) -> PairingKeys | None:
         return self.all_keys.get(name)
 
-    async def get_all(self) -> List[Tuple[str, PairingKeys]]:
+    async def get_all(self) -> list[tuple[str, PairingKeys]]:
         return list(self.all_keys.items())

bumble/link.py

@@ -11,32 +11,20 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import logging
-import asyncio
-from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from bumble.core import (
-    PhysicalTransport,
-    InvalidStateError,
-)
-from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.hci import (
-    Address,
-    Role,
-    HCI_SUCCESS,
-    HCI_CONNECTION_ACCEPT_TIMEOUT_ERROR,
-    HCI_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_ERROR,
-    HCI_UNKNOWN_CONNECTION_IDENTIFIER_ERROR,
-    HCI_PAGE_TIMEOUT_ERROR,
-    HCI_Connection_Complete_Event,
-)
-from bumble import controller
+from bumble import core, hci, ll, lmp
 
-from typing import Optional, Set
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from bumble import controller
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -44,18 +32,6 @@ from typing import Optional, Set
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Utils
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-def parse_parameters(params_str):
-    result = {}
-    for param_str in params_str.split(','):
-        if '=' in param_str:
-            key, value = param_str.split('=')
-            result[key] = value
-    return result
-
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # TODO: add more support for various LL exchanges
 # (see Vol 6, Part B - 2.4 DATA CHANNEL PDU)
@@ -65,41 +41,38 @@ class LocalLink:
     Link bus for controllers to communicate with each other
     '''
 
-    controllers: Set[controller.Controller]
+    controllers: set[controller.Controller]
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.controllers = set()
-        self.pending_connection = None
         self.pending_classic_connection = None
 
     ############################################################
     # Common utils
     ############################################################
 
-    def add_controller(self, controller):
+    def add_controller(self, controller: controller.Controller):
         logger.debug(f'new controller: {controller}')
         self.controllers.add(controller)
 
-    def remove_controller(self, controller):
+    def remove_controller(self, controller: controller.Controller):
         self.controllers.remove(controller)
 
-    def find_controller(self, address):
+    def find_le_controller(self, address: hci.Address) -> controller.Controller | None:
         for controller in self.controllers:
-            if controller.random_address == address:
-                return controller
+            for connection in controller.le_connections.values():
+                if connection.self_address == address:
+                    return controller
         return None
 
     def find_classic_controller(
-        self, address: Address
-    ) -> Optional[controller.Controller]:
+        self, address: hci.Address
+    ) -> controller.Controller | None:
         for controller in self.controllers:
             if controller.public_address == address:
                 return controller
         return None
 
-    def get_pending_connection(self):
-        return self.pending_connection
-
     ############################################################
     # LE handlers
     ############################################################
@@ -107,538 +80,70 @@ class LocalLink:
     def on_address_changed(self, controller):
         pass
 
-    def send_advertising_data(self, sender_address, data):
-        # Send the advertising data to all controllers, except the sender
-        for controller in self.controllers:
-            if controller.random_address != sender_address:
-                controller.on_link_advertising_data(sender_address, data)
-
-    def send_acl_data(self, sender_controller, destination_address, transport, data):
+    def send_acl_data(
+        self,
+        sender_controller: controller.Controller,
+        destination_address: hci.Address,
+        transport: core.PhysicalTransport,
+        data: bytes,
+    ):
         # Send the data to the first controller with a matching address
-        if transport == PhysicalTransport.LE:
-            destination_controller = self.find_controller(destination_address)
+        if transport == core.PhysicalTransport.LE:
+            destination_controller = self.find_le_controller(destination_address)
             source_address = sender_controller.random_address
-        elif transport == PhysicalTransport.BR_EDR:
+        elif transport == core.PhysicalTransport.BR_EDR:
             destination_controller = self.find_classic_controller(destination_address)
             source_address = sender_controller.public_address
         else:
             raise ValueError("unsupported transport type")
 
         if destination_controller is not None:
-            destination_controller.on_link_acl_data(source_address, transport, data)
-
-    def on_connection_complete(self):
-        # Check that we expect this call
-        if not self.pending_connection:
-            logger.warning('on_connection_complete with no pending connection')
-            return
-
-        central_address, le_create_connection_command = self.pending_connection
-        self.pending_connection = None
-
-        # Find the controller that initiated the connection
-        if not (central_controller := self.find_controller(central_address)):
-            logger.warning('!!! Initiating controller not found')
-            return
-
-        # Connect to the first controller with a matching address
-        if peripheral_controller := self.find_controller(
-            le_create_connection_command.peer_address
-        ):
-            central_controller.on_link_peripheral_connection_complete(
-                le_create_connection_command, HCI_SUCCESS
+            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
+                lambda: destination_controller.on_link_acl_data(
+                    source_address, transport, data
+                )
             )
-            peripheral_controller.on_link_central_connected(central_address)
-            return
 
-        # No peripheral found
-        central_controller.on_link_peripheral_connection_complete(
-            le_create_connection_command, HCI_CONNECTION_ACCEPT_TIMEOUT_ERROR
-        )
-
-    def connect(self, central_address, le_create_connection_command):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'$$$ CONNECTION {central_address} -> '
-            f'{le_create_connection_command.peer_address}'
-        )
-        self.pending_connection = (central_address, le_create_connection_command)
-        asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(self.on_connection_complete)
-
-    def on_disconnection_complete(
-        self, central_address, peripheral_address, disconnect_command
+    def send_advertising_pdu(
+        self,
+        sender_controller: controller.Controller,
+        packet: ll.AdvertisingPdu,
     ):
-        # Find the controller that initiated the disconnection
-        if not (central_controller := self.find_controller(central_address)):
-            logger.warning('!!! Initiating controller not found')
-            return
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        for c in self.controllers:
+            if c != sender_controller:
+                loop.call_soon(c.on_ll_advertising_pdu, packet)
 
-        # Disconnect from the first controller with a matching address
-        if peripheral_controller := self.find_controller(peripheral_address):
-            peripheral_controller.on_link_central_disconnected(
-                central_address, disconnect_command.reason
-            )
-
-        central_controller.on_link_peripheral_disconnection_complete(
-            disconnect_command, HCI_SUCCESS
-        )
-
-    def disconnect(self, central_address, peripheral_address, disconnect_command):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'$$$ DISCONNECTION {central_address} -> '
-            f'{peripheral_address}: reason = {disconnect_command.reason}'
-        )
-        args = [central_address, peripheral_address, disconnect_command]
-        asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(self.on_disconnection_complete, *args)
-
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
-    def on_connection_encrypted(
-        self, central_address, peripheral_address, rand, ediv, ltk
+    def send_ll_control_pdu(
+        self,
+        sender_address: hci.Address,
+        receiver_address: hci.Address,
+        packet: ll.ControlPdu,
     ):
-        logger.debug(f'*** ENCRYPTION {central_address} -> {peripheral_address}')
-
-        if central_controller := self.find_controller(central_address):
-            central_controller.on_link_encrypted(peripheral_address, rand, ediv, ltk)
-
-        if peripheral_controller := self.find_controller(peripheral_address):
-            peripheral_controller.on_link_encrypted(central_address, rand, ediv, ltk)
-
-    def create_cis(
-        self,
-        central_controller: controller.Controller,
-        peripheral_address: Address,
-        cig_id: int,
-        cis_id: int,
-    ) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'$$$ CIS Request {central_controller.random_address} -> {peripheral_address}'
+        if not (receiver_controller := self.find_le_controller(receiver_address)):
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(
+                f"Unable to find controller for address {receiver_address}"
+            )
+        asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
+            lambda: receiver_controller.on_ll_control_pdu(sender_address, packet)
         )
-        if peripheral_controller := self.find_controller(peripheral_address):
-            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-                peripheral_controller.on_link_cis_request,
-                central_controller.random_address,
-                cig_id,
-                cis_id,
-            )
-
-    def accept_cis(
-        self,
-        peripheral_controller: controller.Controller,
-        central_address: Address,
-        cig_id: int,
-        cis_id: int,
-    ) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'$$$ CIS Accept {peripheral_controller.random_address} -> {central_address}'
-        )
-        if central_controller := self.find_controller(central_address):
-            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-                central_controller.on_link_cis_established, cig_id, cis_id
-            )
-            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-                peripheral_controller.on_link_cis_established, cig_id, cis_id
-            )
-
-    def disconnect_cis(
-        self,
-        initiator_controller: controller.Controller,
-        peer_address: Address,
-        cig_id: int,
-        cis_id: int,
-    ) -> None:
-        logger.debug(
-            f'$$$ CIS Disconnect {initiator_controller.random_address} -> {peer_address}'
-        )
-        if peer_controller := self.find_controller(peer_address):
-            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-                initiator_controller.on_link_cis_disconnected, cig_id, cis_id
-            )
-            asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-                peer_controller.on_link_cis_disconnected, cig_id, cis_id
-            )
 
     ############################################################
     # Classic handlers
     ############################################################
 
-    def classic_connect(self, initiator_controller, responder_address):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'[Classic] {initiator_controller.public_address} connects to {responder_address}'
-        )
-        responder_controller = self.find_classic_controller(responder_address)
-        if responder_controller is None:
-            initiator_controller.on_classic_connection_complete(
-                responder_address, HCI_PAGE_TIMEOUT_ERROR
-            )
-            return
-        self.pending_classic_connection = (initiator_controller, responder_controller)
-
-        responder_controller.on_classic_connection_request(
-            initiator_controller.public_address,
-            HCI_Connection_Complete_Event.ACL_LINK_TYPE,
-        )
-
-    def classic_accept_connection(
-        self, responder_controller, initiator_address, responder_role
-    ):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'[Classic] {responder_controller.public_address} accepts to connect {initiator_address}'
-        )
-        initiator_controller = self.find_classic_controller(initiator_address)
-        if initiator_controller is None:
-            responder_controller.on_classic_connection_complete(
-                responder_controller.public_address, HCI_PAGE_TIMEOUT_ERROR
-            )
-            return
-
-        async def task():
-            if responder_role != Role.PERIPHERAL:
-                initiator_controller.on_classic_role_change(
-                    responder_controller.public_address, int(not (responder_role))
-                )
-            initiator_controller.on_classic_connection_complete(
-                responder_controller.public_address, HCI_SUCCESS
-            )
-
-        asyncio.create_task(task())
-        responder_controller.on_classic_role_change(
-            initiator_controller.public_address, responder_role
-        )
-        responder_controller.on_classic_connection_complete(
-            initiator_controller.public_address, HCI_SUCCESS
-        )
-        self.pending_classic_connection = None
-
-    def classic_disconnect(self, initiator_controller, responder_address, reason):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'[Classic] {initiator_controller.public_address} disconnects {responder_address}'
-        )
-        responder_controller = self.find_classic_controller(responder_address)
-
-        async def task():
-            initiator_controller.on_classic_disconnected(responder_address, reason)
-
-        asyncio.create_task(task())
-        responder_controller.on_classic_disconnected(
-            initiator_controller.public_address, reason
-        )
-
-    def classic_switch_role(
-        self, initiator_controller, responder_address, initiator_new_role
-    ):
-        responder_controller = self.find_classic_controller(responder_address)
-        if responder_controller is None:
-            return
-
-        async def task():
-            initiator_controller.on_classic_role_change(
-                responder_address, initiator_new_role
-            )
-
-        asyncio.create_task(task())
-        responder_controller.on_classic_role_change(
-            initiator_controller.public_address, int(not (initiator_new_role))
-        )
-
-    def classic_sco_connect(
+    def send_lmp_packet(
         self,
-        initiator_controller: controller.Controller,
-        responder_address: Address,
-        link_type: int,
+        sender_controller: controller.Controller,
+        receiver_address: hci.Address,
+        packet: lmp.Packet,
     ):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'[Classic] {initiator_controller.public_address} connects SCO to {responder_address}'
-        )
-        responder_controller = self.find_classic_controller(responder_address)
-        # Initiator controller should handle it.
-        assert responder_controller
-
-        responder_controller.on_classic_connection_request(
-            initiator_controller.public_address,
-            link_type,
-        )
-
-    def classic_accept_sco_connection(
-        self,
-        responder_controller: controller.Controller,
-        initiator_address: Address,
-        link_type: int,
-    ):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'[Classic] {responder_controller.public_address} accepts to connect SCO {initiator_address}'
-        )
-        initiator_controller = self.find_classic_controller(initiator_address)
-        if initiator_controller is None:
-            responder_controller.on_classic_sco_connection_complete(
-                responder_controller.public_address,
-                HCI_UNKNOWN_CONNECTION_IDENTIFIER_ERROR,
-                link_type,
+        if not (receiver_controller := self.find_classic_controller(receiver_address)):
+            raise core.InvalidArgumentError(
+                f"Unable to find controller for address {receiver_address}"
             )
-            return
-
-        async def task():
-            initiator_controller.on_classic_sco_connection_complete(
-                responder_controller.public_address, HCI_SUCCESS, link_type
-            )
-
-        asyncio.create_task(task())
-        responder_controller.on_classic_sco_connection_complete(
-            initiator_controller.public_address, HCI_SUCCESS, link_type
-        )
-
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class RemoteLink:
-    '''
-    A Link implementation that communicates with other virtual controllers via a
-    WebSocket relay
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, uri):
-        self.controller = None
-        self.uri = uri
-        self.execution_queue = asyncio.Queue()
-        self.websocket = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
-        self.rpc_result = None
-        self.pending_connection = None
-        self.central_connections = set()  # List of addresses that we have connected to
-        self.peripheral_connections = (
-            set()
-        )  # List of addresses that have connected to us
-
-        # Connect and run asynchronously
-        asyncio.create_task(self.run_connection())
-        asyncio.create_task(self.run_executor_loop())
-
-    def add_controller(self, controller):
-        if self.controller:
-            raise InvalidStateError('controller already set')
-        self.controller = controller
-
-    def remove_controller(self, controller):
-        if self.controller != controller:
-            raise InvalidStateError('controller mismatch')
-        self.controller = None
-
-    def get_pending_connection(self):
-        return self.pending_connection
-
-    def get_pending_classic_connection(self):
-        return self.pending_classic_connection
-
-    async def wait_until_connected(self):
-        await self.websocket
-
-    def execute(self, async_function):
-        self.execution_queue.put_nowait(async_function())
-
-    async def run_executor_loop(self):
-        logger.debug('executor loop starting')
-        while True:
-            item = await self.execution_queue.get()
-            try:
-                await item
-            except Exception as error:
-                logger.warning(
-                    f'{color("!!! Exception in async handler:", "red")} {error}'
-                )
-
-    async def run_connection(self):
-        import websockets  # lazy import
-
-        # Connect to the relay
-        logger.debug(f'connecting to {self.uri}')
-        # pylint: disable-next=no-member
-        websocket = await websockets.connect(self.uri)
-        self.websocket.set_result(websocket)
-        logger.debug(f'connected to {self.uri}')
-
-        while True:
-            message = await websocket.recv()
-            logger.debug(f'received message: {message}')
-            keyword, *payload = message.split(':', 1)
-
-            handler_name = f'on_{keyword}_received'
-            handler = getattr(self, handler_name, None)
-            if handler:
-                await handler(payload[0] if payload else None)
-
-    def close(self):
-        if self.websocket.done():
-            logger.debug('closing websocket')
-            websocket = self.websocket.result()
-            asyncio.create_task(websocket.close())
-
-    async def on_result_received(self, result):
-        if self.rpc_result:
-            self.rpc_result.set_result(result)
-
-    async def on_left_received(self, address):
-        if address in self.central_connections:
-            self.controller.on_link_peripheral_disconnected(Address(address))
-            self.central_connections.remove(address)
-
-        if address in self.peripheral_connections:
-            self.controller.on_link_central_disconnected(
-                address, HCI_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_ERROR
-            )
-            self.peripheral_connections.remove(address)
-
-    async def on_unreachable_received(self, target):
-        await self.on_left_received(target)
-
-    async def on_message_received(self, message):
-        sender, *payload = message.split('/', 1)
-        if payload:
-            keyword, *payload = payload[0].split(':', 1)
-            handler_name = f'on_{keyword}_message_received'
-            handler = getattr(self, handler_name, None)
-            if handler:
-                await handler(sender, payload[0] if payload else None)
-
-    async def on_advertisement_message_received(self, sender, advertisement):
-        try:
-            self.controller.on_link_advertising_data(
-                Address(sender), bytes.fromhex(advertisement)
-            )
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception('exception')
-
-    async def on_acl_message_received(self, sender, acl_data):
-        try:
-            self.controller.on_link_acl_data(Address(sender), bytes.fromhex(acl_data))
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception('exception')
-
-    async def on_connect_message_received(self, sender, _):
-        # Remember the connection
-        self.peripheral_connections.add(sender)
-
-        # Notify the controller
-        logger.debug(f'connection from central {sender}')
-        self.controller.on_link_central_connected(Address(sender))
-
-        # Accept the connection by responding to it
-        await self.send_targeted_message(sender, 'connected')
-
-    async def on_connected_message_received(self, sender, _):
-        if not self.pending_connection:
-            logger.warning('received a connection ack, but no connection is pending')
-            return
-
-        # Remember the connection
-        self.central_connections.add(sender)
-
-        # Notify the controller
-        logger.debug(f'connected to peripheral {self.pending_connection.peer_address}')
-        self.controller.on_link_peripheral_connection_complete(
-            self.pending_connection, HCI_SUCCESS
-        )
-
-    async def on_disconnect_message_received(self, sender, message):
-        # Notify the controller
-        params = parse_parameters(message)
-        reason = int(params.get('reason', str(HCI_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_ERROR)))
-        self.controller.on_link_central_disconnected(Address(sender), reason)
-
-        # Forget the connection
-        if sender in self.peripheral_connections:
-            self.peripheral_connections.remove(sender)
-
-    async def on_encrypted_message_received(self, sender, _):
-        # TODO parse params to get real args
-        self.controller.on_link_encrypted(Address(sender), bytes(8), 0, bytes(16))
-
-    async def send_rpc_command(self, command):
-        # Ensure we have a connection
-        websocket = await self.websocket
-
-        # Create a future value to hold the eventual result
-        assert self.rpc_result is None
-        self.rpc_result = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
-
-        # Send the command
-        await websocket.send(command)
-
-        # Wait for the result
-        rpc_result = await self.rpc_result
-        self.rpc_result = None
-        logger.debug(f'rpc_result: {rpc_result}')
-
-        # TODO: parse the result
-
-    async def send_targeted_message(self, target, message):
-        # Ensure we have a connection
-        websocket = await self.websocket
-
-        # Send the message
-        await websocket.send(f'@{target} {message}')
-
-    async def notify_address_changed(self):
-        await self.send_rpc_command(f'/set-address {self.controller.random_address}')
-
-    def on_address_changed(self, controller):
-        logger.info(f'address changed for {controller}: {controller.random_address}')
-
-        # Notify the relay of the change
-        self.execute(self.notify_address_changed)
-
-    async def send_advertising_data_to_relay(self, data):
-        await self.send_targeted_message('*', f'advertisement:{data.hex()}')
-
-    def send_advertising_data(self, _, data):
-        self.execute(partial(self.send_advertising_data_to_relay, data))
-
-    async def send_acl_data_to_relay(self, peer_address, data):
-        await self.send_targeted_message(peer_address, f'acl:{data.hex()}')
-
-    def send_acl_data(self, _, peer_address, _transport, data):
-        # TODO: handle different transport
-        self.execute(partial(self.send_acl_data_to_relay, peer_address, data))
-
-    async def send_connection_request_to_relay(self, peer_address):
-        await self.send_targeted_message(peer_address, 'connect')
-
-    def connect(self, _, le_create_connection_command):
-        if self.pending_connection:
-            logger.warning('connection already pending')
-            return
-        self.pending_connection = le_create_connection_command
-        self.execute(
-            partial(
-                self.send_connection_request_to_relay,
-                str(le_create_connection_command.peer_address),
-            )
-        )
-
-    def on_disconnection_complete(self, disconnect_command):
-        self.controller.on_link_peripheral_disconnection_complete(
-            disconnect_command, HCI_SUCCESS
-        )
-
-    def disconnect(self, central_address, peripheral_address, disconnect_command):
-        logger.debug(
-            f'disconnect {central_address} -> '
-            f'{peripheral_address}: reason = {disconnect_command.reason}'
-        )
-        self.execute(
-            partial(
-                self.send_targeted_message,
-                peripheral_address,
-                f'disconnect:reason={disconnect_command.reason}',
-            )
-        )
         asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-            self.on_disconnection_complete, disconnect_command
-        )
-
-    def on_connection_encrypted(self, _, peripheral_address, rand, ediv, ltk):
-        asyncio.get_running_loop().call_soon(
-            self.controller.on_link_encrypted, peripheral_address, rand, ediv, ltk
-        )
-        self.execute(
-            partial(
-                self.send_targeted_message,
-                peripheral_address,
-                f'encrypted:ltk={ltk.hex()}',
+            lambda: receiver_controller.on_lmp_packet(
+                sender_controller.public_address, packet
             )
         )

