allow passing IRKs as arguments

apps/console.py

@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ class ConsoleApp:
                 if not service:
                     continue
                 values = [
-                    await attribute.read_value(connection)
+                    attribute.read_value(connection)
                     for connection in self.device.connections.values()
                 ]
                 if not values:
@@ -796,11 +796,11 @@ class ConsoleApp:
                 if not characteristic:
                     continue
                 values = [
-                    await attribute.read_value(connection)
+                    attribute.read_value(connection)
                     for connection in self.device.connections.values()
                 ]
                 if not values:
-                    values = [await attribute.read_value(None)]
+                    values = [attribute.read_value(None)]
 
                 # TODO: future optimization: convert CCCD value to human readable string
 
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ class ConsoleApp:
 
         # send data to any subscribers
         if isinstance(attribute, Characteristic):
-            await attribute.write_value(None, value)
+            attribute.write_value(None, value)
             if attribute.has_properties(Characteristic.NOTIFY):
                 await self.device.gatt_server.notify_subscribers(attribute)
             if attribute.has_properties(Characteristic.INDICATE):

apps/scan.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from bumble.transport import open_transport_or_link
 from bumble.keys import JsonKeyStore
 from bumble.smp import AddressResolver
 from bumble.device import Advertisement
-from bumble.hci import HCI_Constant, HCI_LE_1M_PHY, HCI_LE_CODED_PHY
+from bumble.hci import Address, HCI_Constant, HCI_LE_1M_PHY, HCI_LE_CODED_PHY
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -66,10 +66,15 @@ class AdvertisementPrinter:
         address_type_string = ('PUBLIC', 'RANDOM', 'PUBLIC_ID', 'RANDOM_ID')[
             address.address_type
         ]
-        if address.is_public:
-            type_color = 'cyan'
+        if address.address_type in (
+            Address.RANDOM_IDENTITY_ADDRESS,
+            Address.PUBLIC_IDENTITY_ADDRESS,
+        ):
+            type_color = 'yellow'
         else:
-            if address.is_static:
+            if address.is_public:
+                type_color = 'cyan'
+            elif address.is_static:
                 type_color = 'green'
                 address_qualifier = '(static)'
             elif address.is_resolvable:
@@ -116,6 +121,7 @@ async def scan(
     phy,
     filter_duplicates,
     raw,
+    irks,
     keystore_file,
     device_config,
     transport,
@@ -140,9 +146,21 @@ async def scan(
 
         if device.keystore:
             resolving_keys = await device.keystore.get_resolving_keys()
-            resolver = AddressResolver(resolving_keys)
         else:
-            resolver = None
+            resolving_keys = []
+
+        for irk_and_address in irks:
+            if ':' not in irk_and_address:
+                raise ValueError('invalid IRK:ADDRESS value')
+            irk_hex, address_str = irk_and_address.split(':', 1)
+            resolving_keys.append(
+                (
+                    bytes.fromhex(irk_hex),
+                    Address(address_str, Address.RANDOM_DEVICE_ADDRESS),
+                )
+            )
+
+        resolver = AddressResolver(resolving_keys) if resolving_keys else None
 
         printer = AdvertisementPrinter(min_rssi, resolver)
         if raw:
@@ -187,8 +205,24 @@ async def scan(
     default=False,
     help='Listen for raw advertising reports instead of processed ones',
 )
-@click.option('--keystore-file', help='Keystore file to use when resolving addresses')
-@click.option('--device-config', help='Device config file for the scanning device')
+@click.option(
+    '--irk',
+    metavar='<IRK_HEX>:<ADDRESS>',
+    help=(
+        'Use this IRK for resolving private addresses ' '(may be used more than once)'
+    ),
+    multiple=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--keystore-file',
+    metavar='FILE_PATH',
+    help='Keystore file to use when resolving addresses',
+)
+@click.option(
+    '--device-config',
+    metavar='FILE_PATH',
+    help='Device config file for the scanning device',
+)
 @click.argument('transport')
 def main(
     min_rssi,
@@ -198,6 +232,7 @@ def main(
     phy,
     filter_duplicates,
     raw,
+    irk,
     keystore_file,
     device_config,
     transport,
@@ -212,6 +247,7 @@ def main(
             phy,
             filter_duplicates,
             raw,
+            irk,
             keystore_file,
             device_config,
             transport,

bumble/att.py

@@ -25,21 +25,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 import enum
 import functools
-import inspect
 import struct
-from typing import (
-    Any,
-    Awaitable,
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Type,
-    Union,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
-
 from pyee import EventEmitter
+from typing import Dict, Type, List, Protocol, Union, Optional, Any, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from bumble.core import UUID, name_or_number, ProtocolError
 from bumble.hci import HCI_Object, key_with_value
@@ -734,38 +722,12 @@ class ATT_Handle_Value_Confirmation(ATT_PDU):
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class AttributeValue:
-    '''
-    Attribute value where reading and/or writing is delegated to functions
-    passed as arguments to the constructor.
-    '''
+class ConnectionValue(Protocol):
+    def read(self, connection) -> bytes:
+        ...
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        read: Union[
-            Callable[[Optional[Connection]], bytes],
-            Callable[[Optional[Connection]], Awaitable[bytes]],
-            None,
-        ] = None,
-        write: Union[
-            Callable[[Optional[Connection], bytes], None],
-            Callable[[Optional[Connection], bytes], Awaitable[None]],
-            None,
-        ] = None,
-    ):
-        self._read = read
-        self._write = write
-
-    def read(self, connection: Optional[Connection]) -> Union[bytes, Awaitable[bytes]]:
-        return self._read(connection) if self._read else b''
-
-    def write(
-        self, connection: Optional[Connection], value: bytes
-    ) -> Union[Awaitable[None], None]:
-        if self._write:
-            return self._write(connection, value)
-
-        return None
+    def write(self, connection, value: bytes) -> None:
+        ...
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -808,13 +770,13 @@ class Attribute(EventEmitter):
     READ_REQUIRES_AUTHORIZATION = Permissions.READ_REQUIRES_AUTHORIZATION
     WRITE_REQUIRES_AUTHORIZATION = Permissions.WRITE_REQUIRES_AUTHORIZATION
 
-    value: Union[bytes, AttributeValue]
+    value: Union[str, bytes, ConnectionValue]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         attribute_type: Union[str, bytes, UUID],
         permissions: Union[str, Attribute.Permissions],
-        value: Union[str, bytes, AttributeValue] = b'',
+        value: Union[str, bytes, ConnectionValue] = b'',
     ) -> None:
         EventEmitter.__init__(self)
         self.handle = 0
@@ -844,7 +806,7 @@ class Attribute(EventEmitter):
     def decode_value(self, value_bytes: bytes) -> Any:
         return value_bytes
 
-    async def read_value(self, connection: Optional[Connection]) -> bytes:
+    def read_value(self, connection: Optional[Connection]) -> bytes:
         if (
             (self.permissions & self.READ_REQUIRES_ENCRYPTION)
             and connection is not None
@@ -870,8 +832,6 @@ class Attribute(EventEmitter):
         if hasattr(self.value, 'read'):
             try:
                 value = self.value.read(connection)
-                if inspect.isawaitable(value):
-                    value = await value
             except ATT_Error as error:
                 raise ATT_Error(
                     error_code=error.error_code, att_handle=self.handle
@@ -881,7 +841,7 @@ class Attribute(EventEmitter):
 
         return self.encode_value(value)
 
-    async def write_value(self, connection: Connection, value_bytes: bytes) -> None:
+    def write_value(self, connection: Connection, value_bytes: bytes) -> None:
         if (
             self.permissions & self.WRITE_REQUIRES_ENCRYPTION
         ) and not connection.encryption:
@@ -904,9 +864,7 @@ class Attribute(EventEmitter):
 
         if hasattr(self.value, 'write'):
             try:
-                result = self.value.write(connection, value)
-                if inspect.isawaitable(result):
-                    await result
+                self.value.write(connection, value)  # pylint: disable=not-callable
             except ATT_Error as error:
                 raise ATT_Error(
                     error_code=error.error_code, att_handle=self.handle

bumble/gatt.py

@@ -23,28 +23,16 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+import asyncio
 import enum
 import functools
 import logging
 import struct
-from typing import (
-    Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Union,
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-)
+from typing import Optional, Sequence, Iterable, List, Union
 