bumble/ll.py

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+from bumble import hci
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Advertising PDU
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class AdvertisingPdu:
+    """Base Advertising Physical Channel PDU class.
+
+    See Core Spec 6.0, Volume 6, Part B, 2.3. Advertising physical channel PDU.
+
+    Currently these messages don't really follow the LL spec, because LL protocol is
+    context-aware and we don't have real physical transport.
+    """
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class ConnectInd(AdvertisingPdu):
+    initiator_address: hci.Address
+    advertiser_address: hci.Address
+    interval: int
+    latency: int
+    timeout: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class AdvInd(AdvertisingPdu):
+    advertiser_address: hci.Address
+    data: bytes
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class AdvDirectInd(AdvertisingPdu):
+    advertiser_address: hci.Address
+    target_address: hci.Address
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class AdvNonConnInd(AdvertisingPdu):
+    advertiser_address: hci.Address
+    data: bytes
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class AdvExtInd(AdvertisingPdu):
+    advertiser_address: hci.Address
+    data: bytes
+
+    target_address: hci.Address | None = None
+    adi: int | None = None
+    tx_power: int | None = None
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# LL Control PDU
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class ControlPdu:
+    """Base LL Control PDU Class.
+
+    See Core Spec 6.0, Volume 6, Part B, 2.4.2. LL Control PDU.
+
+    Currently these messages don't really follow the LL spec, because LL protocol is
+    context-aware and we don't have real physical transport.
+    """
+
+    class Opcode(hci.SpecableEnum):
+        LL_CONNECTION_UPDATE_IND = 0x00
+        LL_CHANNEL_MAP_IND = 0x01
+        LL_TERMINATE_IND = 0x02
+        LL_ENC_REQ = 0x03
+        LL_ENC_RSP = 0x04
+        LL_START_ENC_REQ = 0x05
+        LL_START_ENC_RSP = 0x06
+        LL_UNKNOWN_RSP = 0x07
+        LL_FEATURE_REQ = 0x08
+        LL_FEATURE_RSP = 0x09
+        LL_PAUSE_ENC_REQ = 0x0A
+        LL_PAUSE_ENC_RSP = 0x0B
+        LL_VERSION_IND = 0x0C
+        LL_REJECT_IND = 0x0D
+        LL_PERIPHERAL_FEATURE_REQ = 0x0E
+        LL_CONNECTION_PARAM_REQ = 0x0F
+        LL_CONNECTION_PARAM_RSP = 0x10
+        LL_REJECT_EXT_IND = 0x11
+        LL_PING_REQ = 0x12
+        LL_PING_RSP = 0x13
+        LL_LENGTH_REQ = 0x14
+        LL_LENGTH_RSP = 0x15
+        LL_PHY_REQ = 0x16
+        LL_PHY_RSP = 0x17
+        LL_PHY_UPDATE_IND = 0x18
+        LL_MIN_USED_CHANNELS_IND = 0x19
+        LL_CTE_REQ = 0x1A
+        LL_CTE_RSP = 0x1B
+        LL_PERIODIC_SYNC_IND = 0x1C
+        LL_CLOCK_ACCURACY_REQ = 0x1D
+        LL_CLOCK_ACCURACY_RSP = 0x1E
+        LL_CIS_REQ = 0x1F
+        LL_CIS_RSP = 0x20
+        LL_CIS_IND = 0x21
+        LL_CIS_TERMINATE_IND = 0x22
+        LL_POWER_CONTROL_REQ = 0x23
+        LL_POWER_CONTROL_RSP = 0x24
+        LL_POWER_CHANGE_IND = 0x25
+        LL_SUBRATE_REQ = 0x26
+        LL_SUBRATE_IND = 0x27
+        LL_CHANNEL_REPORTING_IND = 0x28
+        LL_CHANNEL_STATUS_IND = 0x29
+        LL_PERIODIC_SYNC_WR_IND = 0x2A
+        LL_FEATURE_EXT_REQ = 0x2B
+        LL_FEATURE_EXT_RSP = 0x2C
+        LL_CS_SEC_RSP = 0x2D
+        LL_CS_CAPABILITIES_REQ = 0x2E
+        LL_CS_CAPABILITIES_RSP = 0x2F
+        LL_CS_CONFIG_REQ = 0x30
+        LL_CS_CONFIG_RSP = 0x31
+        LL_CS_REQ = 0x32
+        LL_CS_RSP = 0x33
+        LL_CS_IND = 0x34
+        LL_CS_TERMINATE_REQ = 0x35
+        LL_CS_FAE_REQ = 0x36
+        LL_CS_FAE_RSP = 0x37
+        LL_CS_CHANNEL_MAP_IND = 0x38
+        LL_CS_SEC_REQ = 0x39
+        LL_CS_TERMINATE_RSP = 0x3A
+        LL_FRAME_SPACE_REQ = 0x3B
+        LL_FRAME_SPACE_RSP = 0x3C
+
+    opcode: ClassVar[Opcode]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class TerminateInd(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_TERMINATE_IND
+
+    error_code: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class EncReq(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_ENC_REQ
+
+    rand: bytes
+    ediv: int
+    ltk: bytes
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CisReq(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_CIS_REQ
+
+    cig_id: int
+    cis_id: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CisRsp(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_CIS_REQ
+
+    cig_id: int
+    cis_id: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CisInd(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_CIS_REQ
+
+    cig_id: int
+    cis_id: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class CisTerminateInd(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_CIS_TERMINATE_IND
+
+    cig_id: int
+    cis_id: int
+    error_code: int
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class FeatureReq(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_FEATURE_REQ
+
+    feature_set: bytes
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class FeatureRsp(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_FEATURE_RSP
+
+    feature_set: bytes
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PeripheralFeatureReq(ControlPdu):
+    opcode = ControlPdu.Opcode.LL_PERIPHERAL_FEATURE_REQ
+
+    feature_set: bytes

bumble/lmp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import struct
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from bumble import hci, utils
+
+
+class Opcode(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    '''
+    See Bluetooth spec @ Vol 2, Part C - 5.1 PDU summary.
+
+    Follow the alphabetical order defined there.
+    '''
+
+    # fmt: off
+    LMP_ACCEPTED                    = 3
+    LMP_ACCEPTED_EXT                = 127 << 8 + 1
+    LMP_AU_RAND                     = 11
+    LMP_AUTO_RATE                   = 35
+    LMP_CHANNEL_CLASSIFICATION      = 127 << 8 + 17
+    LMP_CHANNEL_CLASSIFICATION_REQ  = 127 << 8 + 16
+    LMP_CLK_ADJ                     = 127 << 8 + 5
+    LMP_CLK_ADJ_ACK                 = 127 << 8 + 6
+    LMP_CLK_ADJ_REQ                 = 127 << 8 + 7
+    LMP_CLKOFFSET_REQ               = 5
+    LMP_CLKOFFSET_RES               = 6
+    LMP_COMB_KEY                    = 9
+    LMP_DECR_POWER_REQ              = 32
+    LMP_DETACH                      = 7
+    LMP_DHKEY_CHECK                 = 65
+    LMP_ENCAPSULATED_HEADER         = 61
+    LMP_ENCAPSULATED_PAYLOAD        = 62
+    LMP_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SIZE_MASK_REQ= 58
+    LMP_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SIZE_MASK_RES= 59
+    LMP_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SIZE_REQ     = 16
+    LMP_ENCRYPTION_MODE_REQ         = 15
+    LMP_ESCO_LINK_REQ               = 127 << 8 + 12
+    LMP_FEATURES_REQ                = 39
+    LMP_FEATURES_REQ_EXT            = 127 << 8 + 3
+    LMP_FEATURES_RES                = 40
+    LMP_FEATURES_RES_EXT            = 127 << 8 + 4
+    LMP_HOLD                        = 20
+    LMP_HOLD_REQ                    = 21
+    LMP_HOST_CONNECTION_REQ         = 51
+    LMP_IN_RAND                     = 8
+    LMP_INCR_POWER_REQ              = 31
+    LMP_IO_CAPABILITY_REQ           = 127 << 8 + 25
+    LMP_IO_CAPABILITY_RES           = 127 << 8 + 26
+    LMP_KEYPRESS_NOTIFICATION       = 127 << 8 + 30
+    LMP_MAX_POWER                   = 33
+    LMP_MAX_SLOT                    = 45
+    LMP_MAX_SLOT_REQ                = 46
+    LMP_MIN_POWER                   = 34
+    LMP_NAME_REQ                    = 1
+    LMP_NAME_RES                    = 2
+    LMP_NOT_ACCEPTED                = 4
+    LMP_NOT_ACCEPTED_EXT            = 127 << 8 + 2
+    LMP_NUMERIC_COMPARISON_FAILED   = 127 << 8 + 27
+    LMP_OOB_FAILED                  = 127 << 8 + 29
+    LMP_PACKET_TYPE_TABLE_REQ       = 127 << 8 + 11
+    LMP_PAGE_MODE_REQ               = 53
+    LMP_PAGE_SCAN_MODE_REQ          = 54
+    LMP_PASSKEY_FAILED              = 127 << 8 + 28
+    LMP_PAUSE_ENCRYPTION_AES_REQ    = 66
+    LMP_PAUSE_ENCRYPTION_REQ        = 127 << 8 + 23
+    LMP_PING_REQ                    = 127 << 8 + 33
+    LMP_PING_RES                    = 127 << 8 + 34
+    LMP_POWER_CONTROL_REQ           = 127 << 8 + 31
+    LMP_POWER_CONTROL_RES           = 127 << 8 + 32
+    LMP_PREFERRED_RATE              = 36
+    LMP_QUALITY_OF_SERVICE          = 41
+    LMP_QUALITY_OF_SERVICE_REQ      = 42
+    LMP_REMOVE_ESCO_LINK_REQ        = 127 << 8 + 13
+    LMP_REMOVE_SCO_LINK_REQ         = 44
+    LMP_RESUME_ENCRYPTION_REQ       = 127 << 8 + 24
+    LMP_SAM_DEFINE_MAP              = 127 << 8 + 36
+    LMP_SAM_SET_TYPE0               = 127 << 8 + 35
+    LMP_SAM_SWITCH                  = 127 << 8 + 37
+    LMP_SCO_LINK_REQ                = 43
+    LMP_SET_AFH                     = 60
+    LMP_SETUP_COMPLETE              = 49
+    LMP_SIMPLE_PAIRING_CONFIRM      = 63
+    LMP_SIMPLE_PAIRING_NUMBER       = 64
+    LMP_SLOT_OFFSET                 = 52
+    LMP_SNIFF_REQ                   = 23
+    LMP_SNIFF_SUBRATING_REQ         = 127 << 8 + 21
+    LMP_SNIFF_SUBRATING_RES         = 127 << 8 + 22
+    LMP_SRES                        = 12
+    LMP_START_ENCRYPTION_REQ        = 17
+    LMP_STOP_ENCRYPTION_REQ         = 18
+    LMP_SUPERVISION_TIMEOUT         = 55
+    LMP_SWITCH_REQ                  = 19
+    LMP_TEMP_KEY                    = 14
+    LMP_TEMP_RAND                   = 13
+    LMP_TEST_ACTIVATE               = 56
+    LMP_TEST_CONTROL                = 57
+    LMP_TIMING_ACCURACY_REQ         = 47
+    LMP_TIMING_ACCURACY_RES         = 48
+    LMP_UNIT_KEY                    = 10
+    LMP_UNSNIFF_REQ                 = 24
+    LMP_USE_SEMI_PERMANENT_KEY      = 50
+    LMP_VERSION_REQ                 = 37
+    LMP_VERSION_RES                 = 38
+    # fmt: on
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_from(cls, data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, Opcode]:
+        opcode = data[offset]
+        if opcode in (124, 127):
+            opcode = struct.unpack('>H', data)[0]
+            return offset + 2, Opcode(opcode)
+        return offset + 1, Opcode(opcode)
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        if self.value >> 8:
+            return struct.pack('>H', self.value)
+        return bytes([self.value])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def type_metadata(cls):
+        return hci.metadata(
+            {
+                'serializer': bytes,
+                'parser': lambda data, offset: (Opcode.parse_from(data, offset)),
+            }
+        )
+
+
+class Packet:
+    '''
+    See Bluetooth spec @ Vol 2, Part C - 5.1 PDU summary
+    '''
+
+    subclasses: dict[int, type[Packet]] = {}
+    opcode: Opcode
+    fields: hci.Fields = ()
+    _payload: bytes = b''
+
+    _Packet = TypeVar("_Packet", bound="Packet")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def subclass(cls, subclass: type[_Packet]) -> type[_Packet]:
+        # Register a factory for this class
+        cls.subclasses[subclass.opcode] = subclass
+        subclass.fields = hci.HCI_Object.fields_from_dataclass(subclass)
+
+        return subclass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes) -> Packet:
+        offset, opcode = Opcode.parse_from(data)
+        if not (subclass := cls.subclasses.get(opcode)):
+            instance = Packet()
+            instance.opcode = opcode
+        else:
+            instance = subclass(
+                **hci.HCI_Object.dict_from_bytes(data, offset, subclass.fields)
+            )
+        instance.payload = data[offset:]
+        return instance
+
+    @property
+    def payload(self) -> bytes:
+        if self._payload is None:
+            self._payload = hci.HCI_Object.dict_to_bytes(self.__dict__, self.fields)
+        return self._payload
+
+    @payload.setter
+    def payload(self, value: bytes) -> None:
+        self._payload = value
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes(self.opcode) + self.payload
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpAccepted(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_ACCEPTED
+
+    response_opcode: Opcode = field(metadata=Opcode.type_metadata())
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpNotAccepted(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_NOT_ACCEPTED
+
+    response_opcode: Opcode = field(metadata=Opcode.type_metadata())
+    error_code: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpAcceptedExt(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_ACCEPTED_EXT
+
+    response_opcode: Opcode = field(metadata=Opcode.type_metadata())
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpNotAcceptedExt(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_NOT_ACCEPTED_EXT
+
+    response_opcode: Opcode = field(metadata=Opcode.type_metadata())
+    error_code: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpAuRand(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_AU_RAND
+
+    random_number: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(16))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpDetach(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_DETACH
+
+    error_code: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpEscoLinkReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_ESCO_LINK_REQ
+
+    esco_handle: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    esco_lt_addr: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    timing_control_flags: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    d_esco: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    t_esco: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    w_esco: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    esco_packet_type_c_to_p: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    esco_packet_type_p_to_c: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    packet_length_c_to_p: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+    packet_length_p_to_c: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+    air_mode: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    negotiation_state: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpHostConnectionReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_HOST_CONNECTION_REQ
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpRemoveEscoLinkReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_REMOVE_ESCO_LINK_REQ
+
+    esco_handle: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    error_code: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpRemoveScoLinkReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_REMOVE_SCO_LINK_REQ
+
+    sco_handle: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    error_code: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpScoLinkReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_SCO_LINK_REQ
+
+    sco_handle: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    timing_control_flags: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    d_sco: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    t_sco: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    sco_packet: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    air_mode: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpSwitchReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_SWITCH_REQ
+
+    switch_instant: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(4), default=0)
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpNameReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_NAME_REQ
+
+    name_offset: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpNameRes(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_NAME_RES
+
+    name_offset: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+    name_length: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(3))
+    name_fregment: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata('*'))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpFeaturesReq(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_FEATURES_REQ
+
+    features: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(8))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpFeaturesRes(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_FEATURES_RES
+
+    features: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(8))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpFeaturesReqExt(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_FEATURES_REQ_EXT
+
+    features_page: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    features: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(8))
+
+
+@Packet.subclass
+@dataclass
+class LmpFeaturesResExt(Packet):
+    opcode = Opcode.LMP_FEATURES_RES_EXT
+
+    features_page: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    max_features_page: int = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    features: bytes = field(metadata=hci.metadata(8))

bumble/logging.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+
+from bumble import colors
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class ColorFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    _colorizers = {
+        logging.DEBUG: functools.partial(colors.color, fg="white"),
+        logging.INFO: functools.partial(colors.color, fg="green"),
+        logging.WARNING: functools.partial(colors.color, fg="yellow"),
+        logging.ERROR: functools.partial(colors.color, fg="red"),
+        logging.CRITICAL: functools.partial(colors.color, fg="black", bg="red"),
+    }
+
+    _formatters = {
+        level: logging.Formatter(
+            fmt=colorizer("{asctime}.{msecs:03.0f} {levelname:.1} {name}: ")
+            + "{message}",
+            datefmt="%H:%M:%S",
+            style="{",
+        )
+        for level, colorizer in _colorizers.items()
+    }
+
+    def format(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
+        return self._formatters[record.levelno].format(record)
+
+
+def setup_basic_logging(default_level: str = "INFO") -> None:
+    """
+    Set up basic logging with logging.basicConfig, configured with a simple formatter
+    that prints out the date and log level in color.
+    If the BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL environment variable is set to the name of a log level, it
+    is used. Otherwise the default_level argument is used.
+
+    Args:
+      default_level: default logging level
+
+    """
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(ColorFormatter())
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level=os.environ.get("BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL", default_level).upper(),
+        handlers=[handler],
+    )

bumble/pairing.py

@@ -16,32 +16,18 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-import enum
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
-from bumble.hci import (
-    Address,
-    HCI_NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    HCI_DISPLAY_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    HCI_DISPLAY_YES_NO_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    HCI_KEYBOARD_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-)
+import enum
+import secrets
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from bumble import hci, smp
+from bumble.core import AdvertisingData, LeRole
 from bumble.smp import (
-    SMP_NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    SMP_KEYBOARD_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    SMP_DISPLAY_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    SMP_DISPLAY_YES_NO_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    SMP_KEYBOARD_DISPLAY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-    SMP_ENC_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG,
-    SMP_ID_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG,
-    SMP_SIGN_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG,
-    SMP_LINK_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG,
     OobContext,
     OobLegacyContext,
     OobSharedData,
 )
-from bumble.core import AdvertisingData, LeRole
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -49,19 +35,19 @@ from bumble.core import AdvertisingData, LeRole
 class OobData:
     """OOB data that can be sent from one device to another."""
 
-    address: Optional[Address] = None
-    role: Optional[LeRole] = None
-    shared_data: Optional[OobSharedData] = None
-    legacy_context: Optional[OobLegacyContext] = None
+    address: hci.Address | None = None
+    role: LeRole | None = None
+    shared_data: OobSharedData | None = None
+    legacy_context: OobLegacyContext | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_ad(cls, ad: AdvertisingData) -> OobData:
         instance = cls()
-        shared_data_c: Optional[bytes] = None
-        shared_data_r: Optional[bytes] = None
+        shared_data_c: bytes | None = None
+        shared_data_r: bytes | None = None
         for ad_type, ad_data in ad.ad_structures:
             if ad_type == AdvertisingData.LE_BLUETOOTH_DEVICE_ADDRESS:
-                instance.address = Address(ad_data)
+                instance.address = hci.Address(ad_data)
             elif ad_type == AdvertisingData.LE_ROLE:
                 instance.role = LeRole(ad_data[0])
             elif ad_type == AdvertisingData.LE_SECURE_CONNECTIONS_CONFIRMATION_VALUE:
@@ -101,11 +87,11 @@ class PairingDelegate:
     # These are defined abstractly, and can be mapped to specific Classic pairing
     # and/or SMP constants.
     class IoCapability(enum.IntEnum):
-        NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT = SMP_NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT_IO_CAPABILITY
-        KEYBOARD_INPUT_ONLY = SMP_KEYBOARD_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_ONLY = SMP_DISPLAY_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_YES_NO_INPUT = SMP_DISPLAY_YES_NO_IO_CAPABILITY
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_KEYBOARD_INPUT = SMP_KEYBOARD_DISPLAY_IO_CAPABILITY
+        NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT = smp.IoCapability.NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT
+        KEYBOARD_INPUT_ONLY = smp.IoCapability.KEYBOARD_ONLY
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_ONLY = smp.IoCapability.DISPLAY_ONLY
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_YES_NO_INPUT = smp.IoCapability.DISPLAY_YES_NO
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_KEYBOARD_INPUT = smp.IoCapability.KEYBOARD_DISPLAY
 
     # Direct names for backward compatibility.
     NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT = IoCapability.NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT
@@ -116,10 +102,10 @@ class PairingDelegate:
 
     # Key Distribution [LE only]
     class KeyDistribution(enum.IntFlag):
-        DISTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTION_KEY = SMP_ENC_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG
-        DISTRIBUTE_IDENTITY_KEY = SMP_ID_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG
-        DISTRIBUTE_SIGNING_KEY = SMP_SIGN_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG
-        DISTRIBUTE_LINK_KEY = SMP_LINK_KEY_DISTRIBUTION_FLAG
+        DISTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTION_KEY = smp.KeyDistribution.ENC_KEY
+        DISTRIBUTE_IDENTITY_KEY = smp.KeyDistribution.ID_KEY
+        DISTRIBUTE_SIGNING_KEY = smp.KeyDistribution.SIGN_KEY
+        DISTRIBUTE_LINK_KEY = smp.KeyDistribution.LINK_KEY
 
     DEFAULT_KEY_DISTRIBUTION: KeyDistribution = (
         KeyDistribution.DISTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTION_KEY
@@ -129,11 +115,11 @@ class PairingDelegate:
     # Default mapping from abstract to Classic I/O capabilities.
     # Subclasses may override this if they prefer a different mapping.
     CLASSIC_IO_CAPABILITIES_MAP = {
-        NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT: HCI_NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT_IO_CAPABILITY,
-        KEYBOARD_INPUT_ONLY: HCI_KEYBOARD_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_ONLY: HCI_DISPLAY_ONLY_IO_CAPABILITY,
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_YES_NO_INPUT: HCI_DISPLAY_YES_NO_IO_CAPABILITY,
-        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_KEYBOARD_INPUT: HCI_DISPLAY_YES_NO_IO_CAPABILITY,
+        NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT: hci.IoCapability.NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT,
+        KEYBOARD_INPUT_ONLY: hci.IoCapability.KEYBOARD_ONLY,
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_ONLY: hci.IoCapability.DISPLAY_ONLY,
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_YES_NO_INPUT: hci.IoCapability.DISPLAY_YES_NO,
+        DISPLAY_OUTPUT_AND_KEYBOARD_INPUT: hci.IoCapability.DISPLAY_YES_NO,
     }
 
     io_capability: IoCapability
@@ -159,7 +145,7 @@ class PairingDelegate:
 
         # pylint: disable=line-too-long
         return self.CLASSIC_IO_CAPABILITIES_MAP.get(
-            self.io_capability, HCI_NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT_IO_CAPABILITY
+            self.io_capability, hci.IoCapability.NO_INPUT_NO_OUTPUT
         )
 
     @property
@@ -185,14 +171,14 @@ class PairingDelegate:
         """Compare two numbers."""
         return True
 
-    async def get_number(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    async def get_number(self) -> int | None:
         """
         Return an optional number as an answer to a passkey request.
         Returning `None` will result in a negative reply.
         """
         return 0
 
-    async def get_string(self, max_length: int) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def get_string(self, max_length: int) -> str | None:
         """
         Return a string whose utf-8 encoding is up to max_length bytes.
         """
@@ -205,7 +191,7 @@ class PairingDelegate:
     # [LE only]
     async def key_distribution_response(
         self, peer_initiator_key_distribution: int, peer_responder_key_distribution: int
-    ) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    ) -> tuple[int, int]:
         """
         Return the key distribution response in an SMP protocol context.
 
@@ -222,31 +208,39 @@ class PairingDelegate:
             ),
         )
 
+    async def generate_passkey(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return a passkey value between 0 and 999999 (inclusive).
+        """
+
+        # By default, generate a random passkey.
+        return secrets.randbelow(1000000)
+
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class PairingConfig:
     """Configuration for the Pairing protocol."""
 
     class AddressType(enum.IntEnum):
-        PUBLIC = Address.PUBLIC_DEVICE_ADDRESS
-        RANDOM = Address.RANDOM_DEVICE_ADDRESS
+        PUBLIC = hci.Address.PUBLIC_DEVICE_ADDRESS
+        RANDOM = hci.Address.RANDOM_DEVICE_ADDRESS
 
     @dataclass
     class OobConfig:
         """Config for OOB pairing."""
 
-        our_context: Optional[OobContext]
-        peer_data: Optional[OobSharedData]
-        legacy_context: Optional[OobLegacyContext]
+        our_context: OobContext | None
+        peer_data: OobSharedData | None
+        legacy_context: OobLegacyContext | None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         sc: bool = True,
         mitm: bool = True,
         bonding: bool = True,
-        delegate: Optional[PairingDelegate] = None,
-        identity_address_type: Optional[AddressType] = None,
-        oob: Optional[OobConfig] = None,
+        delegate: PairingDelegate | None = None,
+        identity_address_type: AddressType | None = None,
+        oob: OobConfig | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.sc = sc
         self.mitm = mitm

bumble/pandora/__init__.py

@@ -19,21 +19,22 @@ This module implement the Pandora Bluetooth test APIs for the Bumble stack.
 
 __version__ = "0.0.1"
 
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
 import grpc
 import grpc.aio
-
-from bumble.pandora.config import Config
-from bumble.pandora.device import PandoraDevice
-from bumble.pandora.host import HostService
-from bumble.pandora.l2cap import L2CAPService
-from bumble.pandora.security import SecurityService, SecurityStorageService
 from pandora.host_grpc_aio import add_HostServicer_to_server
 from pandora.l2cap_grpc_aio import add_L2CAPServicer_to_server
 from pandora.security_grpc_aio import (
     add_SecurityServicer_to_server,
     add_SecurityStorageServicer_to_server,
 )
-from typing import Callable, List, Optional
+
+from bumble.pandora.config import Config
+from bumble.pandora.device import PandoraDevice
+from bumble.pandora.host import HostService
+from bumble.pandora.l2cap import L2CAPService
+from bumble.pandora.security import SecurityService, SecurityStorageService
 
 # public symbols
 __all__ = [
@@ -45,11 +46,11 @@ __all__ = [
 
 
 # Add servicers hooks.
-_SERVICERS_HOOKS: List[Callable[[PandoraDevice, Config, grpc.aio.Server], None]] = []
+_SERVICERS_HOOKS: list[Callable[[PandoraDevice, Config, grpc.aio.Server], None]] = []
 
 
 def register_servicer_hook(
-    hook: Callable[[PandoraDevice, Config, grpc.aio.Server], None]
+    hook: Callable[[PandoraDevice, Config, grpc.aio.Server], None],
 ) -> None:
     _SERVICERS_HOOKS.append(hook)
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def register_servicer_hook(
 async def serve(
     bumble: PandoraDevice,
     config: Config = Config(),
-    grpc_server: Optional[grpc.aio.Server] = None,
+    grpc_server: grpc.aio.Server | None = None,
     port: int = 0,
 ) -> None:
     # initialize a gRPC server if not provided.

bumble/pandora/config.py

@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
-from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig, PairingDelegate
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from typing import Any
+
+from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig, PairingDelegate
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ class Config:
         PairingDelegate.DEFAULT_KEY_DISTRIBUTION
     )
 
-    def load_from_dict(self, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    def load_from_dict(self, config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         io_capability_name: str = config.get(
             'io_capability', 'no_output_no_input'
         ).upper()

bumble/pandora/device.py

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 """Generic & dependency free Bumble (reference) device."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
 from bumble import transport
 from bumble.core import (
     BT_GENERIC_AUDIO_SERVICE,
@@ -32,8 +35,6 @@ from bumble.sdp import (
     DataElement,
     ServiceAttribute,
 )
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
-
 
 # Default rootcanal HCI TCP address
 ROOTCANAL_HCI_ADDRESS = "localhost:6402"
@@ -49,13 +50,13 @@ class PandoraDevice:
 
     # Bumble device instance & configuration.
     device: Device
-    config: Dict[str, Any]
+    config: dict[str, Any]
 
     # HCI transport name & instance.
     _hci_name: str
-    _hci: Optional[transport.Transport]  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+    _hci: transport.Transport | None  # type: ignore[name-defined]
 
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         self.config = config
         self.device = _make_device(config)
         self._hci_name = config.get(
@@ -73,7 +74,9 @@ class PandoraDevice:
 
         # open HCI transport & set device host.
         self._hci = await transport.open_transport(self._hci_name)
-        self.device.host = Host(controller_source=self._hci.source, controller_sink=self._hci.sink)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+        self.device.host = Host(
+            controller_source=self._hci.source, controller_sink=self._hci.sink
+        )  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
 
         # power-on.
         await self.device.power_on()
@@ -95,14 +98,14 @@ class PandoraDevice:
         await self.close()
         await self.open()
 
-    def info(self) -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
+    def info(self) -> dict[str, str] | None:
         return {
             'public_bd_address': str(self.device.public_address),
             'random_address': str(self.device.random_address),
         }
 
 
-def _make_device(config: Dict[str, Any]) -> Device:
+def _make_device(config: dict[str, Any]) -> Device:
     """Initialize an idle Bumble device instance."""
 
     # initialize bumble device.
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ def _make_device(config: Dict[str, Any]) -> Device:
 
 
 # TODO(b/267540823): remove when Pandora A2dp is supported
-def _make_sdp_records(rfcomm_channel: int) -> Dict[int, List[ServiceAttribute]]:
+def _make_sdp_records(rfcomm_channel: int) -> dict[int, list[ServiceAttribute]]:
     return {
         0x00010001: [
             ServiceAttribute(

bumble/pandora/host.py

@@ -13,51 +13,26 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
-import bumble.device
-import grpc
-import grpc.aio
 import logging
 import struct
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+from typing import cast
 
-import bumble.utils
-from bumble.pandora import utils
-from bumble.pandora.config import Config
-from bumble.core import (
-    PhysicalTransport,
-    UUID,
-    AdvertisingData,
-    Appearance,
-    ConnectionError,
+import grpc
+import grpc.aio
+from google.protobuf import (
+    any_pb2,  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
+    empty_pb2,  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 )
-from bumble.device import (
-    DEVICE_DEFAULT_SCAN_INTERVAL,
-    DEVICE_DEFAULT_SCAN_WINDOW,
-    Advertisement,
-    AdvertisingParameters,
-    AdvertisingEventProperties,
-    AdvertisingType,
-    Device,
-)
-from bumble.gatt import Service
-from bumble.hci import (
-    HCI_CONNECTION_ALREADY_EXISTS_ERROR,
-    HCI_PAGE_TIMEOUT_ERROR,
-    HCI_REMOTE_USER_TERMINATED_CONNECTION_ERROR,
-    Address,
-    Phy,
-    Role,
-    OwnAddressType,
-)
-from google.protobuf import any_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from google.protobuf import empty_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from pandora.host_grpc_aio import HostServicer
 from pandora import host_pb2
+from pandora.host_grpc_aio import HostServicer
 from pandora.host_pb2 import (
+    DISCOVERABLE_GENERAL,
+    DISCOVERABLE_LIMITED,
     NOT_CONNECTABLE,
     NOT_DISCOVERABLE,
-    DISCOVERABLE_LIMITED,
-    DISCOVERABLE_GENERAL,
     PRIMARY_1M,
     PRIMARY_CODED,
     SECONDARY_1M,
@@ -73,7 +48,6 @@ from pandora.host_pb2 import (
     ConnectResponse,
     DataTypes,
     DisconnectRequest,
-    DiscoverabilityMode,
     InquiryResponse,
     PrimaryPhy,
     ReadLocalAddressResponse,
@@ -86,9 +60,39 @@ from pandora.host_pb2 import (
     WaitConnectionResponse,
     WaitDisconnectionRequest,
 )
-from typing import AsyncGenerator, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, cast
 
-PRIMARY_PHY_MAP: Dict[int, PrimaryPhy] = {
+import bumble.device
+import bumble.utils
+from bumble.core import (
+    UUID,
+    AdvertisingData,
+    Appearance,
+    ConnectionError,
+    PhysicalTransport,
+)
+from bumble.device import (
+    DEVICE_DEFAULT_SCAN_INTERVAL,
+    DEVICE_DEFAULT_SCAN_WINDOW,
+    Advertisement,
+    AdvertisingEventProperties,
+    AdvertisingParameters,
+    AdvertisingType,
+    Device,
+)
+from bumble.gatt import Service
+from bumble.hci import (
+    HCI_CONNECTION_ALREADY_EXISTS_ERROR,
+    HCI_PAGE_TIMEOUT_ERROR,
+    HCI_REMOTE_USER_TERMINATED_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+    Address,
+    OwnAddressType,
+    Phy,
+    Role,
+)
+from bumble.pandora import utils
+from bumble.pandora.config import Config
+
+PRIMARY_PHY_MAP: dict[int, PrimaryPhy] = {
     # Default value reported by Bumble for legacy Advertising reports.
     # FIXME(uael): `None` might be a better value, but Bumble need to change accordingly.
     0: PRIMARY_1M,
@@ -96,26 +100,26 @@ PRIMARY_PHY_MAP: Dict[int, PrimaryPhy] = {
     3: PRIMARY_CODED,
 }
 
-SECONDARY_PHY_MAP: Dict[int, SecondaryPhy] = {
+SECONDARY_PHY_MAP: dict[int, SecondaryPhy] = {
     0: SECONDARY_NONE,
     1: SECONDARY_1M,
     2: SECONDARY_2M,
     3: SECONDARY_CODED,
 }
 
-PRIMARY_PHY_TO_BUMBLE_PHY_MAP: Dict[PrimaryPhy, Phy] = {
+PRIMARY_PHY_TO_BUMBLE_PHY_MAP: dict[PrimaryPhy, Phy] = {
     PRIMARY_1M: Phy.LE_1M,
     PRIMARY_CODED: Phy.LE_CODED,
 }
 
-SECONDARY_PHY_TO_BUMBLE_PHY_MAP: Dict[SecondaryPhy, Phy] = {
+SECONDARY_PHY_TO_BUMBLE_PHY_MAP: dict[SecondaryPhy, Phy] = {
     SECONDARY_NONE: Phy.LE_1M,
     SECONDARY_1M: Phy.LE_1M,
     SECONDARY_2M: Phy.LE_2M,
     SECONDARY_CODED: Phy.LE_CODED,
 }
 
-OWN_ADDRESS_MAP: Dict[host_pb2.OwnAddressType, OwnAddressType] = {
+OWN_ADDRESS_MAP: dict[host_pb2.OwnAddressType, OwnAddressType] = {
     host_pb2.PUBLIC: OwnAddressType.PUBLIC,
     host_pb2.RANDOM: OwnAddressType.RANDOM,
     host_pb2.RESOLVABLE_OR_PUBLIC: OwnAddressType.RESOLVABLE_OR_PUBLIC,
@@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ OWN_ADDRESS_MAP: Dict[host_pb2.OwnAddressType, OwnAddressType] = {
 
 
 class HostService(HostServicer):
-    waited_connections: Set[int]
+    waited_connections: set[int]
 
     def __init__(
         self, grpc_server: grpc.aio.Server, device: Device, config: Config
@@ -301,7 +305,9 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
                 await disconnection_future
                 self.log.debug("Disconnected")
             finally:
-                connection.remove_listener(connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, on_disconnection)  # type: ignore
+                connection.remove_listener(
+                    connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION, on_disconnection
+                )  # type: ignore
 
         return empty_pb2.Empty()
 
@@ -538,7 +544,7 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
                 await bumble.utils.cancel_on_event(
                     self.device, 'flush', self.device.stop_advertising()
                 )
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 pass
 
     @utils.rpc
@@ -608,7 +614,7 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
                 await bumble.utils.cancel_on_event(
                     self.device, 'flush', self.device.stop_scanning()
                 )
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 pass
 
     @utils.rpc
@@ -618,7 +624,7 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
         self.log.debug('Inquiry')
 
         inquiry_queue: asyncio.Queue[
-            Optional[Tuple[Address, int, AdvertisingData, int]]
+            tuple[Address, int, AdvertisingData, int] | None
         ] = asyncio.Queue()
         complete_handler = self.device.on(
             self.device.EVENT_INQUIRY_COMPLETE, lambda: inquiry_queue.put_nowait(None)
@@ -643,14 +649,18 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
                 )
 
         finally:
-            self.device.remove_listener(self.device.EVENT_INQUIRY_COMPLETE, complete_handler)  # type: ignore
-            self.device.remove_listener(self.device.EVENT_INQUIRY_RESULT, result_handler)  # type: ignore
+            self.device.remove_listener(
+                self.device.EVENT_INQUIRY_COMPLETE, complete_handler
+            )  # type: ignore
+            self.device.remove_listener(
+                self.device.EVENT_INQUIRY_RESULT, result_handler
+            )  # type: ignore
             try:
                 self.log.debug('Stop inquiry')
                 await bumble.utils.cancel_on_event(
                     self.device, 'flush', self.device.stop_discovery()
                 )
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 pass
 