-from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.core import UUID
-from bumble.att import Attribute, AttributeValue
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from bumble.gatt_client import AttributeProxy
-    from bumble.device import Connection
+from .colors import color
+from .core import UUID, get_dict_key_by_value
+from .att import Attribute
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -534,43 +522,56 @@ class CharacteristicDeclaration(Attribute):
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-class CharacteristicValue(AttributeValue):
-    """Same as AttributeValue, for backward compatibility"""
+class CharacteristicValue:
+    '''
+    Characteristic value where reading and/or writing is delegated to functions
+    passed as arguments to the constructor.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, read=None, write=None):
+        self._read = read
+        self._write = write
+
+    def read(self, connection):
+        return self._read(connection) if self._read else b''
+
+    def write(self, connection, value):
+        if self._write:
+            self._write(connection, value)
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class CharacteristicAdapter:
     '''
-    An adapter that can adapt Characteristic and AttributeProxy objects
-    by wrapping their `read_value()` and `write_value()` methods with ones that
-    return/accept encoded/decoded values.
-
-    For proxies (i.e used by a GATT client), the adaptation is one where the return
-    value of `read_value()` is decoded and the value passed to `write_value()` is
-    encoded. The `subscribe()` method, is wrapped with one where the values are decoded
-    before being passed to the subscriber.
-
-    For local values (i.e hosted by a GATT server) the adaptation is one where the
-    return value of `read_value()` is encoded and the value passed to `write_value()`
-    is decoded.
+    An adapter that can adapt any object with `read_value` and `write_value`
+    methods (like Characteristic and CharacteristicProxy objects) by wrapping
+    those methods with ones that return/accept encoded/decoded values.
+    Objects with async methods are considered proxies, so the adaptation is one
+    where the return value of `read_value` is decoded and the value passed to
+    `write_value` is encoded. Other objects are considered local characteristics
+    so the adaptation is one where the return value of `read_value` is encoded
+    and the value passed to `write_value` is decoded.
+    If the characteristic has a `subscribe` method, it is wrapped with one where
+    the values are decoded before being passed to the subscriber.
     '''
 
-    read_value: Callable
-    write_value: Callable
-
-    def __init__(self, characteristic: Union[Characteristic, AttributeProxy]):
+    def __init__(self, characteristic):
         self.wrapped_characteristic = characteristic
-        self.subscribers: Dict[
-            Callable, Callable
-        ] = {}  # Map from subscriber to proxy subscriber
+        self.subscribers = {}  # Map from subscriber to proxy subscriber
 
-        if isinstance(characteristic, Characteristic):
-            self.read_value = self.read_encoded_value
-            self.write_value = self.write_encoded_value
-        else:
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(
+            characteristic.read_value
+        ) and asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(characteristic.write_value):
             self.read_value = self.read_decoded_value
             self.write_value = self.write_decoded_value
+        else:
+            self.read_value = self.read_encoded_value
+            self.write_value = self.write_encoded_value
+
+        if hasattr(self.wrapped_characteristic, 'subscribe'):
             self.subscribe = self.wrapped_subscribe
+
+        if hasattr(self.wrapped_characteristic, 'unsubscribe'):
             self.unsubscribe = self.wrapped_unsubscribe
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
@@ -589,13 +590,11 @@ class CharacteristicAdapter:
         else:
             setattr(self.wrapped_characteristic, name, value)
 
-    async def read_encoded_value(self, connection):
-        return self.encode_value(
-            await self.wrapped_characteristic.read_value(connection)
-        )
+    def read_encoded_value(self, connection):
+        return self.encode_value(self.wrapped_characteristic.read_value(connection))
 
-    async def write_encoded_value(self, connection, value):
-        return await self.wrapped_characteristic.write_value(
+    def write_encoded_value(self, connection, value):
+        return self.wrapped_characteristic.write_value(
             connection, self.decode_value(value)
         )
 
@@ -730,24 +729,13 @@ class Descriptor(Attribute):
     '''
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
-        if isinstance(self.value, bytes):
-            value_str = self.value.hex()
-        elif isinstance(self.value, CharacteristicValue):
-            value = self.value.read(None)
-            if isinstance(value, bytes):
-                value_str = value.hex()
-            else:
-                value_str = '<async>'
-        else:
-            value_str = '<...>'
         return (
             f'Descriptor(handle=0x{self.handle:04X}, '
             f'type={self.type}, '
-            f'value={value_str})'
+            f'value={self.read_value(None).hex()})'
         )
 
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ClientCharacteristicConfigurationBits(enum.IntFlag):
     '''
     See Vol 3, Part G - 3.3.3.3 - Table 3.11 Client Characteristic Configuration bit

bumble/gatt_server.py

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ import struct
 from typing import List, Tuple, Optional, TypeVar, Type, Dict, Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING
 from pyee import EventEmitter
 