     @utils.rpc
@@ -670,10 +680,10 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
         return empty_pb2.Empty()
 
     def unpack_data_types(self, dt: DataTypes) -> AdvertisingData:
-        ad_structures: List[Tuple[int, bytes]] = []
+        ad_structures: list[tuple[int, bytes]] = []
 
-        uuids: List[str]
-        datas: Dict[str, bytes]
+        uuids: list[str]
+        datas: dict[str, bytes]
 
         def uuid128_from_str(uuid: str) -> bytes:
             """Decode a 128-bit uuid encoded as XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX
@@ -887,50 +897,50 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
 
     def pack_data_types(self, ad: AdvertisingData) -> DataTypes:
         dt = DataTypes()
-        uuids: List[UUID]
+        uuids: list[UUID]
         s: str
         i: int
-        ij: Tuple[int, int]
-        uuid_data: Tuple[UUID, bytes]
+        ij: tuple[int, int]
+        uuid_data: tuple[UUID, bytes]
         data: bytes
 
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_16_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.incomplete_service_class_uuids16.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.COMPLETE_LIST_OF_16_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.complete_service_class_uuids16.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_32_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.incomplete_service_class_uuids32.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.COMPLETE_LIST_OF_32_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.complete_service_class_uuids32.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.INCOMPLETE_LIST_OF_128_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.incomplete_service_class_uuids128.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.COMPLETE_LIST_OF_128_BIT_SERVICE_CLASS_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.complete_service_class_uuids128.extend(
@@ -945,42 +955,42 @@ class HostService(HostServicer):
         if i := cast(int, ad.get(AdvertisingData.CLASS_OF_DEVICE)):
             dt.class_of_device = i
         if ij := cast(
-            Tuple[int, int],
+            tuple[int, int],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.PERIPHERAL_CONNECTION_INTERVAL_RANGE),
         ):
             dt.peripheral_connection_interval_min = ij[0]
             dt.peripheral_connection_interval_max = ij[1]
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.LIST_OF_16_BIT_SERVICE_SOLICITATION_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.service_solicitation_uuids16.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.LIST_OF_32_BIT_SERVICE_SOLICITATION_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.service_solicitation_uuids32.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuids := cast(
-            List[UUID],
+            list[UUID],
             ad.get(AdvertisingData.LIST_OF_128_BIT_SERVICE_SOLICITATION_UUIDS),
         ):
             dt.service_solicitation_uuids128.extend(
                 list(map(lambda x: x.to_hex_str('-'), uuids))
             )
         if uuid_data := cast(
-            Tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID)
+            tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID)
         ):
             dt.service_data_uuid16[uuid_data[0].to_hex_str('-')] = uuid_data[1]
         if uuid_data := cast(
-            Tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_32_BIT_UUID)
+            tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_32_BIT_UUID)
         ):
             dt.service_data_uuid32[uuid_data[0].to_hex_str('-')] = uuid_data[1]
         if uuid_data := cast(
-            Tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_128_BIT_UUID)
+            tuple[UUID, bytes], ad.get(AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_128_BIT_UUID)
         ):
             dt.service_data_uuid128[uuid_data[0].to_hex_str('-')] = uuid_data[1]
         if data := cast(bytes, ad.get(AdvertisingData.PUBLIC_TARGET_ADDRESS, raw=True)):

bumble/pandora/l2cap.py

@@ -12,31 +12,21 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
-import grpc
 import json
 import logging
+from asyncio import Future
+from asyncio import Queue as AsyncQueue
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 
-from asyncio import Queue as AsyncQueue, Future
-
-from bumble.pandora import utils
-from bumble.pandora.config import Config
-from bumble.core import OutOfResourcesError, InvalidArgumentError
-from bumble.device import Device
-from bumble.l2cap import (
-    ClassicChannel,
-    ClassicChannelServer,
-    ClassicChannelSpec,
-    LeCreditBasedChannel,
-    LeCreditBasedChannelServer,
-    LeCreditBasedChannelSpec,
-)
+import grpc
 from google.protobuf import any_pb2, empty_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 from pandora.l2cap_grpc_aio import L2CAPServicer  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from pandora.l2cap_pb2 import (  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
+from pandora.l2cap_pb2 import (
     COMMAND_NOT_UNDERSTOOD,
     INVALID_CID_IN_REQUEST,
-    Channel as PandoraChannel,
     ConnectRequest,
     ConnectResponse,
     CreditBasedChannelRequest,
@@ -51,10 +41,22 @@ from pandora.l2cap_pb2 import (  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
     WaitDisconnectionRequest,
     WaitDisconnectionResponse,
 )
-from typing import AsyncGenerator, Dict, Optional, Union
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pandora.l2cap_pb2 import Channel as PandoraChannel  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 
-L2capChannel = Union[ClassicChannel, LeCreditBasedChannel]
+from bumble.core import InvalidArgumentError, OutOfResourcesError
+from bumble.device import Device
+from bumble.l2cap import (
+    ClassicChannel,
+    ClassicChannelServer,
+    ClassicChannelSpec,
+    LeCreditBasedChannel,
+    LeCreditBasedChannelServer,
+    LeCreditBasedChannelSpec,
+)
+from bumble.pandora import utils
+from bumble.pandora.config import Config
+
+L2capChannel = ClassicChannel | LeCreditBasedChannel
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ class L2CAPService(L2CAPServicer):
         )
         self.device = device
         self.config = config
-        self.channels: Dict[bytes, ChannelContext] = {}
+        self.channels: dict[bytes, ChannelContext] = {}
 
     def register_event(self, l2cap_channel: L2capChannel) -> ChannelContext:
         close_future = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
@@ -105,10 +107,8 @@ class L2CAPService(L2CAPServicer):
         oneof = request.WhichOneof('type')
         self.log.debug(f'WaitConnection channel request type: {oneof}.')
         channel_type = getattr(request, oneof)
-        spec: Optional[Union[ClassicChannelSpec, LeCreditBasedChannelSpec]] = None
-        l2cap_server: Optional[
-            Union[ClassicChannelServer, LeCreditBasedChannelServer]
-        ] = None
+        spec: ClassicChannelSpec | LeCreditBasedChannelSpec | None = None
+        l2cap_server: ClassicChannelServer | LeCreditBasedChannelServer | None = None
         if isinstance(channel_type, CreditBasedChannelRequest):
             spec = LeCreditBasedChannelSpec(
                 psm=channel_type.spsm,
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class L2CAPService(L2CAPServicer):
         oneof = request.WhichOneof('type')
         self.log.debug(f'Channel request type: {oneof}.')
         channel_type = getattr(request, oneof)
-        spec: Optional[Union[ClassicChannelSpec, LeCreditBasedChannelSpec]] = None
+        spec: ClassicChannelSpec | LeCreditBasedChannelSpec | None = None
         if isinstance(channel_type, CreditBasedChannelRequest):
             spec = LeCreditBasedChannelSpec(
                 psm=channel_type.spsm,
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class L2CAPService(L2CAPServicer):
             if not l2cap_channel:
                 return SendResponse(error=COMMAND_NOT_UNDERSTOOD)
             if isinstance(l2cap_channel, ClassicChannel):
-                l2cap_channel.send_pdu(request.data)
+                l2cap_channel.write(request.data)
             else:
                 l2cap_channel.write(request.data)
             return SendResponse(success=empty_pb2.Empty())

bumble/pandora/security.py

@@ -13,27 +13,19 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import contextlib
-from collections.abc import Awaitable
-import grpc
 import logging
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
-from bumble.pandora import utils
-from bumble.pandora.config import Config
-from bumble import hci
-from bumble.core import (
-    PhysicalTransport,
-    ProtocolError,
-    InvalidArgumentError,
+import grpc
+from google.protobuf import (
+    any_pb2,  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
+    empty_pb2,  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
+    wrappers_pb2,  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 )
-import bumble.utils
-from bumble.device import Connection as BumbleConnection, Device
-from bumble.hci import HCI_Error, Role
-from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig, PairingDelegate as BasePairingDelegate
-from google.protobuf import any_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from google.protobuf import empty_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from google.protobuf import wrappers_pb2  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 from pandora.host_pb2 import Connection
 from pandora.security_grpc_aio import SecurityServicer, SecurityStorageServicer
 from pandora.security_pb2 import (
@@ -57,14 +49,24 @@ from pandora.security_pb2 import (
     WaitSecurityRequest,
     WaitSecurityResponse,
 )
-from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterator, Callable, Dict, Optional, Union
+
+import bumble.utils
+from bumble import hci
+from bumble.core import InvalidArgumentError, PhysicalTransport, ProtocolError
+from bumble.device import Connection as BumbleConnection
+from bumble.device import Device
+from bumble.hci import HCI_Error, Role
+from bumble.pairing import PairingConfig
+from bumble.pairing import PairingDelegate as BasePairingDelegate
+from bumble.pandora import utils
+from bumble.pandora.config import Config
 
 
 class PairingDelegate(BasePairingDelegate):
     def __init__(
         self,
         connection: BumbleConnection,
-        service: "SecurityService",
+        service: SecurityService,
         io_capability: BasePairingDelegate.IoCapability = BasePairingDelegate.NO_OUTPUT_NO_INPUT,
         local_initiator_key_distribution: BasePairingDelegate.KeyDistribution = BasePairingDelegate.DEFAULT_KEY_DISTRIBUTION,
         local_responder_key_distribution: BasePairingDelegate.KeyDistribution = BasePairingDelegate.DEFAULT_KEY_DISTRIBUTION,
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ class PairingDelegate(BasePairingDelegate):
         assert answer.answer_variant() == 'confirm' and answer.confirm is not None
         return answer.confirm
 
-    async def get_number(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    async def get_number(self) -> int | None:
         self.log.debug(
             f"Pairing event: `passkey_entry_request` (io_capability: {self.io_capability})"
         )
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ class PairingDelegate(BasePairingDelegate):
         assert answer.answer_variant() == 'passkey'
         return answer.passkey
 
-    async def get_string(self, max_length: int) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def get_string(self, max_length: int) -> str | None:
         self.log.debug(
             f"Pairing event: `pin_code_request` (io_capability: {self.io_capability})"
         )
@@ -195,8 +197,8 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
         self.log = utils.BumbleServerLoggerAdapter(
             logging.getLogger(), {'service_name': 'Security', 'device': device}
         )
-        self.event_queue: Optional[asyncio.Queue[PairingEvent]] = None
-        self.event_answer: Optional[AsyncIterator[PairingEventAnswer]] = None
+        self.event_queue: asyncio.Queue[PairingEvent] | None = None
+        self.event_answer: AsyncIterator[PairingEventAnswer] | None = None
         self.device = device
         self.config = config
 
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
         if level == LEVEL2:
             return connection.encryption != 0 and connection.authenticated
 
-        link_key_type: Optional[int] = None
+        link_key_type: int | None = None
         if (keystore := connection.device.keystore) and (
             keys := await keystore.get(str(connection.peer_address))
         ):
@@ -244,16 +246,16 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
                 and connection.authenticated
                 and link_key_type
                 in (
-                    hci.HCI_AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_192_TYPE,
-                    hci.HCI_AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_256_TYPE,
+                    hci.LinkKeyType.AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_192,
+                    hci.LinkKeyType.AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_256,
                 )
             )
         if level == LEVEL4:
             return (
-                connection.encryption == hci.HCI_Encryption_Change_Event.AES_CCM
+                connection.encryption == hci.HCI_Encryption_Change_Event.Enabled.AES_CCM
                 and connection.authenticated
                 and link_key_type
-                == hci.HCI_AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_256_TYPE
+                == hci.LinkKeyType.AUTHENTICATED_COMBINATION_KEY_GENERATED_FROM_P_256
             )
         raise InvalidArgumentError(f"Unexpected level {level}")
 
@@ -410,8 +412,8 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
         wait_for_security: asyncio.Future[str] = (
             asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
         )
-        authenticate_task: Optional[asyncio.Future[None]] = None
-        pair_task: Optional[asyncio.Future[None]] = None
+        authenticate_task: asyncio.Future[None] | None = None
+        pair_task: asyncio.Future[None] | None = None
 
         async def authenticate() -> None:
             if (encryption := connection.encryption) != 0:
@@ -455,9 +457,9 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
 
         def pair(*_: Any) -> None:
             if self.need_pairing(connection, level):
-                pair_task = asyncio.create_task(connection.pair())
+                bumble.utils.AsyncRunner.spawn(connection.pair())
 
-        listeners: Dict[str, Callable[..., Union[None, Awaitable[None]]]] = {
+        listeners: dict[str, Callable[..., None | Awaitable[None]]] = {
             'disconnection': set_failure('connection_died'),
             'pairing_failure': set_failure('pairing_failure'),
             'connection_authentication_failure': set_failure('authentication_failure'),
@@ -500,7 +502,7 @@ class SecurityService(SecurityServicer):
         return WaitSecurityResponse(**kwargs)
 
     async def reached_security_level(
-        self, connection: BumbleConnection, level: Union[SecurityLevel, LESecurityLevel]
+        self, connection: BumbleConnection, level: SecurityLevel | LESecurityLevel
     ) -> bool:
         self.log.debug(
             str(

bumble/pandora/utils.py

@@ -13,18 +13,21 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
 import functools
-import grpc
 import inspect
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Generator, MutableMapping
+from typing import Any
+
+import grpc
+from google.protobuf.message import Message  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
 
 from bumble.device import Device
 from bumble.hci import Address, AddressType
-from google.protobuf.message import Message  # pytype: disable=pyi-error
-from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, MutableMapping, Optional, Tuple
 
-ADDRESS_TYPES: Dict[str, AddressType] = {
+ADDRESS_TYPES: dict[str, AddressType] = {
     "public": Address.PUBLIC_DEVICE_ADDRESS,
     "random": Address.RANDOM_DEVICE_ADDRESS,
     "public_identity": Address.PUBLIC_IDENTITY_ADDRESS,
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ ADDRESS_TYPES: Dict[str, AddressType] = {
 }
 
 
-def address_from_request(request: Message, field: Optional[str]) -> Address:
+def address_from_request(request: Message, field: str | None) -> Address:
     if field is None:
         return Address.ANY
     return Address(bytes(reversed(getattr(request, field))), ADDRESS_TYPES[field])
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ class BumbleServerLoggerAdapter(logging.LoggerAdapter):  # type: ignore
 
     def process(
         self, msg: str, kwargs: MutableMapping[str, Any]
-    ) -> Tuple[str, MutableMapping[str, Any]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, MutableMapping[str, Any]]:
         assert self.extra
         service_name = self.extra['service_name']
         assert isinstance(service_name, str)
@@ -93,8 +96,7 @@ def rpc(func: Any) -> Any:
     @functools.wraps(func)
     def gen_wrapper(self: Any, request: Any, context: grpc.ServicerContext) -> Any:
         with exception_to_rpc_error(context):
-            for v in func(self, request, context):
-                yield v
+            yield from func(self, request, context)
 
     @functools.wraps(func)
     def wrapper(self: Any, request: Any, context: grpc.ServicerContext) -> Any:

bumble/profiles/aics.py

@@ -18,26 +18,26 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
 import struct
-
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
 
-from bumble.device import Connection
+from bumble import utils
 from bumble.att import ATT_Error
+from bumble.device import Connection
 from bumble.gatt import (
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_CONTROL_SERVICE,
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_DESCRIPTION_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATUS_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_TYPE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_GAIN_SETTINGS_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC,
     Attribute,
     Characteristic,
-    TemplateService,
     CharacteristicValue,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_CONTROL_SERVICE,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_GAIN_SETTINGS_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_TYPE_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATUS_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_DESCRIPTION_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    TemplateService,
 )
 from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
     CharacteristicProxy,
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
     UTF8CharacteristicProxyAdapter,
 )
 from bumble.gatt_client import ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
-from bumble import utils
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class AudioInputState:
     mute: Mute = Mute.NOT_MUTED
     gain_mode: GainMode = GainMode.MANUAL
     change_counter: int = 0
-    attribute: Optional[Attribute] = None
+    attribute: Attribute | None = None
 
     def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
         return bytes(
@@ -198,9 +197,7 @@ class AudioInputControlPoint:
     audio_input_state: AudioInputState
     gain_settings_properties: GainSettingsProperties
 
-    async def on_write(self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes) -> None:
-        assert connection
-
+    async def on_write(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes) -> None:
         opcode = AudioInputControlPointOpCode(value[0])
 
         if opcode == AudioInputControlPointOpCode.SET_GAIN_SETTING:
@@ -318,13 +315,12 @@ class AudioInputDescription:
     '''
 
     audio_input_description: str = "Bluetooth"
-    attribute: Optional[Attribute] = None
+    attribute: Attribute | None = None
 
-    def on_read(self, _connection: Optional[Connection]) -> str:
+    def on_read(self, _connection: Connection) -> str:
         return self.audio_input_description
 