-from bumble.colors import color
-from bumble.core import UUID
-from bumble.att import (
+from .colors import color
+from .core import UUID
+from .att import (
     ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR,
     ATT_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_LONG_ERROR,
     ATT_CID,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ from bumble.att import (
     ATT_Write_Response,
     Attribute,
 )
-from bumble.gatt import (
+from .gatt import (
     GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
     GATT_CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIGURATION_DESCRIPTOR,
     GATT_MAX_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SIZE,
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ from bumble.gatt import (
     Descriptor,
     Service,
 )
-from bumble.utils import AsyncRunner
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from bumble.device import Device, Connection
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         # Get or encode the value
         value = (
-            await attribute.read_value(connection)
+            attribute.read_value(connection)
             if value is None
             else attribute.encode_value(value)
         )
@@ -423,7 +422,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         # Get or encode the value
         value = (
-            await attribute.read_value(connection)
+            attribute.read_value(connection)
             if value is None
             else attribute.encode_value(value)
         )
@@ -651,8 +650,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_find_by_type_value_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_find_by_type_value_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.3.3 Find By Type Value Request
         '''
@@ -660,13 +658,13 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
         # Build list of returned attributes
         pdu_space_available = connection.att_mtu - 2
         attributes = []
-        async for attribute in (
+        for attribute in (
             attribute
             for attribute in self.attributes
             if attribute.handle >= request.starting_handle
             and attribute.handle <= request.ending_handle
             and attribute.type == request.attribute_type
-            and (await attribute.read_value(connection)) == request.attribute_value
+            and attribute.read_value(connection) == request.attribute_value
             and pdu_space_available >= 4
         ):
             # TODO: check permissions
@@ -704,8 +702,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_read_by_type_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_read_by_type_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.4.1 Read By Type Request
         '''
@@ -728,7 +725,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
             and pdu_space_available
         ):
             try:
-                attribute_value = await attribute.read_value(connection)
+                attribute_value = attribute.read_value(connection)
             except ATT_Error as error:
                 # If the first attribute is unreadable, return an error
                 # Otherwise return attributes up to this point
@@ -770,15 +767,14 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_read_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_read_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.4.3 Read Request
         '''
 
         if attribute := self.get_attribute(request.attribute_handle):
             try:
-                value = await attribute.read_value(connection)
+                value = attribute.read_value(connection)
             except ATT_Error as error:
                 response = ATT_Error_Response(
                     request_opcode_in_error=request.op_code,
@@ -796,15 +792,14 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
             )
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_read_blob_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_read_blob_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.4.5 Read Blob Request
         '''
 
         if attribute := self.get_attribute(request.attribute_handle):
             try:
-                value = await attribute.read_value(connection)
+                value = attribute.read_value(connection)
             except ATT_Error as error:
                 response = ATT_Error_Response(
                     request_opcode_in_error=request.op_code,
@@ -841,8 +836,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
             )
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_read_by_group_type_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_read_by_group_type_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.4.9 Read by Group Type Request
         '''
@@ -870,7 +864,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
         ):
             # No need to catch permission errors here, since these attributes
             # must all be world-readable
-            attribute_value = await attribute.read_value(connection)
+            attribute_value = attribute.read_value(connection)
             # Check the attribute value size
             max_attribute_size = min(connection.att_mtu - 6, 251)
             if len(attribute_value) > max_attribute_size:
@@ -909,8 +903,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         self.send_response(connection, response)
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_write_request(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_write_request(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.5.1 Write Request
         '''
@@ -943,13 +936,12 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
             return
 
         # Accept the value
-        await attribute.write_value(connection, request.attribute_value)
+        attribute.write_value(connection, request.attribute_value)
 
         # Done
         self.send_response(connection, ATT_Write_Response())
 
-    @AsyncRunner.run_in_task()
-    async def on_att_write_command(self, connection, request):
+    def on_att_write_command(self, connection, request):
         '''
         See Bluetooth spec Vol 3, Part F - 3.4.5.3 Write Command
         '''
@@ -967,7 +959,7 @@ class Server(EventEmitter):
 
         # Accept the value
         try:
-            await attribute.write_value(connection, request.attribute_value)
+            attribute.write_value(connection, request.attribute_value)
         except Exception as error:
             logger.exception(f'!!! ignoring exception: {error}')
 

bumble/profiles/asha_service.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import struct
 import logging
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List
 
 from bumble import l2cap
 from ..core import AdvertisingData
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class AshaService(TemplateService):
             self.emit('volume', connection, value[0])
 