-    async def on_write(self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: str) -> None:
-        assert connection
+    async def on_write(self, connection: Connection, value: str) -> None:
         assert self.attribute
 
         self.audio_input_description = value
@@ -342,11 +338,11 @@ class AICSService(TemplateService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        audio_input_state: Optional[AudioInputState] = None,
-        gain_settings_properties: Optional[GainSettingsProperties] = None,
+        audio_input_state: AudioInputState | None = None,
+        gain_settings_properties: GainSettingsProperties | None = None,
         audio_input_type: str = "local",
-        audio_input_status: Optional[AudioInputStatus] = None,
-        audio_input_description: Optional[AudioInputDescription] = None,
+        audio_input_status: AudioInputStatus | None = None,
+        audio_input_description: AudioInputDescription | None = None,
     ):
         self.audio_input_state = (
             AudioInputState() if audio_input_state is None else audio_input_state

bumble/profiles/ams.py

@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Apple Media Service (AMS).
+"""
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+from bumble import utils
+from bumble.device import Peer
+from bumble.gatt import (
+    GATT_AMS_ENTITY_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AMS_ENTITY_UPDATE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AMS_REMOTE_COMMAND_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_AMS_SERVICE,
+    Characteristic,
+    TemplateService,
+)
+from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy, ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Logging
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Protocol
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class RemoteCommandId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    PLAY = 0
+    PAUSE = 1
+    TOGGLE_PLAY_PAUSE = 2
+    NEXT_TRACK = 3
+    PREVIOUS_TRACK = 4
+    VOLUME_UP = 5
+    VOLUME_DOWN = 6
+    ADVANCE_REPEAT_MODE = 7
+    ADVANCE_SHUFFLE_MODE = 8
+    SKIP_FORWARD = 9
+    SKIP_BACKWARD = 10
+    LIKE_TRACK = 11
+    DISLIKE_TRACK = 12
+    BOOKMARK_TRACK = 13
+
+
+class EntityId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    PLAYER = 0
+    QUEUE = 1
+    TRACK = 2
+
+
+class ActionId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    POSITIVE = 0
+    NEGATIVE = 1
+
+
+class EntityUpdateFlags(enum.IntFlag):
+    TRUNCATED = 1
+
+
+class PlayerAttributeId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    NAME = 0
+    PLAYBACK_INFO = 1
+    VOLUME = 2
+
+
+class QueueAttributeId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    INDEX = 0
+    COUNT = 1
+    SHUFFLE_MODE = 2
+    REPEAT_MODE = 3
+
+
+class ShuffleMode(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    OFF = 0
+    ONE = 1
+    ALL = 2
+
+
+class RepeatMode(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    OFF = 0
+    ONE = 1
+    ALL = 2
+
+
+class TrackAttributeId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    ARTIST = 0
+    ALBUM = 1
+    TITLE = 2
+    DURATION = 3
+
+
+class PlaybackState(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    PAUSED = 0
+    PLAYING = 1
+    REWINDING = 2
+    FAST_FORWARDING = 3
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PlaybackInfo:
+    playback_state: PlaybackState = PlaybackState.PAUSED
+    playback_rate: float = 1.0
+    elapsed_time: float = 0.0
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# GATT Server-side
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class Ams(TemplateService):
+    UUID = GATT_AMS_SERVICE
+
+    remote_command_characteristic: Characteristic
+    entity_update_characteristic: Characteristic
+    entity_attribute_characteristic: Characteristic
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # TODO not the final implementation
+        self.remote_command_characteristic = Characteristic(
+            GATT_AMS_REMOTE_COMMAND_CHARACTERISTIC,
+            Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY
+            | Characteristic.Properties.WRITE_WITHOUT_RESPONSE,
+            Characteristic.Permissions.WRITEABLE,
+        )
+
+        # TODO not the final implementation
+        self.entity_update_characteristic = Characteristic(
+            GATT_AMS_ENTITY_UPDATE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+            Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY | Characteristic.Properties.WRITE,
+            Characteristic.Permissions.WRITEABLE,
+        )
+
+        # TODO not the final implementation
+        self.entity_attribute_characteristic = Characteristic(
+            GATT_AMS_ENTITY_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+            Characteristic.Properties.READ
+            | Characteristic.Properties.WRITE_WITHOUT_RESPONSE,
+            Characteristic.Permissions.WRITEABLE | Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            [
+                self.remote_command_characteristic,
+                self.entity_update_characteristic,
+                self.entity_attribute_characteristic,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# GATT Client-side
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class AmsProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
+    SERVICE_CLASS = Ams
+
+    # NOTE: these don't use adapters, because the format for write and notifications
+    # are different.
+    remote_command: CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
+    entity_update: CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
+    entity_attribute: CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
+
+    def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy):
+        self.remote_command = service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+            GATT_AMS_REMOTE_COMMAND_CHARACTERISTIC
+        )
+
+        self.entity_update = service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+            GATT_AMS_ENTITY_UPDATE_CHARACTERISTIC
+        )
+
+        self.entity_attribute = service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+            GATT_AMS_ENTITY_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC
+        )
+
+
+class AmsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
+    EVENT_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS = "supported_commands"
+    EVENT_PLAYER_NAME = "player_name"
+    EVENT_PLAYER_PLAYBACK_INFO = "player_playback_info"
+    EVENT_PLAYER_VOLUME = "player_volume"
+    EVENT_QUEUE_COUNT = "queue_count"
+    EVENT_QUEUE_INDEX = "queue_index"
+    EVENT_QUEUE_SHUFFLE_MODE = "queue_shuffle_mode"
+    EVENT_QUEUE_REPEAT_MODE = "queue_repeat_mode"
+    EVENT_TRACK_ARTIST = "track_artist"
+    EVENT_TRACK_ALBUM = "track_album"
+    EVENT_TRACK_TITLE = "track_title"
+    EVENT_TRACK_DURATION = "track_duration"
+
+    supported_commands: set[RemoteCommandId]
+    player_name: str = ""
+    player_playback_info: PlaybackInfo = PlaybackInfo(PlaybackState.PAUSED, 0.0, 0.0)
+    player_volume: float = 1.0
+    queue_count: int = 0
+    queue_index: int = 0
+    queue_shuffle_mode: ShuffleMode = ShuffleMode.OFF
+    queue_repeat_mode: RepeatMode = RepeatMode.OFF
+    track_artist: str = ""
+    track_album: str = ""
+    track_title: str = ""
+    track_duration: float = 0.0
+
+    def __init__(self, ams_proxy: AmsProxy) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._ams_proxy = ams_proxy
+        self._started = False
+        self._read_attribute_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore()
+        self.supported_commands = set()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def for_peer(cls, peer: Peer) -> AmsClient | None:
+        ams_proxy = await peer.discover_service_and_create_proxy(AmsProxy)
+        if ams_proxy is None:
+            return None
+        return cls(ams_proxy)
+
+    async def start(self) -> None:
+        logger.debug("subscribing to remote command characteristic")
+        await self._ams_proxy.remote_command.subscribe(
+            self._on_remote_command_notification
+        )
+
+        logger.debug("subscribing to entity update characteristic")
+        await self._ams_proxy.entity_update.subscribe(
+            lambda data: utils.AsyncRunner.spawn(
+                self._on_entity_update_notification(data)
+            )
+        )
+
+        self._started = True
+
+    async def stop(self) -> None:
+        await self._ams_proxy.remote_command.unsubscribe(
+            self._on_remote_command_notification
+        )
+        await self._ams_proxy.entity_update.unsubscribe(
+            self._on_entity_update_notification
+        )
+        self._started = False
+
+    async def observe(
+        self,
+        entity: EntityId,
+        attributes: Iterable[PlayerAttributeId | QueueAttributeId | TrackAttributeId],
+    ) -> None:
+        await self._ams_proxy.entity_update.write_value(
+            bytes([entity] + list(attributes)), with_response=True
+        )
+
+    async def command(self, command: RemoteCommandId) -> None:
+        await self._ams_proxy.remote_command.write_value(
+            bytes([command]), with_response=True
+        )
+
+    async def play(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.PLAY)
+
+    async def pause(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.PAUSE)
+
+    async def toggle_play_pause(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.TOGGLE_PLAY_PAUSE)
+
+    async def next_track(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.NEXT_TRACK)
+
+    async def previous_track(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.PREVIOUS_TRACK)
+
+    async def volume_up(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.VOLUME_UP)
+
+    async def volume_down(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.VOLUME_DOWN)
+
+    async def advance_repeat_mode(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.ADVANCE_REPEAT_MODE)
+
+    async def advance_shuffle_mode(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.ADVANCE_SHUFFLE_MODE)
+
+    async def skip_forward(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.SKIP_FORWARD)
+
+    async def skip_backward(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.SKIP_BACKWARD)
+
+    async def like_track(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.LIKE_TRACK)
+
+    async def dislike_track(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.DISLIKE_TRACK)
+
+    async def bookmark_track(self) -> None:
+        await self.command(RemoteCommandId.BOOKMARK_TRACK)
+
+    def _on_remote_command_notification(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        supported_commands = [RemoteCommandId(command) for command in data]
+        logger.debug(
+            f"supported commands: {[command.name for command in supported_commands]}"
+        )
+        for command in supported_commands:
+            self.supported_commands.add(command)
+
+        self.emit(self.EVENT_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS)
+
+    async def _on_entity_update_notification(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        entity = EntityId(data[0])
+        flags = EntityUpdateFlags(data[2])
+        value = data[3:]
+
+        if flags & EntityUpdateFlags.TRUNCATED:
+            logger.debug("truncated attribute, fetching full value")
+
+            # Write the entity and attribute we're interested in
+            # (protected by a semaphore, so that we only read one attribute at a time)
+            async with self._read_attribute_semaphore:
+                await self._ams_proxy.entity_attribute.write_value(
+                    data[:2], with_response=True
+                )
+                value = await self._ams_proxy.entity_attribute.read_value()
+
+        if entity == EntityId.PLAYER:
+            player_attribute = PlayerAttributeId(data[1])
+            if player_attribute == PlayerAttributeId.NAME:
+                self.player_name = value.decode()
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_PLAYER_NAME)
+            elif player_attribute == PlayerAttributeId.PLAYBACK_INFO:
+                playback_state_str, playback_rate_str, elapsed_time_str = (
+                    value.decode().split(",")
+                )
+                self.player_playback_info = PlaybackInfo(
+                    PlaybackState(int(playback_state_str)),
+                    float(playback_rate_str),
+                    float(elapsed_time_str),
+                )
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_PLAYER_PLAYBACK_INFO)
+            elif player_attribute == PlayerAttributeId.VOLUME:
+                self.player_volume = float(value.decode())
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_PLAYER_VOLUME)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(f"received unknown player attribute {player_attribute}")
+
+        elif entity == EntityId.QUEUE:
+            queue_attribute = QueueAttributeId(data[1])
+            if queue_attribute == QueueAttributeId.COUNT:
+                self.queue_count = int(value)
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_QUEUE_COUNT)
+            elif queue_attribute == QueueAttributeId.INDEX:
+                self.queue_index = int(value)
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_QUEUE_INDEX)
+            elif queue_attribute == QueueAttributeId.REPEAT_MODE:
+                self.queue_repeat_mode = RepeatMode(int(value))
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_QUEUE_REPEAT_MODE)
+            elif queue_attribute == QueueAttributeId.SHUFFLE_MODE:
+                self.queue_shuffle_mode = ShuffleMode(int(value))
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_QUEUE_SHUFFLE_MODE)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(f"received unknown queue attribute {queue_attribute}")
+
+        elif entity == EntityId.TRACK:
+            track_attribute = TrackAttributeId(data[1])
+            if track_attribute == TrackAttributeId.ARTIST:
+                self.track_artist = value.decode()
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_TRACK_ARTIST)
+            elif track_attribute == TrackAttributeId.ALBUM:
+                self.track_album = value.decode()
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_TRACK_ALBUM)
+            elif track_attribute == TrackAttributeId.TITLE:
+                self.track_title = value.decode()
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_TRACK_TITLE)
+            elif track_attribute == TrackAttributeId.DURATION:
+                self.track_duration = float(value.decode())
+                self.emit(self.EVENT_TRACK_DURATION)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(f"received unknown track attribute {track_attribute}")
+
+        else:
+            logger.warning(f"received unknown attribute ID {data[1]}")

bumble/profiles/ancs.py

@@ -20,29 +20,28 @@ Apple Notification Center Service (ANCS).
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import dataclasses
 import datetime
 import enum
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union
-
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
+from bumble import utils
 from bumble.att import ATT_Error
 from bumble.device import Peer
 from bumble.gatt import (
-    Characteristic,
-    GATT_ANCS_SERVICE,
-    GATT_ANCS_NOTIFICATION_SOURCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_ANCS_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_ANCS_DATA_SOURCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_ANCS_NOTIFICATION_SOURCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_ANCS_SERVICE,
+    Characteristic,
     TemplateService,
 )
-from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy, ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
 from bumble.gatt_adapters import SerializableCharacteristicProxyAdapter
-from bumble import utils
-
+from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy, ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ class NotificationAttributeId(utils.OpenIntEnum):
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class NotificationAttribute:
     attribute_id: NotificationAttributeId
-    value: Union[str, int, datetime.datetime]
+    value: str | int | datetime.datetime
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -243,10 +242,10 @@ class AncsProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
 
 
 class AncsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
-    _expected_response_command_id: Optional[CommandId]
-    _expected_response_notification_uid: Optional[int]
-    _expected_response_app_identifier: Optional[str]
-    _expected_app_identifier: Optional[str]
+    _expected_response_command_id: CommandId | None
+    _expected_response_notification_uid: int | None
+    _expected_response_app_identifier: str | None
+    _expected_app_identifier: str | None
     _expected_response_tuples: int
     _response_accumulator: bytes
 
@@ -256,12 +255,12 @@ class AncsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
         super().__init__()
         self._ancs_proxy = ancs_proxy
         self._command_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore()
-        self._response: Optional[asyncio.Future] = None
+        self._response: asyncio.Future | None = None
         self._reset_response()
         self._started = False
 
     @classmethod
-    async def for_peer(cls, peer: Peer) -> Optional[AncsClient]:
+    async def for_peer(cls, peer: Peer) -> AncsClient | None:
         ancs_proxy = await peer.discover_service_and_create_proxy(AncsProxy)
         if ancs_proxy is None:
             return None
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ class AncsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
             # Not enough data yet.
             return
 
-        attributes: list[Union[NotificationAttribute, AppAttribute]] = []
+        attributes: list[NotificationAttribute | AppAttribute] = []
 
         if command_id == CommandId.GET_NOTIFICATION_ATTRIBUTES:
             (notification_uid,) = struct.unpack_from(
@@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ class AncsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
                 str_value = attribute_data[3 : 3 + attribute_data_length].decode(
                     "utf-8"
                 )
-                value: Union[str, int, datetime.datetime]
+                value: str | int | datetime.datetime
                 if attribute_id == NotificationAttributeId.MESSAGE_SIZE:
                     value = int(str_value)
                 elif attribute_id == NotificationAttributeId.DATE:
@@ -416,7 +415,7 @@ class AncsClient(utils.EventEmitter):
         self,
         notification_uid: int,
         attributes: Sequence[
-            Union[NotificationAttributeId, tuple[NotificationAttributeId, int]]
+            NotificationAttributeId | tuple[NotificationAttributeId, int]
         ],
     ) -> list[NotificationAttribute]:
         if not self._started:

bumble/profiles/ascs.py

@@ -19,18 +19,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import enum
+import functools
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
-from bumble import utils
-from bumble import colors
-from bumble.profiles.bap import CodecSpecificConfiguration
+from bumble import colors, device, gatt, gatt_client, hci, utils
 from bumble.profiles import le_audio
-from bumble import device
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_client
-from bumble import hci
+from bumble.profiles.bap import CodecSpecificConfiguration
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -48,11 +46,11 @@ class ASE_Operation:
     See Audio Stream Control Service - 5 ASE Control operations.
     '''
 
-    classes: Dict[int, Type[ASE_Operation]] = {}
-    op_code: int
+    classes: dict[int, type[ASE_Operation]] = {}
+    op_code: Opcode
     name: str
-    fields: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None
-    ase_id: List[int]
+    fields: Sequence[Any] | None = None
+    ase_id: Sequence[int]
 
     class Opcode(enum.IntEnum):
         # fmt: off
@@ -65,51 +63,30 @@ class ASE_Operation:
         UPDATE_METADATA      = 0x07
         RELEASE              = 0x08
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_bytes(pdu: bytes) -> ASE_Operation:
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, pdu: bytes) -> ASE_Operation:
         op_code = pdu[0]
 
-        cls = ASE_Operation.classes.get(op_code)
-        if cls is None:
-            instance = ASE_Operation(pdu)
-            instance.name = ASE_Operation.Opcode(op_code).name
-            instance.op_code = op_code
-            return instance
-        self = cls.__new__(cls)
-        ASE_Operation.__init__(self, pdu)
-        if self.fields is not None:
-            self.init_from_bytes(pdu, 1)
-        return self
+        clazz = ASE_Operation.classes[op_code]
+        return clazz(
+            **hci.HCI_Object.dict_from_bytes(pdu, offset=1, fields=clazz.fields)
+        )
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def subclass(fields):
-        def inner(cls: Type[ASE_Operation]):
-            try:
-                operation = ASE_Operation.Opcode[cls.__name__[4:].upper()]
-                cls.name = operation.name
-                cls.op_code = operation
-            except:
-                raise KeyError(f'PDU name {cls.name} not found in Ase_Operation.Opcode')
-            cls.fields = fields
+    _OP = TypeVar("_OP", bound="ASE_Operation")
 
-            # Register a factory for this class
-            ASE_Operation.classes[cls.op_code] = cls
+    @classmethod
+    def subclass(cls, clazz: type[_OP]) -> type[_OP]:
+        clazz.name = f"ASE_{clazz.op_code.name.upper()}"
+        clazz.fields = hci.HCI_Object.fields_from_dataclass(clazz)
+        # Register a factory for this class
+        ASE_Operation.classes[clazz.op_code] = clazz
+        return clazz
 
-            return cls
-
-        return inner
-
-    def __init__(self, pdu: Optional[bytes] = None, **kwargs) -> None:
-        if self.fields is not None and kwargs:
-            hci.HCI_Object.init_from_fields(self, self.fields, kwargs)
-        if pdu is None:
-            pdu = bytes([self.op_code]) + hci.HCI_Object.dict_to_bytes(
-                kwargs, self.fields
-            )
-        self.pdu = pdu
-
-    def init_from_bytes(self, pdu: bytes, offset: int):
-        return hci.HCI_Object.init_from_bytes(self, pdu, offset, self.fields)
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def pdu(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes([self.op_code]) + hci.HCI_Object.dict_to_bytes(
+            self.__dict__, self.fields
+        )
 
     def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
         return self.pdu
@@ -124,105 +101,128 @@ class ASE_Operation:
         return result
 
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass(
-    [
-        [
-            ('ase_id', 1),
-            ('target_latency', 1),
-            ('target_phy', 1),
-            ('codec_id', hci.CodingFormat.parse_from_bytes),
-            ('codec_specific_configuration', 'v'),
-        ],
-    ]
-)
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Config_Codec(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.1 - Config Codec Operation
     '''
 
-    target_latency: List[int]
-    target_phy: List[int]
-    codec_id: List[hci.CodingFormat]
-    codec_specific_configuration: List[bytes]
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.CONFIG_CODEC
+
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True))
+    target_latency: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    target_phy: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    codec_id: Sequence[hci.CodingFormat] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata(hci.CodingFormat.parse_from_bytes)
+    )
+    codec_specific_configuration: Sequence[bytes] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata('v', list_end=True)
+    )
 
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass(
-    [
-        [
-            ('ase_id', 1),
-            ('cig_id', 1),
-            ('cis_id', 1),
-            ('sdu_interval', 3),
-            ('framing', 1),
-            ('phy', 1),
-            ('max_sdu', 2),
-            ('retransmission_number', 1),
-            ('max_transport_latency', 2),
-            ('presentation_delay', 3),
-        ],
-    ]
-)
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Config_QOS(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.2 - Config Qos Operation
     '''
 
-    cig_id: List[int]
-    cis_id: List[int]
-    sdu_interval: List[int]
-    framing: List[int]
-    phy: List[int]
-    max_sdu: List[int]
-    retransmission_number: List[int]
-    max_transport_latency: List[int]
-    presentation_delay: List[int]
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.CONFIG_QOS
+
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True))
+    cig_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    cis_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    sdu_interval: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(3))
+    framing: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    phy: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    max_sdu: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+    retransmission_number: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1))
+    max_transport_latency: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(2))
+    presentation_delay: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(3, list_end=True))
 
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1), ('metadata', 'v')]])
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Enable(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.3 - Enable Operation
     '''
 
-    metadata: bytes
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.ENABLE
+
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True))
+    metadata: Sequence[bytes] = field(metadata=hci.metadata('v', list_end=True))
 
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1)]])
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Receiver_Start_Ready(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.4 - Receiver Start Ready Operation
     '''
 
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.RECEIVER_START_READY
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1)]])
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True, list_end=True)
+    )
+
+
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Disable(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.5 - Disable Operation
     '''
 
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.DISABLE
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1)]])
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True, list_end=True)
+    )
+
+
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Receiver_Stop_Ready(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.6 - Receiver Stop Ready Operation
     '''
 
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.RECEIVER_STOP_READY
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1), ('metadata', 'v')]])
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True, list_end=True)
+    )
+
+
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Update_Metadata(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.7 - Update Metadata Operation
     '''
 