         # Handler for audio control commands
-        def on_audio_control_point_write(connection: Optional[Connection], value):
+        def on_audio_control_point_write(connection: Connection, value):
             logger.info(f'--- AUDIO CONTROL POINT Write:{value.hex()}')
             opcode = value[0]
             if opcode == AshaService.OPCODE_START:

bumble/profiles/bap.py

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class SamplingFrequency(enum.IntEnum):
     '''Bluetooth Assigned Numbers, Section 6.12.5.1 - Sampling Frequency'''
 
     # fmt: off
-    FREQ_8000    = 0x01
+    FREQ_8000    = 0x01 
     FREQ_11025   = 0x02
     FREQ_16000   = 0x03
     FREQ_22050   = 0x04
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class AseResponseCode(enum.IntEnum):
     REJECTED_METADATA                           = 0x0B
     INVALID_METADATA                            = 0x0C
     INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES                      = 0x0D
-    UNSPECIFIED_ERROR                           = 0x0E
+    UNSPECIFIED_ERROR                           = 0x0E    
 
 
 class AseReasonCode(enum.IntEnum):
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         # Readonly. Do nothing in the setter.
         pass
 
-    def on_read(self, _: Optional[device.Connection]) -> bytes:
+    def on_read(self, _: device.Connection) -> bytes:
         return self.value
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:

bumble/profiles/csip.py

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class CoordinatedSetIdentificationService(gatt.TemplateService):
 
         super().__init__(characteristics)
 
-    def on_sirk_read(self, _connection: Optional[device.Connection]) -> bytes:
+    def on_sirk_read(self, _connection: device.Connection) -> bytes:
         if self.set_identity_resolving_key_type == SirkType.PLAINTEXT:
             return bytes([SirkType.PLAINTEXT]) + self.set_identity_resolving_key
         else:

bumble/utils.py

@@ -280,14 +280,17 @@ class AsyncRunner:
             def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 coroutine = func(*args, **kwargs)
                 if queue is None:
-                    # Spawn the coroutine as a task
+                    # Create a task to run the coroutine
                     async def run():
                         try:
                             await coroutine
                         except Exception:
-                            logger.exception(color("!!! Exception in wrapper:", "red"))
+                            logger.warning(
+                                f'{color("!!! Exception in wrapper:", "red")} '
+                                f'{traceback.format_exc()}'
+                            )
 
-                    AsyncRunner.spawn(run())
+                    asyncio.create_task(run())
                 else:
                     # Queue the coroutine to be awaited by the work queue
                     queue.enqueue(coroutine)

tests/bap_test.py

@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ from bumble.profiles.bap import (
     PublishedAudioCapabilitiesService,
     PublishedAudioCapabilitiesServiceProxy,
 )
-from tests.test_utils import TwoDevices
-
+from .test_utils import TwoDevices
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Logging

tests/gatt_test.py

@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ import logging
 import os
 import struct
 import pytest
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, Mock, ANY
+from unittest.mock import Mock, ANY
 
 from bumble.controller import Controller
 from bumble.gatt_client import CharacteristicProxy
+from bumble.gatt_server import Server
 from bumble.link import LocalLink
 from bumble.device import Device, Peer
 from bumble.host import Host
@@ -119,9 +120,9 @@ async def test_characteristic_encoding():
         Characteristic.READABLE,
         123,
     )
-    x = await c.read_value(None)
+    x = c.read_value(None)
     assert x == bytes([123])
-    await c.write_value(None, bytes([122]))
+    c.write_value(None, bytes([122]))
     assert c.value == 122
 
     class FooProxy(CharacteristicProxy):
@@ -151,22 +152,7 @@ async def test_characteristic_encoding():
         bytes([123]),
     )
 
-    async def async_read(connection):
-        return 0x05060708
-
-    async_characteristic = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
-        Characteristic(
-            '2AB7E91B-43E8-4F73-AC3B-80C1683B47F9',
-            Characteristic.Properties.READ,
-            Characteristic.READABLE,
-            CharacteristicValue(read=async_read),
-        ),
-        '>I',
-    )
-
-    service = Service(
-        '3A657F47-D34F-46B3-B1EC-698E29B6B829', [characteristic, async_characteristic]
-    )
+    service = Service('3A657F47-D34F-46B3-B1EC-698E29B6B829', [characteristic])
     server.add_service(service)
 
     await client.power_on()
@@ -198,13 +184,6 @@ async def test_characteristic_encoding():
     await async_barrier()
     assert characteristic.value == bytes([50])
 
-    c2 = peer.get_characteristics_by_uuid(async_characteristic.uuid)
-    assert len(c2) == 1
-    c2 = c2[0]
-    cd2 = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(c2, ">I")
-    cd2v = await cd2.read_value()
-    assert cd2v == 0x05060708
-
     last_change = None
 
     def on_change(value):
@@ -306,8 +285,7 @@ async def test_attribute_getters():
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
+def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     # Check that the CharacteristicAdapter base class is transparent
     v = bytes([1, 2, 3])
     c = Characteristic(
@@ -318,11 +296,11 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     )
     a = CharacteristicAdapter(c)
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == v
 
     v = bytes([3, 4, 5])
-    await a.write_value(None, v)
+    a.write_value(None, v)
     assert c.value == v
 
     # Simple delegated adapter
@@ -330,11 +308,11 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
         c, lambda x: bytes(reversed(x)), lambda x: bytes(reversed(x))
     )
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == bytes(reversed(v))
 
     v = bytes([3, 4, 5])
-    await a.write_value(None, v)
+    a.write_value(None, v)
     assert a.value == bytes(reversed(v))
 
     # Packed adapter with single element format
@@ -343,10 +321,10 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     c.value = v
     a = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(c, '>H')
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == pv
     c.value = None
-    await a.write_value(None, pv)
+    a.write_value(None, pv)
     assert a.value == v
 
     # Packed adapter with multi-element format
@@ -356,10 +334,10 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     c.value = (v1, v2)
     a = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(c, '>HH')
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == pv
     c.value = None
-    await a.write_value(None, pv)
+    a.write_value(None, pv)
     assert a.value == (v1, v2)
 
     # Mapped adapter
@@ -370,10 +348,10 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     c.value = mapped
     a = MappedCharacteristicAdapter(c, '>HH', ('v1', 'v2'))
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == pv
     c.value = None
-    await a.write_value(None, pv)
+    a.write_value(None, pv)
     assert a.value == mapped
 
     # UTF-8 adapter
@@ -382,49 +360,27 @@ async def test_CharacteristicAdapter():
     c.value = v
     a = UTF8CharacteristicAdapter(c)
 
-    value = await a.read_value(None)
+    value = a.read_value(None)
     assert value == ev
     c.value = None
-    await a.write_value(None, ev)
+    a.write_value(None, ev)
     assert a.value == v
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_CharacteristicValue():
+def test_CharacteristicValue():
     b = bytes([1, 2, 3])
-
-    async def read_value(connection):
-        return b
-
-    c = CharacteristicValue(read=read_value)
-    x = await c.read(None)
+    c = CharacteristicValue(read=lambda _: b)
+    x = c.read(None)
     assert x == b
 
-    m = Mock()
-    c = CharacteristicValue(write=m)
+    result = []
+    c = CharacteristicValue(
+        write=lambda connection, value: result.append((connection, value))
+    )
     z = object()
     c.write(z, b)
-    m.assert_called_once_with(z, b)
-
-
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_CharacteristicValue_async():
-    b = bytes([1, 2, 3])
-
-    async def read_value(connection):
-        return b
-
-    c = CharacteristicValue(read=read_value)
-    x = await c.read(None)
-    assert x == b
-
-    m = AsyncMock()
-    c = CharacteristicValue(write=m)
-    z = object()
-    await c.write(z, b)
-    m.assert_called_once_with(z, b)
+    assert result == [(z, b)]
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1005,18 +961,12 @@ Descriptor(handle=0x0009, type=UUID-16:2902 (Client Characteristic Configuration
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 async def async_main():
-    test_UUID()
-    test_ATT_Error_Response()
-    test_ATT_Read_By_Group_Type_Request()
     await test_read_write()
     await test_read_write2()
     await test_subscribe_notify()
     await test_unsubscribe()
     await test_characteristic_encoding()
     await test_mtu_exchange()
-    await test_CharacteristicValue()
-    await test_CharacteristicValue_async()
-    await test_CharacteristicAdapter()
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1155,4 +1105,9 @@ def test_get_attribute_group():
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get('BUMBLE_LOGLEVEL', 'INFO').upper())
+    test_UUID()
+    test_ATT_Error_Response()
+    test_ATT_Read_By_Group_Type_Request()
+    test_CharacteristicValue()
+    test_CharacteristicAdapter()
     asyncio.run(async_main())