-    metadata: List[bytes]
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.UPDATE_METADATA
+
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True))
+    metadata: Sequence[bytes] = field(metadata=hci.metadata('v', list_end=True))
 
 
-@ASE_Operation.subclass([[('ase_id', 1)]])
+@ASE_Operation.subclass
+@dataclass
 class ASE_Release(ASE_Operation):
     '''
     See Audio Stream Control Service 5.8 - Release Operation
     '''
 
+    op_code = ASE_Operation.Opcode.RELEASE
+
+    ase_id: Sequence[int] = field(
+        metadata=hci.metadata(1, list_begin=True, list_end=True)
+    )
+
 
 class AseResponseCode(enum.IntEnum):
     # fmt: off
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 
     EVENT_STATE_CHANGE = "state_change"
 
-    cis_link: Optional[device.CisLink] = None
+    cis_link: device.CisLink | None = None
 
     # Additional parameters in CODEC_CONFIGURED State
     preferred_framing = 0  # Unframed PDU supported
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
     preferred_presentation_delay_min = 0
     preferred_presentation_delay_max = 0
     codec_id = hci.CodingFormat(hci.CodecID.LC3)
-    codec_specific_configuration: Union[CodecSpecificConfiguration, bytes] = b''
+    codec_specific_configuration: CodecSpecificConfiguration | bytes = b''
 
     # Additional parameters in QOS_CONFIGURED State
     cig_id = 0
@@ -338,22 +338,16 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
             self.service.device.EVENT_CIS_ESTABLISHMENT, self.on_cis_establishment
         )
 
-    def on_cis_request(
-        self,
-        acl_connection: device.Connection,
-        cis_handle: int,
-        cig_id: int,
-        cis_id: int,
-    ) -> None:
+    def on_cis_request(self, cis_link: device.CisLink) -> None:
         if (
-            cig_id == self.cig_id
-            and cis_id == self.cis_id
+            cis_link.cig_id == self.cig_id
+            and cis_link.cis_id == self.cis_id
             and self.state == self.State.ENABLING
         ):
             utils.cancel_on_event(
-                acl_connection,
+                cis_link.acl_connection,
                 'flush',
-                self.service.device.accept_cis_request(cis_handle),
+                self.service.device.accept_cis_request(cis_link),
             )
 
     def on_cis_establishment(self, cis_link: device.CisLink) -> None:
@@ -384,7 +378,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         target_phy: int,
         codec_id: hci.CodingFormat,
         codec_specific_configuration: bytes,
-    ) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    ) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state not in (
             self.State.IDLE,
             self.State.CODEC_CONFIGURED,
@@ -420,7 +414,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         retransmission_number: int,
         max_transport_latency: int,
         presentation_delay: int,
-    ) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    ) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state not in (
             AseStateMachine.State.CODEC_CONFIGURED,
             AseStateMachine.State.QOS_CONFIGURED,
@@ -444,7 +438,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 
         return (AseResponseCode.SUCCESS, AseReasonCode.NONE)
 
-    def on_enable(self, metadata: bytes) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    def on_enable(self, metadata: bytes) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state != AseStateMachine.State.QOS_CONFIGURED:
             return (
                 AseResponseCode.INVALID_ASE_STATE_MACHINE_TRANSITION,
@@ -453,10 +447,20 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 
         self.metadata = le_audio.Metadata.from_bytes(metadata)
         self.state = self.State.ENABLING
+        # CIS could be established before enable.
+        if cis_link := next(
+            (
+                cis_link
+                for cis_link in self.service.device.cis_links.values()
+                if cis_link.cig_id == self.cig_id and cis_link.cis_id == self.cis_id
+            ),
+            None,
+        ):
+            self.on_cis_establishment(cis_link)
 
         return (AseResponseCode.SUCCESS, AseReasonCode.NONE)
 
-    def on_receiver_start_ready(self) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    def on_receiver_start_ready(self) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state != AseStateMachine.State.ENABLING:
             return (
                 AseResponseCode.INVALID_ASE_STATE_MACHINE_TRANSITION,
@@ -465,7 +469,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         self.state = self.State.STREAMING
         return (AseResponseCode.SUCCESS, AseReasonCode.NONE)
 
-    def on_disable(self) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    def on_disable(self) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state not in (
             AseStateMachine.State.ENABLING,
             AseStateMachine.State.STREAMING,
@@ -480,7 +484,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
             self.state = self.State.DISABLING
         return (AseResponseCode.SUCCESS, AseReasonCode.NONE)
 
-    def on_receiver_stop_ready(self) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    def on_receiver_stop_ready(self) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if (
             self.role != AudioRole.SOURCE
             or self.state != AseStateMachine.State.DISABLING
@@ -494,7 +498,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 
     def on_update_metadata(
         self, metadata: bytes
-    ) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    ) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state not in (
             AseStateMachine.State.ENABLING,
             AseStateMachine.State.STREAMING,
@@ -506,7 +510,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         self.metadata = le_audio.Metadata.from_bytes(metadata)
         return (AseResponseCode.SUCCESS, AseReasonCode.NONE)
 
-    def on_release(self) -> Tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
+    def on_release(self) -> tuple[AseResponseCode, AseReasonCode]:
         if self.state == AseStateMachine.State.IDLE:
             return (
                 AseResponseCode.INVALID_ASE_STATE_MACHINE_TRANSITION,
@@ -516,7 +520,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 
         async def remove_cis_async():
             if self.cis_link:
-                await self.cis_link.remove_data_path(self.role)
+                await self.cis_link.remove_data_path([self.role])
             self.state = self.State.IDLE
             await self.service.device.notify_subscribers(self, self.value)
 
@@ -590,7 +594,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         # Readonly. Do nothing in the setter.
         pass
 
-    def on_read(self, _: Optional[device.Connection]) -> bytes:
+    def on_read(self, _: device.Connection) -> bytes:
         return self.value
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
@@ -604,9 +608,9 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
 class AudioStreamControlService(gatt.TemplateService):
     UUID = gatt.GATT_AUDIO_STREAM_CONTROL_SERVICE
 
-    ase_state_machines: Dict[int, AseStateMachine]
+    ase_state_machines: dict[int, AseStateMachine]
     ase_control_point: gatt.Characteristic[bytes]
-    _active_client: Optional[device.Connection] = None
+    _active_client: device.Connection | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -649,7 +653,9 @@ class AudioStreamControlService(gatt.TemplateService):
             ase.state = AseStateMachine.State.IDLE
         self._active_client = None
 
-    def on_write_ase_control_point(self, connection, data):
+    def on_write_ase_control_point(
+        self, connection: device.Connection, data: bytes
+    ) -> None:
         if not self._active_client and connection:
             self._active_client = connection
             connection.once('disconnection', self._on_client_disconnected)
@@ -658,46 +664,44 @@ class AudioStreamControlService(gatt.TemplateService):
         responses = []
         logger.debug(f'*** ASCS Write {operation} ***')
 
-        if operation.op_code == ASE_Operation.Opcode.CONFIG_CODEC:
-            for ase_id, *args in zip(
-                operation.ase_id,
-                operation.target_latency,
-                operation.target_phy,
-                operation.codec_id,
-                operation.codec_specific_configuration,
+        match operation:
+            case ASE_Config_Codec():
+                for ase_id, *args in zip(
+                    operation.ase_id,
+                    operation.target_latency,
+                    operation.target_phy,
+                    operation.codec_id,
+                    operation.codec_specific_configuration,
+                ):
+                    responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
+            case ASE_Config_QOS():
+                for ase_id, *args in zip(
+                    operation.ase_id,
+                    operation.cig_id,
+                    operation.cis_id,
+                    operation.sdu_interval,
+                    operation.framing,
+                    operation.phy,
+                    operation.max_sdu,
+                    operation.retransmission_number,
+                    operation.max_transport_latency,
+                    operation.presentation_delay,
+                ):
+                    responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
+            case ASE_Enable() | ASE_Update_Metadata():
+                for ase_id, *args in zip(
+                    operation.ase_id,
+                    operation.metadata,
+                ):
+                    responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
+            case (
+                ASE_Receiver_Start_Ready()
+                | ASE_Disable()
+                | ASE_Receiver_Stop_Ready()
+                | ASE_Release()
             ):
-                responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
-        elif operation.op_code == ASE_Operation.Opcode.CONFIG_QOS:
-            for ase_id, *args in zip(
-                operation.ase_id,
-                operation.cig_id,
-                operation.cis_id,
-                operation.sdu_interval,
-                operation.framing,
-                operation.phy,
-                operation.max_sdu,
-                operation.retransmission_number,
-                operation.max_transport_latency,
-                operation.presentation_delay,
-            ):
-                responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
-        elif operation.op_code in (
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.ENABLE,
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.UPDATE_METADATA,
-        ):
-            for ase_id, *args in zip(
-                operation.ase_id,
-                operation.metadata,
-            ):
-                responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, args))
-        elif operation.op_code in (
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.RECEIVER_START_READY,
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.DISABLE,
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.RECEIVER_STOP_READY,
-            ASE_Operation.Opcode.RELEASE,
-        ):
-            for ase_id in operation.ase_id:
-                responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, []))
+                for ase_id in operation.ase_id:
+                    responses.append(self.on_operation(operation.op_code, ase_id, []))
 
         control_point_notification = bytes(
             [operation.op_code, len(responses)]
@@ -723,8 +727,8 @@ class AudioStreamControlService(gatt.TemplateService):
 class AudioStreamControlServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = AudioStreamControlService
 
-    sink_ase: List[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
-    source_ase: List[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
+    sink_ase: list[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
+    source_ase: list[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
     ase_control_point: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy):

bumble/profiles/asha.py

@@ -17,16 +17,14 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import enum
-import struct
 import logging
-from typing import List, Optional, Callable, Union, Any
+import struct
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
-from bumble import l2cap
-from bumble import utils
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_client
+from bumble import data_types, gatt, gatt_client, l2cap, utils
 from bumble.core import AdvertisingData
-from bumble.device import Device, Connection
+from bumble.device import Connection, Device
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -93,20 +91,20 @@ class AshaService(gatt.TemplateService):
     EVENT_DISCONNECTED = "disconnected"
     EVENT_VOLUME_CHANGED = "volume_changed"
 
-    audio_sink: Optional[Callable[[bytes], Any]]
-    active_codec: Optional[Codec] = None
-    audio_type: Optional[AudioType] = None
-    volume: Optional[int] = None
-    other_state: Optional[int] = None
-    connection: Optional[Connection] = None
+    audio_sink: Callable[[bytes], Any] | None
+    active_codec: Codec | None = None
+    audio_type: AudioType | None = None
+    volume: int | None = None
+    other_state: int | None = None
+    connection: Connection | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         capability: int,
-        hisyncid: Union[List[int], bytes],
+        hisyncid: list[int] | bytes,
         device: Device,
         psm: int = 0,
-        audio_sink: Optional[Callable[[bytes], Any]] = None,
+        audio_sink: Callable[[bytes], Any] | None = None,
         feature_map: int = FeatureMap.LE_COC_AUDIO_OUTPUT_STREAMING_SUPPORTED,
         protocol_version: int = 0x01,
         render_delay_milliseconds: int = 0,
@@ -188,19 +186,18 @@ class AshaService(gatt.TemplateService):
         return bytes(
             AdvertisingData(
                 [
-                    (
-                        AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID,
-                        bytes(gatt.GATT_ASHA_SERVICE)
-                        + bytes([self.protocol_version, self.capability])
+                    data_types.ServiceData16BitUUID(
+                        gatt.GATT_ASHA_SERVICE,
+                        bytes([self.protocol_version, self.capability])
                         + self.hisyncid[:4],
-                    ),
+                    )
                 ]
             )
         )
 
     # Handler for audio control commands
     async def _on_audio_control_point_write(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ) -> None:
         _logger.debug(f'--- AUDIO CONTROL POINT Write:{value.hex()}')
         opcode = value[0]
@@ -247,7 +244,7 @@ class AshaService(gatt.TemplateService):
             )
 
     # Handler for volume control
-    def _on_volume_write(self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes) -> None:
+    def _on_volume_write(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes) -> None:
         _logger.debug(f'--- VOLUME Write:{value[0]}')
         self.volume = value[0]
         self.emit(self.EVENT_VOLUME_CHANGED)

bumble/profiles/bap.py

@@ -18,22 +18,18 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Sequence
 import dataclasses
 import enum
-import struct
 import functools
 import logging
-from typing import List
+import struct
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import hci
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble import core, data_types, gatt, hci, utils
 from bumble.profiles import le_audio
 
-
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,11 +257,10 @@ class UnicastServerAdvertisingData:
         return bytes(
             core.AdvertisingData(
                 [
-                    (
-                        core.AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID,
+                    data_types.ServiceData16BitUUID(
+                        gatt.GATT_AUDIO_STREAM_CONTROL_SERVICE,
                         struct.pack(
-                            '<2sBIB',
-                            bytes(gatt.GATT_AUDIO_STREAM_CONTROL_SERVICE),
+                            '<BIB',
                             self.announcement_type,
                             self.available_audio_contexts,
                             len(self.metadata),
@@ -282,7 +277,7 @@ class UnicastServerAdvertisingData:
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def bits_to_channel_counts(data: int) -> List[int]:
+def bits_to_channel_counts(data: int) -> list[int]:
     pos = 0
     counts = []
     while data != 0:
@@ -338,17 +333,18 @@ class CodecSpecificCapabilities:
             value = int.from_bytes(data[offset : offset + length - 1], 'little')
             offset += length - 1
 
-            if type == CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY:
-                supported_sampling_frequencies = SupportedSamplingFrequency(value)
-            elif type == CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.FRAME_DURATION:
-                supported_frame_durations = SupportedFrameDuration(value)
-            elif type == CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.AUDIO_CHANNEL_COUNT:
-                supported_audio_channel_count = bits_to_channel_counts(value)
-            elif type == CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.OCTETS_PER_FRAME:
-                min_octets_per_sample = value & 0xFFFF
-                max_octets_per_sample = value >> 16
-            elif type == CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.CODEC_FRAMES_PER_SDU:
-                supported_max_codec_frames_per_sdu = value
+            match type:
+                case CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.SAMPLING_FREQUENCY:
+                    supported_sampling_frequencies = SupportedSamplingFrequency(value)
+                case CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.FRAME_DURATION:
+                    supported_frame_durations = SupportedFrameDuration(value)
+                case CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.AUDIO_CHANNEL_COUNT:
+                    supported_audio_channel_count = bits_to_channel_counts(value)
+                case CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.OCTETS_PER_FRAME:
+                    min_octets_per_sample = value & 0xFFFF
+                    max_octets_per_sample = value >> 16
+                case CodecSpecificCapabilities.Type.CODEC_FRAMES_PER_SDU:
+                    supported_max_codec_frames_per_sdu = value
 
         # It is expected here that if some fields are missing, an error should be raised.
         # pylint: disable=possibly-used-before-assignment,used-before-assignment
@@ -494,12 +490,8 @@ class BroadcastAudioAnnouncement:
         return bytes(
             core.AdvertisingData(
                 [
-                    (
-                        core.AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID,
-                        (
-                            bytes(gatt.GATT_BROADCAST_AUDIO_ANNOUNCEMENT_SERVICE)
-                            + bytes(self)
-                        ),
+                    data_types.ServiceData16BitUUID(
+                        gatt.GATT_BROADCAST_AUDIO_ANNOUNCEMENT_SERVICE, bytes(self)
                     )
                 ]
             )
@@ -527,7 +519,7 @@ class BasicAudioAnnouncement:
         codec_id: hci.CodingFormat
         codec_specific_configuration: CodecSpecificConfiguration
         metadata: le_audio.Metadata
-        bis: List[BasicAudioAnnouncement.BIS]
+        bis: list[BasicAudioAnnouncement.BIS]
 
         def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
             metadata_bytes = bytes(self.metadata)
@@ -545,7 +537,7 @@ class BasicAudioAnnouncement:
             )
 
     presentation_delay: int
-    subgroups: List[BasicAudioAnnouncement.Subgroup]
+    subgroups: list[BasicAudioAnnouncement.Subgroup]
 
     @classmethod
     def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes) -> Self:
@@ -611,12 +603,8 @@ class BasicAudioAnnouncement:
         return bytes(
             core.AdvertisingData(
                 [
-                    (
-                        core.AdvertisingData.SERVICE_DATA_16_BIT_UUID,
-                        (
-                            bytes(gatt.GATT_BASIC_AUDIO_ANNOUNCEMENT_SERVICE)
-                            + bytes(self)
-                        ),
+                    data_types.ServiceData16BitUUID(
+                        gatt.GATT_BASIC_AUDIO_ANNOUNCEMENT_SERVICE, bytes(self)
                     )
                 ]
             )

bumble/profiles/bass.py

@@ -17,18 +17,14 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import ClassVar, Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import ClassVar
 
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import device
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_adapters
-from bumble import gatt_client
-from bumble import hci
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble import core, device, gatt, gatt_adapters, gatt_client, hci, utils
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging
@@ -342,7 +338,12 @@ class BroadcastAudioScanService(gatt.TemplateService):
             b"12",  # TEST
         )
 
-        super().__init__([self.battery_level_characteristic])
+        super().__init__(
+            [
+                self.broadcast_audio_scan_control_point_characteristic,
+                self.broadcast_receive_state_characteristic,
+            ]
+        )
 
     def on_broadcast_audio_scan_control_point_write(
         self, connection: device.Connection, value: bytes
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@ class BroadcastAudioScanServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
 
     broadcast_audio_scan_control_point: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
     broadcast_receive_states: list[
-        gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[Optional[BroadcastReceiveState]]
+        gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[BroadcastReceiveState | None]
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy):

bumble/profiles/battery_service.py

@@ -16,37 +16,28 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-from typing import Optional
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
-from bumble.gatt_client import ProfileServiceProxy
-from bumble.gatt import (
-    GATT_BATTERY_SERVICE,
-    GATT_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    TemplateService,
-    Characteristic,
-    CharacteristicValue,
-)
-from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy
-from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
-    PackedCharacteristicAdapter,
-    PackedCharacteristicProxyAdapter,
-)
+from bumble import device, gatt, gatt_adapters, gatt_client
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class BatteryService(TemplateService):
-    UUID = GATT_BATTERY_SERVICE
+class BatteryService(gatt.TemplateService):
+    UUID = gatt.GATT_BATTERY_SERVICE
     BATTERY_LEVEL_FORMAT = 'B'
 
-    battery_level_characteristic: Characteristic[int]
+    battery_level_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[int]
 
-    def __init__(self, read_battery_level):
-        self.battery_level_characteristic = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
-            Characteristic(
-                GATT_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHARACTERISTIC,
-                Characteristic.Properties.READ | Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY,
-                Characteristic.READABLE,
-                CharacteristicValue(read=read_battery_level),
+    def __init__(self, read_battery_level: Callable[[device.Connection], int]) -> None:
+        self.battery_level_characteristic = gatt_adapters.PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
+            gatt.Characteristic(
+                gatt.GATT_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=(
+                    gatt.Characteristic.Properties.READ
+                    | gatt.Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY
+                ),
+                permissions=gatt.Characteristic.READABLE,
+                value=gatt.CharacteristicValue(read=read_battery_level),
             ),
             pack_format=BatteryService.BATTERY_LEVEL_FORMAT,
         )
@@ -54,19 +45,17 @@ class BatteryService(TemplateService):
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class BatteryServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
+class BatteryServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = BatteryService
 
-    battery_level: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[int]]
+    battery_level: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[int]
 
-    def __init__(self, service_proxy):
+    def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
 
-        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-            GATT_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHARACTERISTIC
-        ):
-            self.battery_level = PackedCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
-                characteristics[0], pack_format=BatteryService.BATTERY_LEVEL_FORMAT
-            )
-        else:
-            self.battery_level = None
+        self.battery_level = gatt_adapters.PackedCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+                gatt.GATT_BATTERY_LEVEL_CHARACTERISTIC
+            ),
+            pack_format=BatteryService.BATTERY_LEVEL_FORMAT,
+        )

bumble/profiles/cap.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_client
+from bumble import gatt, gatt_client
 from bumble.profiles import csip
 
 

bumble/profiles/csip.py

@@ -17,16 +17,11 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import enum
 import struct
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
-
-from bumble import core
-from bumble import crypto
-from bumble import device
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_client
 
+from bumble import core, crypto, device, gatt, gatt_client
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
@@ -100,17 +95,17 @@ class CoordinatedSetIdentificationService(gatt.TemplateService):
 
     set_identity_resolving_key: bytes
     set_identity_resolving_key_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[bytes]
-    coordinated_set_size_characteristic: Optional[gatt.Characteristic[bytes]] = None
-    set_member_lock_characteristic: Optional[gatt.Characteristic[bytes]] = None
-    set_member_rank_characteristic: Optional[gatt.Characteristic[bytes]] = None
+    coordinated_set_size_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[bytes] | None = None
+    set_member_lock_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[bytes] | None = None
+    set_member_rank_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[bytes] | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         set_identity_resolving_key: bytes,
         set_identity_resolving_key_type: SirkType,
-        coordinated_set_size: Optional[int] = None,
-        set_member_lock: Optional[MemberLock] = None,
-        set_member_rank: Optional[int] = None,
+        coordinated_set_size: int | None = None,
+        set_member_lock: MemberLock | None = None,
+        set_member_rank: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if len(set_identity_resolving_key) != SET_IDENTITY_RESOLVING_KEY_LENGTH:
             raise core.InvalidArgumentError(
@@ -164,12 +159,10 @@ class CoordinatedSetIdentificationService(gatt.TemplateService):
 
         super().__init__(characteristics)
 
-    async def on_sirk_read(self, connection: Optional[device.Connection]) -> bytes:
+    async def on_sirk_read(self, connection: device.Connection) -> bytes:
         if self.set_identity_resolving_key_type == SirkType.PLAINTEXT:
             sirk_bytes = self.set_identity_resolving_key
         else:
-            assert connection
-
             if connection.transport == core.PhysicalTransport.LE:
                 key = await connection.device.get_long_term_key(
                     connection_handle=connection.handle, rand=b'', ediv=0
@@ -204,9 +197,9 @@ class CoordinatedSetIdentificationProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = CoordinatedSetIdentificationService
 
     set_identity_resolving_key: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]
-    coordinated_set_size: Optional[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = None
-    set_member_lock: Optional[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = None
-    set_member_rank: Optional[gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes]] = None
+    coordinated_set_size: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes] | None = None
+    set_member_lock: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes] | None = None
+    set_member_rank: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[bytes] | None = None
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
@@ -230,7 +223,7 @@ class CoordinatedSetIdentificationProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
         ):
             self.set_member_rank = characteristics[0]
 
-    async def read_set_identity_resolving_key(self) -> Tuple[SirkType, bytes]:
+    async def read_set_identity_resolving_key(self) -> tuple[SirkType, bytes]:
         '''Reads SIRK and decrypts if encrypted.'''
         response = await self.set_identity_resolving_key.read_value()
         if len(response) != SET_IDENTITY_RESOLVING_KEY_LENGTH + 1:

bumble/profiles/device_information_service.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import struct
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
 from bumble.gatt import (
     GATT_DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE,
@@ -25,12 +24,12 @@ from bumble.gatt import (
     GATT_HARDWARE_REVISION_STRING_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_MANUFACTURER_NAME_STRING_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_MODEL_NUMBER_STRING_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_REGULATORY_CERTIFICATION_DATA_LIST_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_SERIAL_NUMBER_STRING_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_SOFTWARE_REVISION_STRING_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_SYSTEM_ID_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_REGULATORY_CERTIFICATION_DATA_LIST_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    TemplateService,
     Characteristic,
+    TemplateService,
 )
 from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
     DelegatedCharacteristicProxyAdapter,
@@ -54,14 +53,14 @@ class DeviceInformationService(TemplateService):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        manufacturer_name: Optional[str] = None,
-        model_number: Optional[str] = None,
-        serial_number: Optional[str] = None,
-        hardware_revision: Optional[str] = None,
-        firmware_revision: Optional[str] = None,
-        software_revision: Optional[str] = None,
-        system_id: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,  # (OUI, Manufacturer ID)
-        ieee_regulatory_certification_data_list: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        manufacturer_name: str | None = None,
+        model_number: str | None = None,
+        serial_number: str | None = None,
+        hardware_revision: str | None = None,
+        firmware_revision: str | None = None,
+        software_revision: str | None = None,
+        system_id: tuple[int, int] | None = None,  # (OUI, Manufacturer ID)
+        ieee_regulatory_certification_data_list: bytes | None = None,
         # TODO: pnp_id
     ):
         characteristics: list[Characteristic[bytes]] = [
@@ -109,14 +108,14 @@ class DeviceInformationService(TemplateService):
 class DeviceInformationServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = DeviceInformationService
 
-    manufacturer_name: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    model_number: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    serial_number: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    hardware_revision: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    firmware_revision: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    software_revision: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    system_id: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[tuple[int, int]]]
-    ieee_regulatory_certification_data_list: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[bytes]]
+    manufacturer_name: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    model_number: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    serial_number: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    hardware_revision: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    firmware_revision: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    software_revision: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    system_id: CharacteristicProxy[tuple[int, int]] | None
+    ieee_regulatory_certification_data_list: CharacteristicProxy[bytes] | None
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy):
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy

bumble/profiles/gap.py

@@ -19,15 +19,14 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from bumble.core import Appearance
 from bumble.gatt import (
-    TemplateService,
-    Characteristic,
-    GATT_GENERIC_ACCESS_SERVICE,
-    GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_APPEARANCE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_GENERIC_ACCESS_SERVICE,
+    Characteristic,
+    TemplateService,
 )
 from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
     DelegatedCharacteristicProxyAdapter,
@@ -54,16 +53,17 @@ class GenericAccessService(TemplateService):
     appearance_characteristic: Characteristic[bytes]
 
     def __init__(
-        self, device_name: str, appearance: Union[Appearance, Tuple[int, int], int] = 0
+        self, device_name: str, appearance: Appearance | tuple[int, int] | int = 0
     ):
-        if isinstance(appearance, int):
-            appearance_int = appearance
-        elif isinstance(appearance, tuple):
-            appearance_int = (appearance[0] << 6) | appearance[1]
-        elif isinstance(appearance, Appearance):
-            appearance_int = int(appearance)
-        else:
-            raise TypeError()
+        match appearance:
+            case int():
+                appearance_int = appearance
+            case tuple():
+                appearance_int = (appearance[0] << 6) | appearance[1]
+            case Appearance():
+                appearance_int = int(appearance)
+            case _:
+                raise TypeError()
 
         self.device_name_characteristic = Characteristic(
             GATT_DEVICE_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC,
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ class GenericAccessService(TemplateService):
 class GenericAccessServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = GenericAccessService
 
-    device_name: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[str]]
-    appearance: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[Appearance]]
+    device_name: CharacteristicProxy[str] | None
+    appearance: CharacteristicProxy[Appearance] | None
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy):
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy

bumble/profiles/gatt_service.py

@@ -17,10 +17,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import struct
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from bumble import att
-from bumble import gatt
-from bumble import gatt_client
-from bumble import crypto
+from bumble import att, crypto, gatt, gatt_client
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from bumble import device
@@ -43,7 +40,6 @@ class GenericAttributeProfileService(gatt.TemplateService):
         database_hash_enabled: bool = True,
         service_change_enabled: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
-
         if server_supported_features is not None:
             self.server_supported_features_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
                 uuid=gatt.GATT_SERVER_SUPPORTED_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
@@ -127,9 +123,7 @@ class GenericAttributeProfileService(gatt.TemplateService):
 
         return b''
 
-    def get_database_hash(self, connection: device.Connection | None) -> bytes:
-        assert connection
-
+    def get_database_hash(self, connection: device.Connection) -> bytes:
         m = b''.join(
             [
                 self.get_attribute_data(attribute)

bumble/profiles/gmap.py

@@ -18,21 +18,20 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import struct
-from typing import Optional
+from enum import IntFlag
 
 from bumble.gatt import (
-    TemplateService,
-    Characteristic,
+    GATT_BGR_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_BGS_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_GAMING_AUDIO_SERVICE,
     GATT_GMAP_ROLE_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_UGG_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
     GATT_UGT_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_BGS_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_BGR_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    Characteristic,
+    TemplateService,
 )
 from bumble.gatt_adapters import DelegatedCharacteristicProxyAdapter
 from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy, ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
-from enum import IntFlag
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -77,18 +76,18 @@ class GamingAudioService(TemplateService):
     UUID = GATT_GAMING_AUDIO_SERVICE
 
     gmap_role: Characteristic
-    ugg_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
-    ugt_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
-    bgs_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
-    bgr_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
+    ugg_features: Characteristic | None = None
+    ugt_features: Characteristic | None = None
+    bgs_features: Characteristic | None = None
+    bgr_features: Characteristic | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         gmap_role: GmapRole,
-        ugg_features: Optional[UggFeatures] = None,
-        ugt_features: Optional[UgtFeatures] = None,
-        bgs_features: Optional[BgsFeatures] = None,
-        bgr_features: Optional[BgrFeatures] = None,
+        ugg_features: UggFeatures | None = None,
+        ugt_features: UgtFeatures | None = None,
+        bgs_features: BgsFeatures | None = None,
+        bgr_features: BgrFeatures | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         characteristics = []
 
@@ -150,10 +149,10 @@ class GamingAudioService(TemplateService):
 class GamingAudioServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = GamingAudioService
 
-    ugg_features: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[UggFeatures]] = None
-    ugt_features: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[UgtFeatures]] = None
-    bgs_features: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[BgsFeatures]] = None
-    bgr_features: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[BgrFeatures]] = None
+    ugg_features: CharacteristicProxy[UggFeatures] | None = None
+    ugt_features: CharacteristicProxy[UgtFeatures] | None = None
+    bgs_features: CharacteristicProxy[BgsFeatures] | None = None
+    bgr_features: CharacteristicProxy[BgrFeatures] | None = None
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy

bumble/profiles/hap.py

@@ -16,16 +16,15 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-import asyncio
-import functools
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-import logging
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
 
-from bumble import att, gatt, gatt_adapters, gatt_client
+import asyncio
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any
+
+from bumble import att, gatt, gatt_adapters, gatt_client, utils
 from bumble.core import InvalidArgumentError, InvalidStateError
-from bumble.device import Device, Connection
-from bumble import utils
+from bumble.device import Connection, Device
 from bumble.hci import Address
 
 
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ class PresetChangedOperation:
             return bytes([self.prev_index]) + bytes(self.preset_record)
 
     change_id: ChangeId
-    additional_parameters: Union[Generic, int]
+    additional_parameters: Generic | int
 
     def to_bytes(self, is_last: bool) -> bytes:
         if isinstance(self.additional_parameters, PresetChangedOperation.Generic):
@@ -228,23 +227,25 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
     hearing_aid_preset_control_point: gatt.Characteristic[bytes]
     active_preset_index_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[bytes]
     active_preset_index: int
-    active_preset_index_per_device: Dict[Address, int]
+    active_preset_index_per_device: dict[Address, int]
 
     device: Device
 
     server_features: HearingAidFeatures
-    preset_records: Dict[int, PresetRecord]  # key is the preset index
+    preset_records: dict[int, PresetRecord]  # key is the preset index
     read_presets_request_in_progress: bool
 
-    preset_changed_operations_history_per_device: Dict[
-        Address, List[PresetChangedOperation]
+    other_server_in_binaural_set: HearingAccessService | None = None
+
+    preset_changed_operations_history_per_device: dict[
+        Address, list[PresetChangedOperation]
     ]
 
     # Keep an updated list of connected client to send notification to
-    currently_connected_clients: Set[Connection]
+    currently_connected_clients: set[Connection]
 
     def __init__(
-        self, device: Device, features: HearingAidFeatures, presets: List[PresetRecord]
+        self, device: Device, features: HearingAidFeatures, presets: list[PresetRecord]
     ) -> None:
         self.active_preset_index_per_device = {}
         self.read_presets_request_in_progress = False
@@ -270,14 +271,21 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
         def on_connection(connection: Connection) -> None:
             @connection.on(connection.EVENT_DISCONNECTION)
             def on_disconnection(_reason) -> None:
-                self.currently_connected_clients.remove(connection)
+                self.currently_connected_clients.discard(connection)
+
+            @connection.on(connection.EVENT_CONNECTION_ATT_MTU_UPDATE)
+            def on_mtu_update(*_: Any) -> None:
+                self.on_incoming_connection(connection)
+
+            @connection.on(connection.EVENT_CONNECTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE)
+            def on_encryption_change(*_: Any) -> None:
+                self.on_incoming_connection(connection)
 
             @connection.on(connection.EVENT_PAIRING)
             def on_pairing(*_: Any) -> None:
-                self.on_incoming_paired_connection(connection)
+                self.on_incoming_connection(connection)
 
-            if connection.peer_resolvable_address:
-                self.on_incoming_paired_connection(connection)
+            self.on_incoming_connection(connection)
 
         self.hearing_aid_features_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
             uuid=gatt.GATT_HEARING_AID_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
@@ -314,9 +322,30 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
             ]
         )
 
-    def on_incoming_paired_connection(self, connection: Connection):
+    def on_incoming_connection(self, connection: Connection):
         '''Setup initial operations to handle a remote bonded HAP device'''
         # TODO Should we filter on HAP device only ?
+
+        if not connection.is_encrypted:
+            logging.debug(f'HAS: {connection.peer_address} is not encrypted')
+            return
+
+        if not connection.peer_resolvable_address:
+            logging.debug(f'HAS: {connection.peer_address} is not paired')
+            return
+
+        if connection.att_mtu < 49:
+            logging.debug(
+                f'HAS: {connection.peer_address} invalid MTU={connection.att_mtu}'
+            )
+            return
+
+        if connection.peer_address in self.currently_connected_clients:
+            logging.debug(
+                f'HAS: Already connected to {connection.peer_address} nothing to do'
+            )
+            return
+
         self.currently_connected_clients.add(connection)
         if (
             connection.peer_address
@@ -333,11 +362,10 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
             # Update the active preset index if needed
             await self.notify_active_preset_for_connection(connection)
 
-        utils.cancel_on_event(connection, 'disconnection', on_connection_async())
+        connection.cancel_on_disconnection(on_connection_async())
 
-    def _on_read_active_preset_index(
-        self, __connection__: Optional[Connection]
-    ) -> bytes:
+    def _on_read_active_preset_index(self, connection: Connection) -> bytes:
+        del connection  # Unused
         return bytes([self.active_preset_index])
 
     # TODO this need to be triggered when device is unbonded
@@ -345,18 +373,13 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
         self.preset_changed_operations_history_per_device.pop(addr)
 
     async def _on_write_hearing_aid_preset_control_point(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ):
-        assert connection
-
         opcode = HearingAidPresetControlPointOpcode(value[0])
         handler = getattr(self, '_on_' + opcode.name.lower())
         await handler(connection, value)
 
-    async def _on_read_presets_request(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
-    ):
-        assert connection
+    async def _on_read_presets_request(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes):
         if connection.att_mtu < 49:  # 2.5. GATT sub-procedure requirements
             logging.warning(f'HAS require MTU >= 49: {connection}')
 
@@ -377,17 +400,19 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
             self.preset_records[key]
             for key in sorted(self.preset_records.keys())
             if self.preset_records[key].index >= start_index
-        ]
-        del presets[num_presets:]
+        ][:num_presets]
         if len(presets) == 0:
             raise att.ATT_Error(att.ErrorCode.OUT_OF_RANGE)
 
         utils.AsyncRunner.spawn(self._read_preset_response(connection, presets))
 
     async def _read_preset_response(
-        self, connection: Connection, presets: List[PresetRecord]
+        self, connection: Connection, presets: list[PresetRecord]
     ):
-        # If the ATT bearer is terminated before all notifications or indications are sent, then the server shall consider the Read Presets Request operation aborted and shall not either continue or restart the operation when the client reconnects.
+        # If the ATT bearer is terminated before all notifications or indications are
+        # sent, then the server shall consider the Read Presets Request operation
+        # aborted and shall not either continue or restart the operation when the client
+        # reconnects.
         try:
             for i, preset in enumerate(presets):
                 await connection.device.indicate_subscriber(
@@ -408,7 +433,7 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
 
     async def generic_update(self, op: PresetChangedOperation) -> None:
         '''Server API to perform a generic update. It is the responsibility of the caller to modify the preset_records to match the PresetChangedOperation being sent'''
-        await self._notifyPresetOperations(op)
+        await self._notify_preset_operations(op)
 
     async def delete_preset(self, index: int) -> None:
         '''Server API to delete a preset. It should not be the current active preset'''
@@ -417,14 +442,14 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
             raise InvalidStateError('Cannot delete active preset')
 
         del self.preset_records[index]
-        await self._notifyPresetOperations(PresetChangedOperationDeleted(index))
+        await self._notify_preset_operations(PresetChangedOperationDeleted(index))
 
     async def available_preset(self, index: int) -> None:
         '''Server API to make a preset available'''
 
         preset = self.preset_records[index]
         preset.properties.is_available = PresetRecord.Property.IsAvailable.IS_AVAILABLE
-        await self._notifyPresetOperations(PresetChangedOperationAvailable(index))
+        await self._notify_preset_operations(PresetChangedOperationAvailable(index))
 
     async def unavailable_preset(self, index: int) -> None:
         '''Server API to make a preset unavailable. It should not be the current active preset'''
@@ -436,7 +461,7 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
         preset.properties.is_available = (
             PresetRecord.Property.IsAvailable.IS_UNAVAILABLE
         )
-        await self._notifyPresetOperations(PresetChangedOperationUnavailable(index))
+        await self._notify_preset_operations(PresetChangedOperationUnavailable(index))
 
     async def _preset_changed_operation(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
         '''Send all PresetChangedOperation saved for a given connection'''
@@ -451,30 +476,31 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
             return op.additional_parameters
 
         op_list.sort(key=get_op_index)
-        # If the ATT bearer is terminated before all notifications or indications are sent, then the server shall consider the Preset Changed operation aborted and shall continue the operation when the client reconnects.
-        while len(op_list) > 0:
+        # If the ATT bearer is terminated before all notifications or indications are
+        # sent, then the server shall consider the Preset Changed operation aborted and
+        # shall continue the operation when the client reconnects.
+        while op_list:
             try:
                 await connection.device.indicate_subscriber(
                     connection,
                     self.hearing_aid_preset_control_point,
                     value=op_list[0].to_bytes(len(op_list) == 1),
+                    force=True,  # TODO GATT notification subscription should be persistent
                 )
                 # Remove item once sent, and keep the non sent item in the list
                 op_list.pop(0)
             except TimeoutError:
                 break
 
-    async def _notifyPresetOperations(self, op: PresetChangedOperation) -> None:
-        for historyList in self.preset_changed_operations_history_per_device.values():
-            historyList.append(op)
+    async def _notify_preset_operations(self, op: PresetChangedOperation) -> None:
+        for history_list in self.preset_changed_operations_history_per_device.values():
+            history_list.append(op)
 
         for connection in self.currently_connected_clients:
             await self._preset_changed_operation(connection)
 
-    async def _on_write_preset_name(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
-    ):
-        assert connection
+    async def _on_write_preset_name(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes):
+        del connection  # Unused
 
         if self.read_presets_request_in_progress:
             raise att.ATT_Error(att.ErrorCode.PROCEDURE_ALREADY_IN_PROGRESS)
@@ -522,10 +548,7 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
         for connection in self.currently_connected_clients:
             await self.notify_active_preset_for_connection(connection)
 
-    async def set_active_preset(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
-    ) -> None:
-        assert connection
+    async def set_active_preset(self, value: bytes) -> None:
         index = value[1]
         preset = self.preset_records.get(index, None)
         if (
@@ -542,86 +565,85 @@ class HearingAccessService(gatt.TemplateService):
         self.active_preset_index = index
         await self.notify_active_preset()
 
-    async def _on_set_active_preset(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
-    ):
-        await self.set_active_preset(connection, value)
+    async def _on_set_active_preset(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes):
+        del connection  # Unused
+        await self.set_active_preset(value)
 
-    async def set_next_or_previous_preset(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], is_previous
-    ):
+    async def set_next_or_previous_preset(self, is_previous: bool) -> None:
         '''Set the next or the previous preset as active'''
-        assert connection
 
         if self.active_preset_index == 0x00:
             raise att.ATT_Error(ErrorCode.PRESET_OPERATION_NOT_POSSIBLE)
 
-        first_preset: Optional[PresetRecord] = None  # To loop to first preset
-        next_preset: Optional[PresetRecord] = None
-        for index, record in sorted(self.preset_records.items(), reverse=is_previous):
-            if not record.is_available():
-                continue
-            if first_preset == None:
-                first_preset = record
-            if is_previous:
-                if index >= self.active_preset_index:
-                    continue
-            elif index <= self.active_preset_index:
-                continue
-            next_preset = record
-            break
+        presets = sorted(
+            [
+                record
+                for record in self.preset_records.values()
+                if record.is_available()
+            ],
+            key=lambda record: record.index,
+        )
+        current_preset = self.preset_records[self.active_preset_index]
+        current_preset_pos = presets.index(current_preset)
+        if is_previous:
+            new_preset = presets[(current_preset_pos - 1) % len(presets)]
+        else:
+            new_preset = presets[(current_preset_pos + 1) % len(presets)]
 
-        if not first_preset:  # If no other preset are available
+        if current_preset == new_preset:  # If no other preset are available
             raise att.ATT_Error(ErrorCode.PRESET_OPERATION_NOT_POSSIBLE)
 
-        if next_preset:
-            self.active_preset_index = next_preset.index
-        else:
-            self.active_preset_index = first_preset.index
+        self.active_preset_index = new_preset.index
         await self.notify_active_preset()
 
-    async def _on_set_next_preset(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], __value__: bytes
-    ) -> None:
-        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(connection, False)
+    async def _on_set_next_preset(self, connection: Connection, value: bytes) -> None:
+        del connection, value  # Unused.
+        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(False)
 
     async def _on_set_previous_preset(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], __value__: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ) -> None:
-        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(connection, True)
+        del connection, value  # Unused.
+        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(True)
 
     async def _on_set_active_preset_synchronized_locally(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ):
+        del connection  # Unused.
         if (
             self.server_features.preset_synchronization_support
-            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_SUPPORTED
+            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED
         ):
             raise att.ATT_Error(ErrorCode.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_NOT_SUPPORTED)
-        await self.set_active_preset(connection, value)
-        # TODO (low priority) inform other server of the change
+        await self.set_active_preset(value)
+        if self.other_server_in_binaural_set:
+            await self.other_server_in_binaural_set.set_active_preset(value)
 
     async def _on_set_next_preset_synchronized_locally(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], __value__: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ):
+        del connection, value  # Unused.
         if (
             self.server_features.preset_synchronization_support
-            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_SUPPORTED
+            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED
         ):
             raise att.ATT_Error(ErrorCode.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_NOT_SUPPORTED)
-        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(connection, False)
-        # TODO (low priority) inform other server of the change
+        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(False)
+        if self.other_server_in_binaural_set:
+            await self.other_server_in_binaural_set.set_next_or_previous_preset(False)
 
     async def _on_set_previous_preset_synchronized_locally(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], __value__: bytes
+        self, connection: Connection, value: bytes
     ):
+        del connection, value  # Unused.
         if (
             self.server_features.preset_synchronization_support
-            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_SUPPORTED
+            == PresetSynchronizationSupport.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED
         ):
             raise att.ATT_Error(ErrorCode.PRESET_SYNCHRONIZATION_NOT_SUPPORTED)
-        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(connection, True)
-        # TODO (low priority) inform other server of the change
+        await self.set_next_or_previous_preset(True)
+        if self.other_server_in_binaural_set:
+            await self.other_server_in_binaural_set.set_next_or_previous_preset(True)
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -631,11 +653,13 @@ class HearingAccessServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = HearingAccessService
 
     hearing_aid_preset_control_point: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy
-    preset_control_point_indications: asyncio.Queue
-    active_preset_index_notification: asyncio.Queue
+    preset_control_point_indications: asyncio.Queue[bytes]
+    active_preset_index_notification: asyncio.Queue[bytes]
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
+        self.preset_control_point_indications = asyncio.Queue()
+        self.active_preset_index_notification = asyncio.Queue()
 
         self.server_features = gatt_adapters.PackedCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
             service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
@@ -657,20 +681,12 @@ class HearingAccessServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
             'B',
         )
 
-    async def setup_subscription(self):
-        self.preset_control_point_indications = asyncio.Queue()
-        self.active_preset_index_notification = asyncio.Queue()
-
-        def on_active_preset_index_notification(data: bytes):
-            self.active_preset_index_notification.put_nowait(data)
-
-        def on_preset_control_point_indication(data: bytes):
-            self.preset_control_point_indications.put_nowait(data)
-
+    async def setup_subscription(self) -> None:
         await self.hearing_aid_preset_control_point.subscribe(
-            functools.partial(on_preset_control_point_indication), prefer_notify=False
+            self.preset_control_point_indications.put_nowait,
+            prefer_notify=False,
         )
 
         await self.active_preset_index.subscribe(
-            functools.partial(on_active_preset_index_notification)
+            self.active_preset_index_notification.put_nowait
         )

bumble/profiles/heart_rate_service.py

@@ -17,41 +17,31 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
-from enum import IntEnum
-import struct
-from typing import Optional
 
-from bumble import core
-from bumble.att import ATT_Error
-from bumble.gatt import (
-    GATT_HEART_RATE_SERVICE,
-    GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    GATT_HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-    TemplateService,
-    Characteristic,
-    CharacteristicValue,
-)
-from bumble.gatt_adapters import (
-    DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter,
-    PackedCharacteristicAdapter,
-    SerializableCharacteristicAdapter,
-)
-from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy, ProfileServiceProxy
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import struct
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from typing import Any
+
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from bumble import att, core, device, gatt, gatt_adapters, gatt_client, utils
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class HeartRateService(TemplateService):
-    UUID = GATT_HEART_RATE_SERVICE
+class HeartRateService(gatt.TemplateService):
+    UUID = gatt.GATT_HEART_RATE_SERVICE
+
     HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_FORMAT = 'B'
     CONTROL_POINT_NOT_SUPPORTED = 0x80
     RESET_ENERGY_EXPENDED = 0x01
 
-    heart_rate_measurement_characteristic: Characteristic[HeartRateMeasurement]
-    body_sensor_location_characteristic: Characteristic[BodySensorLocation]
-    heart_rate_control_point_characteristic: Characteristic[int]
+    heart_rate_measurement_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[HeartRateMeasurement]
+    body_sensor_location_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[BodySensorLocation]
+    heart_rate_control_point_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic[int]
 
-    class BodySensorLocation(IntEnum):
+    class BodySensorLocation(utils.OpenIntEnum):
         OTHER = 0
         CHEST = 1
         WRIST = 2
@@ -60,82 +50,90 @@ class HeartRateService(TemplateService):
         EAR_LOBE = 5
         FOOT = 6
 
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
     class HeartRateMeasurement:
-        def __init__(
-            self,
-            heart_rate,
-            sensor_contact_detected=None,
-            energy_expended=None,
-            rr_intervals=None,
-        ):
-            if heart_rate < 0 or heart_rate > 0xFFFF:
+        heart_rate: int
+        sensor_contact_detected: bool | None = None
+        energy_expended: int | None = None
+        rr_intervals: Sequence[float] | None = None
+
+        class Flag(enum.IntFlag):
+            INT16_HEART_RATE = 1 << 0
+            SENSOR_CONTACT_DETECTED = 1 << 1
+            SENSOR_CONTACT_SUPPORTED = 1 << 2
+            ENERGY_EXPENDED_STATUS = 1 << 3
+            RR_INTERVAL = 1 << 4
+
+        def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+            if self.heart_rate < 0 or self.heart_rate > 0xFFFF:
                 raise core.InvalidArgumentError('heart_rate out of range')
 
-            if energy_expended is not None and (
-                energy_expended < 0 or energy_expended > 0xFFFF
+            if self.energy_expended is not None and (
+                self.energy_expended < 0 or self.energy_expended > 0xFFFF
             ):
                 raise core.InvalidArgumentError('energy_expended out of range')
 
-            if rr_intervals:
-                for rr_interval in rr_intervals:
+            if self.rr_intervals:
+                for rr_interval in self.rr_intervals:
                     if rr_interval < 0 or rr_interval * 1024 > 0xFFFF:
                         raise core.InvalidArgumentError('rr_intervals out of range')
 
-            self.heart_rate = heart_rate
-            self.sensor_contact_detected = sensor_contact_detected
-            self.energy_expended = energy_expended
-            self.rr_intervals = rr_intervals
-
         @classmethod
-        def from_bytes(cls, data):
+        def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes) -> Self:
             flags = data[0]
             offset = 1
 
-            if flags & 1:
-                hr = struct.unpack_from('<H', data, offset)[0]
+            if flags & cls.Flag.INT16_HEART_RATE:
+                heart_rate = struct.unpack_from('<H', data, offset)[0]
                 offset += 2
             else:
-                hr = struct.unpack_from('B', data, offset)[0]
+                heart_rate = struct.unpack_from('B', data, offset)[0]
                 offset += 1
 
-            if flags & (1 << 2):
-                sensor_contact_detected = flags & (1 << 1) != 0
+            if flags & cls.Flag.SENSOR_CONTACT_SUPPORTED:
+                sensor_contact_detected = flags & cls.Flag.SENSOR_CONTACT_DETECTED != 0
             else:
                 sensor_contact_detected = None
 
-            if flags & (1 << 3):
+            if flags & cls.Flag.ENERGY_EXPENDED_STATUS:
                 energy_expended = struct.unpack_from('<H', data, offset)[0]
                 offset += 2
             else:
                 energy_expended = None
 
-            if flags & (1 << 4):
+            rr_intervals: Sequence[float] | None = None
+            if flags & cls.Flag.RR_INTERVAL:
                 rr_intervals = tuple(
-                    struct.unpack_from('<H', data, offset + i * 2)[0] / 1024
-                    for i in range((len(data) - offset) // 2)
+                    struct.unpack_from('<H', data, i)[0] / 1024
+                    for i in range(offset, len(data), 2)
                 )
-            else:
-                rr_intervals = ()
 
-            return cls(hr, sensor_contact_detected, energy_expended, rr_intervals)
+            return cls(
+                heart_rate=heart_rate,
+                sensor_contact_detected=sensor_contact_detected,
+                energy_expended=energy_expended,
+                rr_intervals=rr_intervals,
+            )
 
-        def __bytes__(self):
+        def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+            flags = 0
             if self.heart_rate < 256:
-                flags = 0
                 data = struct.pack('B', self.heart_rate)
             else:
-                flags = 1
+                flags |= self.Flag.INT16_HEART_RATE
                 data = struct.pack('<H', self.heart_rate)
 
             if self.sensor_contact_detected is not None:
-                flags |= ((1 if self.sensor_contact_detected else 0) << 1) | (1 << 2)
+                flags |= self.Flag.SENSOR_CONTACT_SUPPORTED
+                if self.sensor_contact_detected:
+                    flags |= self.Flag.SENSOR_CONTACT_DETECTED
 
             if self.energy_expended is not None:
-                flags |= 1 << 3
+                flags |= self.Flag.ENERGY_EXPENDED_STATUS
                 data += struct.pack('<H', self.energy_expended)
 
-            if self.rr_intervals:
-                flags |= 1 << 4
+            if self.rr_intervals is not None:
+                flags |= self.Flag.RR_INTERVAL
                 data += b''.join(
                     [
                         struct.pack('<H', int(rr_interval * 1024))
@@ -145,57 +143,67 @@ class HeartRateService(TemplateService):
 
             return bytes([flags]) + data
 
-        def __str__(self):
-            return (
-                f'HeartRateMeasurement(heart_rate={self.heart_rate},'
-                f' sensor_contact_detected={self.sensor_contact_detected},'
-                f' energy_expended={self.energy_expended},'
-                f' rr_intervals={self.rr_intervals})'
-            )
-
     def __init__(
         self,
-        read_heart_rate_measurement,
-        body_sensor_location=None,
-        reset_energy_expended=None,
+        read_heart_rate_measurement: Callable[
+            [device.Connection], HeartRateMeasurement
+        ],
+        body_sensor_location: HeartRateService.BodySensorLocation | None = None,
+        reset_energy_expended: Callable[[device.Connection], Any] | None = None,
     ):
-        self.heart_rate_measurement_characteristic = SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
-            Characteristic(
-                GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-                Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY,
-                0,
-                CharacteristicValue(read=read_heart_rate_measurement),
-            ),
-            HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement,
+        self.heart_rate_measurement_characteristic = (
+            gatt_adapters.SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
+                gatt.Characteristic(
+                    uuid=gatt.GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                    properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.NOTIFY,
+                    permissions=gatt.Characteristic.Permissions(0),
+                    value=gatt.CharacteristicValue(read=read_heart_rate_measurement),
+                ),
+                HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement,
+            )
         )
-        characteristics = [self.heart_rate_measurement_characteristic]
+        characteristics: list[gatt.Characteristic] = [
+            self.heart_rate_measurement_characteristic
+        ]
 
         if body_sensor_location is not None:
-            self.body_sensor_location_characteristic = Characteristic(
-                GATT_BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC,
-                Characteristic.Properties.READ,
-                Characteristic.READABLE,
-                bytes([int(body_sensor_location)]),
+            self.body_sensor_location_characteristic = (
+                gatt_adapters.EnumCharacteristicAdapter(
+                    gatt.Characteristic(
+                        uuid=gatt.GATT_BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                        properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                        permissions=gatt.Characteristic.READABLE,
+                        value=body_sensor_location,
+                    ),
+                    cls=self.BodySensorLocation,
+                    length=1,
+                )
             )
             characteristics.append(self.body_sensor_location_characteristic)
 
         if reset_energy_expended:
 
-            def write_heart_rate_control_point_value(connection, value):
+            def write_heart_rate_control_point_value(
+                connection: device.Connection, value: bytes
+            ) -> None:
                 if value == self.RESET_ENERGY_EXPENDED:
                     if reset_energy_expended is not None:
                         reset_energy_expended(connection)
                 else:
-                    raise ATT_Error(self.CONTROL_POINT_NOT_SUPPORTED)
+                    raise att.ATT_Error(self.CONTROL_POINT_NOT_SUPPORTED)
 
-            self.heart_rate_control_point_characteristic = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
-                Characteristic(
-                    GATT_HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
-                    Characteristic.Properties.WRITE,
-                    Characteristic.WRITEABLE,
-                    CharacteristicValue(write=write_heart_rate_control_point_value),
-                ),
-                pack_format=HeartRateService.HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_FORMAT,
+            self.heart_rate_control_point_characteristic = (
+                gatt_adapters.PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                    gatt.Characteristic(
+                        uuid=gatt.GATT_HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                        properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.WRITE,
+                        permissions=gatt.Characteristic.WRITEABLE,
+                        value=gatt.CharacteristicValue(
+                            write=write_heart_rate_control_point_value
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    pack_format=HeartRateService.HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_FORMAT,
+                )
             )
             characteristics.append(self.heart_rate_control_point_characteristic)
 
@@ -203,50 +211,51 @@ class HeartRateService(TemplateService):
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class HeartRateServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
+class HeartRateServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = HeartRateService
 
-    heart_rate_measurement: Optional[
-        CharacteristicProxy[HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement]
+    heart_rate_measurement: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[
+        HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement
     ]
-    body_sensor_location: Optional[
-        CharacteristicProxy[HeartRateService.BodySensorLocation]
-    ]
-    heart_rate_control_point: Optional[CharacteristicProxy[int]]
+    body_sensor_location: (
+        gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[HeartRateService.BodySensorLocation] | None
+    )
+    heart_rate_control_point: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy[int] | None
 
-    def __init__(self, service_proxy):
+    def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
 
-        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-            GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC
-        ):
-            self.heart_rate_measurement = SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
-                characteristics[0], HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement
+        self.heart_rate_measurement = (
+            gatt_adapters.SerializableCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
+                service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+                    gatt.GATT_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC
+                ),
+                HeartRateService.HeartRateMeasurement,
             )
-        else:
-            self.heart_rate_measurement = None
+        )
 
         if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-            GATT_BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC
+            gatt.GATT_BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC
         ):
-            self.body_sensor_location = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
-                characteristics[0],
-                decode=lambda value: HeartRateService.BodySensorLocation(value[0]),
+            self.body_sensor_location = gatt_adapters.EnumCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
+                characteristics[0], cls=HeartRateService.BodySensorLocation, length=1
             )
         else:
             self.body_sensor_location = None
 
         if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-            GATT_HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC
+            gatt.GATT_HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC
         ):
-            self.heart_rate_control_point = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
-                characteristics[0],
-                pack_format=HeartRateService.HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_FORMAT,
+            self.heart_rate_control_point = (
+                gatt_adapters.PackedCharacteristicProxyAdapter(
+                    characteristics[0],
+                    pack_format=HeartRateService.HEART_RATE_CONTROL_POINT_FORMAT,
+                )
             )
         else:
             self.heart_rate_control_point = None
 
-    async def reset_energy_expended(self):
+    async def reset_energy_expended(self) -> None:
         if self.heart_rate_control_point is not None:
             return await self.heart_rate_control_point.write_value(
                 HeartRateService.RESET_ENERGY_EXPENDED